فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 87 (بهار 1393)

Geopolitical thinkers have been struggled consistently. This made distinct the political importance of some regions or points in the world map. In other words، these experts with considering human and natural circumstances of different regions and with presentation of geopolitical reasoning introduced the very important regions or places entitled strategic region or places. Moreover،theyencouraged the politicians and decision makers for dominance and infiltrating to these geographical spaces. From the other side،it is clear that the political importance of regions and places is not fixed during time and especially human made factorscan change the importance of different regions and this has caused the concept of strategic regions as dynamic concept. Thus، these factorscould be creating new important regions or points that there is not being in the past time. In this regard، in the former century the concept of strategic region was entitled to very important military regions or places. But، in recent decades with new upheaval of political circumstances، we could outline new important regionsor places in the entire world that do not have only military significant. For example، inpast three decades، all states in the worldhave been faced with financial outflows management institutions in global scale in some development states. Theyhave very powerful efficiencies to affecteconomical polices of the states. Therefore، other states could not violate the economical approaches and polices of these institutions. With paying attention to functionalstates of these institutions، this question is posed that could we consider these institutions as hot points in the political geography of the world? In the other words، could we take consider these institutions and their places as strategic place? This paper seeks to answer the question: “are there financial strategic places in the world? If these factors are so، in this paper this question is posed that is there any possibility for adjustment in the concept of strategic regions and places with places of finical management and control flow of investment، financial and money in global scale? In this paper with analysis and description approach we have struggled to make adjustments between indicators of strategic regions and places and functions of economic global institutions such as GAAT، World Bank، I. M. F and so on. In this way، at first stage atrusty and valid bibliographywas used to explain the strategic regions concept. Then، with extraction of functions and explaining about the management and conduction of financial outflow by global financial institutions and combination of this functions and factors with indicators of strategic region، we could introduce new meaning and examples about strategic region concept. Globalization and increase in mutual rate in commercial and financial fields mayupgrade the importance of some points on geographical space of development countries. In other words، there are some economical institutions on this points where have effective impacts on other geographical spaces. In fact، nowadays، we have been faced with economical outflows interchange increasingly between thecountries with these points. Therefore، changing nature of economic system hascaused global economic institutions that play very significant rolein the world. Thus، at present، these institutions have very effective role in global power structure. Obviously، principal reason for importance of these points consequent production or management continuing outflow of money in these points and distribution of them to another geographical space. It is clear that، this efficiency has been caused a kind of virtual state in these points. Therefore، economic globalization processes have caused that whole of state in the world feel involuntary from global authority financial institutions. These processes oblige the state that complied from the policies of these institutions and they should adjust their economic program with the goals of these institutions. Therefore، these institutions according to their importance open new fields for geopolitical studies. Therefore، atpresent، financial management institutions in global economy have very important placing in geopolitical studies. The results of this research reveal that the places of financial management and control in global scale، considering cumulative globalization process and for their roles in this process have strategic importance. We could consider these places as strategic places.

The energy is the main power and the basic need of human being. Use of fossil fuel including coal، oil، and gas by the industry، transportation Vehicles، and heating housing and public places has led to environmental problems. Moreover، these resources are scarce and non renewable. The human being has been forced to search for using new sources and renewable energies including water، biomass، wind and solar energies. These are relatively cheap، renewable and have not environmental pollution. One of the devices which can use solar energy is solar water heater. Countries like China، Turkey، Japan، Greece، Austria and Spain have good and successful experiences from using solar water heater. United state، Italy، Canada، France and Netherland also uses solar water heater. China is the most important country that exports solar equipment around the word، and has many solar water heaters. Therefore، using solar energy is not only necessary، but inevitable in the future. In fact، the solar energy is the most useful energy in rural area. Because rural settlements are often dispersed، and need more transportation cost if uses fossil fuels. Using new energies in rural Area is the basic needs of sustainable development. One of the new energies is solar energy in recent years; exploitation of solar energy has been widespread in rural area of Neyshabour using solar water heaters. Considering the role of government on extension of this innovation and its developmental effects is the main aim of this paper. We will try to show the impact of government on installation of solar water heater and its consequences on rural areas. Study area of the research is Eshgh Abad District in Neshabour County. 310 households have been chosen randomly as research sample based on Cochran method. Direct observation، interview with local people and filling a questionnaire has been the main methods of data collection. Reliability of questionnaire has been considered by Cranach''s Alpha (0. 81). Validity of questionnaire has been confirmed with comments of academic members of university، higher education students and local experts. Collected data are analyzed based on descriptive and inferential statistics (Regression، Kruskal - Wallis & Friedman Tests). Climatologically the area is suitable for using solar water heater in residential areas. Now، 21. 9 percent of total households are benefited from solar water heater. The research indicates that the state has been the main factor of encouraging people to installation of solar water heater through three ways: a) Mortgage payments by Housing Foundation have been conditional to installation of solar water heater. In addition، 300000 tomans has been paid for solar water heater to the people by the housing foundation. b) The state has encouraged and institutionalized the use of solar water heater by the village dwellings. c) Extension of production and repairing services by the governments and business sector has been another reason for solar water heater initialization in the rural areas. The above mentioned claims have been confirmed by statistical test including Regression & Kruskal - Wallis Tests. Data analysis using Friedman nonparametric test show that there are positive relationship between using solar water heater and developmental indices. Use of solar water heater has led to economic saving، and this was important for 91. 2 percent of households. Use of solar water heater has also saved the working time of villagers، because they don’t need to search for fuel energy or clean the gas or oil water heaters. Use of solar water heater has improved the health indicators such as bathing، brushing and grooming. All of these improvements would be take place while the villagers have used the low quality of solar water heater due to income limitation. Results indicate that the government has played the main role in extension of this technology by financial and extension supports، this has led to improvement in developmental indices of the area. Using solar water heaters has resulted in economic saving. After the installation of solar water heaters instead of gas and oil one، a large amount of time (fuel energy materials transportation، cleaning problems of oil and gas water heater، etc.) has been saved، health indicators (bathing، brushing، washing and cleaning) of households have improved، and finally most households are satisfied from using solar water heaters. The research also depicted that regarding the conditions of Iran، it is possible to exploit natural potentiality of the region even with limited initiatives، and improve the life quality of people without any environmental problem. Therefore، it is necessary to understand inherent and natural potentiality of each region، including optimal use of solar energy in order to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. However، it is necessary thought that higher quality solar water heater can store energy for using in cold months. This needs both high technology and low price which could be in accordance with rural dwelling income.

The importance of the Arctic Ocean became obvious in this century when the Russia sent a submarine to that place in august 2, 2007,in depth of 4261 meters and fixed her flag on the flat of this ocean. In fact, this became a background for a great challenge between border countries of the Arctic. The geopolitical theory of the last century which was named new Mahanism became clear. This article tries to specify that governing over Arctic Ocean is a very important subject for great powers like U.S.A., Russia, Canada, Norway, and etc. Because this region has a quarter of hydrocarbon of the world and also the distance between continents is so much shorter in this region by both ship and airplanes. So it causes that great powers compete and even confront (face) to each other for taking more benefit of the region. This is based on the ideas of new Mahanism and other ideas believing that the next superpower is the country which could rule over this ocean. But it must be under the icebergs not over the waters. This is the question do the geoeconomic conditions of the arctic could provide a background for challenge among great powers like Russia U.S.A., Canada, and Norway? This research wants to verify this idea with regard to the different views to reach a new conclusion. Since the countries around this ocean have rich and great resources, it seems that they have important geoeconomic aims. That is why Arctic Ocean has been called the scene for very far tomorrows. Some scientific books and sources chose the title of polar Mediterranean in order to put economy in general and energy in particular as the main reason for strategic activities. The North Pole provides a new scene for political affairs like Mediterranean sea in previous century. This study is a descriptive - analytical research aimed to describe the geographic characteristics and uses of Geo-economics. Arctic resources, diverse and relevant maps and images for analysis is consistent with the information received. This research attempts to answer the question: could geoeconomical characteristics of the Arctic confront big powers like USA and Russia for the region to establish? Attitude change in the strategies of government has caused the government to consolidate power and Geoeconomics as the main character, although they should be considered at the top of the international scene. In addition to evaluation of the characteristics in the Arctic geopolitical objectives in the Arctic neighbors and the strategies in this area have been examined by the United States and Russia. According to various geopolitical theories, the Arctic is the next stage of operations. Given the importance of water resources, the Arctic can create conflict between the great powers. Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area and this will reveal truth of Neo-Mahanism theory. U.S.A. is seeking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leads to understanding of its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coastal countries seek to ensure energy security. Perhaps the great powers such as China and India want to meet their growing needs. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance is a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world. Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area will reveal truth Neo- Mahanism theory. U. S. looking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leading to it understands its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coast Arctic countries to ensure energy security it provides. Perhaps for the growing needs of the growing powers such as China and India meet. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance and is therefore a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world.

Geographical distribution of crimes are affected by location and time of crime commitment, for a criminal and victim. Researches indicate that there are more opportunities for committing a crime in cities, as a result of their particular structure and social, economical, and cultural characteristics in their residents and users. On the contrary, in several of urban parts, these kinds of opportunities are rare, by being barriers and preventive condition. Region 17 is the smallest region in Tehran Municipality. Because of the numerous reasons such as highest population density, very complex urban fabric, obsolete buildings and bad structure, it is confronted with numerous problems such as increasing number of addicted people, increasing number of crime, and environmental sanitation compared with other regions in Tehran city. the goal of this research is to analyze spatial – physical factors affecting drug and rubbery delinquencies in Region Seventeen of Tehran Municipality to answer the following questions:1. What is the spatial distribution and pattern of drug and rubbery delinquencies in RegionSeventeen of Tehran Municipality?2. Do urban land use types have any facilitating impact on the occurrences of crime inRegion Seventeen of Tehran Municipality?3. Where are the most important crime on the basis of spatial – physical elements?Are there any police stations in the centers of delinquencies in Region Seventeen of Tehran Municipality? This is an applied rsearch with descriptive-analytic methodology. Dispersion patterns and rate of crime has been described. Factors impacting the rate of crime have been determined using analytical methods (The relationship between crime and enlivenment). Statistical populations in the research are individuals who committed drug and rubbery delinquencies in the Region. To analyze the information, statistics and graphics methods have been used in GIS and SPSS. In Region Seventeen of Tehran Municipality population was 256022 in 2006, which contain 3.28 percent of Tehran population. Population density in the region is 311.46 hectare, which is high compared with 104.89 individual per hectare for Tehran city as a whole. In fact, density in the region of Tehran Municipality is three times higher than Tehran city. The spatial distribution of delinquencies and rubbery in the region shows that there is an increasing number of delinquencies in southern, northeast and center of this region. Most of the delinquencies occur in the streets, highways, especial Abozar and Farkhondeh Street around Tehran – Tabriz railroad and crowded squares of Abozar, Azari and Golchin. The dispersion of delinquency in the region show the important and basic point that majority of delinquencies are distributed in the northwest and center in the region of 17, especially neighborhoods of 1712, 1718 and 1701. This research aimed to study the impact of urban land use on spatial pattern of delinquency in Region Seventeen of Tehran Municipality. The results show that residential land use contains 53.91 percent of the total land use of Tehran city; while the highest frequency of delinquency (46.8) come in residential land use. Commercial and administrative land uses cover 20.39 percent of delinquencies in region 17. Green space cover 6.15 percent of total land use. About 11.98 percent of delinquencies in this region occur in green space, while it is the third rank. To study the relationship between land use type and number of delinquencies, Pearson correlation test has been used. The results of Pearson test shows 0.985 percent correlation with the confidence level of 0.99. Therefore, there is significant correlation between land use type and delinquency level. There are higher rate of delinquency in residential and commercial land use. In general, majority of cities in Iran are confronting the problem of crowded space, traffic, population, lack of diversity in land use. Therefore, policies should be directed toward solving these issues. Independence is suggested to improve the condition in the city and provide urban security.

For efficient organization and effective management of tourism and the pertinent activities, modeling and forecasting the tourist destination areas are vital issues for good performance. It helps make a better policy and plan for supplying tourist requirements. The number of tourists is related to the market supply and demand. Different services are cooperated in supplying tourism productions, such as reception, entertainment, residential, health and information services. On the other hand, regarding demand, there are many factors affecting the tourists’ destination. Forexample, economic-social conditions, language, culture and motivation that form the request process tourists. Undoubtedly, demand prediction is a drastic factor especially for activities related to tourism. In one hand, manager and planners relevant to tourism make attempt to fulfill tourism's demands. On the other hand, many of tourisms products like hotel’s rooms, airplane seats, rent car, museum or cultural plans are not being reserved or stored naturally. A hotel room that is not reserved for a night, an airplane seat that has no passenger and a restaurant table that remains empty, are the benefits that have spoiled and they may not be reserved for the future. Therefore, the tourists demand shall be predicted. Alongside the prediction process and tourism entry demand model, the governments can organize their strategies better and prepare appropriate infrastructure for serving the tourists; the private sectors could make appropriate marketing strategies for obtaining the maximum benefits from tourist entry increase, as well. The forecasting of tourism demand is an essential tool for determining the required supply and the appropriate distribution method of tourism services. When services (like tourism) achieve desirable market, its current amount and the future potential volume shall be estimated precisely. Market underestimation or overestimation makes the supplier lose the main part of his/her interest. Hence, planning and development of tourism require identifying such these kinds of motivations and demands. Accordingly, what is vitally important for the tourism management is the amount of accuracy of prediction model that led to development and diversity of tools and new methods in prediction. In this article, the plan is to forecast the number of tourist arrival for the historical - cultural site of Perspolis in south Iran. The time series involves monthly data that were collected for both domestic and international tourists. In order to testify the performance of forecasting method, the collected data were divided into two sets, training (Farvardin 1376- Esfand 1387) and testing (Farvardin1388- Esfand 1389). We used seasonal ARIMA model to detect the hidden structure of data and finally forecast the arrivals for both data sets. Based on the Box & Jenkins approach, both time series data were analyzed. In this approach, stationarity of time series is a preliminary condition. Therefore, before any attempts, the time series were made stationary by differencing. The result of data analysis of Persepolis- domestic tourism Since the number of visitors in Farvadin (April) of each year has considerable difference from the other menthes, therefore, it is likely that the forecasting model would be seasonal. The great amount of autocorrelation function in the lags 12, 24 & 36 confirms the existence of the seasonal model. Since the seasonal data are not stationary, differencing can help to make a steady time series. The results showed that, seasonal differencing in order 12, and then first differencing make the time series in an acceptable stationary form. Thus, we could determine the seasonal model of ARIMA (p,1,q) (P,1,Q)12 according to the ACF and PACF of the final series. Exponential decay of PACF in some of the first lags (figure 3, right frame) and the fact that autocorrelation amount in lag 1,r1,is significantly different from zero, shows no seasonal moving average model of order 1, MA(1), i.e. p=0, q=1. It is also observed in autocorrelation function (figure 3, left frame) that the amount of r24 is significant and this means a seasonal MA (2) (P=0, Q=2). Therefore, the final model of ARIMA (0,1,1) (01,2)12 may be written as the following: 1) 􁈺1 − 􀜤􁈻􁈺1 − 􀜤12􁈻􀜻􀯧 = 􁈺1 − 􀟠1􀜤􁈻 􁉀1 − 􀟙1􀜤12 − 􀟙􀬶􀜤24􁉁 􀝁􀯧 2) 􀜻􀯧 − 􀜻􀯧􀬿1 − 􀜻􀯧􀬿24 + 􀜻􀯧􀬿25 = 􀝁􀯧 − 􀟠1􀝁􀯧􀬿1 − 􀟙1􀝁􀯧􀬿12 + 􀟙1􀟠 􀝁􀯧􀬿13 − 􀟙2􀝁􀯧􀬿24 + 􀟙2􀟠1􀝁􀯧􀬿25 The result of data analysis on Persepolis- international tourism The plot of this time series implies that it is non-stationary. However, seasonality is not obvious in the last example, but since the amount of r6 and r12 in autocorrelation diagram are located out of the 95% confidence interval, a seasonal differencing with a six-month course is suggested. The results show that the six-month seasonal differentiation series is not stationary, but if this series be re-differencing (first order) we may observe an approximately stationary series. In order to determine the order and the kind of series in non-seasonal part of ARIMA (p,1,q)(P,1Q)6, we could consider the amount of autocorrelation as an evidence of damping sine wave to zero and since the two first amount of partial autocorrelation are significant and different from zero, the unseasonal autoregressive model, p=2, q=0, is suggested. In the seasonal part, (P,1,Q), r6, r12,r18,…., are damping to zero and since the amount of partial autocorrelation in lag 6 is significant, the seasonal AR model with Q=0 & P=1 seems to be more appropriate. ARIMA (2,1,0)(1,1,0)6 is as the following.3) 􁈺1 − 􀟚1􀜤 − 􀟚2􀜤2􁈻􁈺1 − 􀟜􀜤6􁈻􁈺1 − 􀜤􁈻􁈺1 − 􀜤6􁈻􀜻􀯧 = 􀝁􀯧 Evaluation of the suggested model was made by comparing real test data versus the forecasted data. Figures 5 and 9 successfully showed that both real and forecasted values of tourist arrival have the same variation in different months. In this research, we conclude that, the tourist arrival time series can be stationary by two differentiations (seasonal and first order differencing). In other words, the seasonal factor of this series is the inseparable part of them, with this difference that, the seasonal course for domestic and foreign visitors is 12 & 6 months, respectively. The results also show that the seasonal ARIMA model is an appropriate estimation for forecasting the number of tourists.

Planning for crisis management, especially urban crisis must be analyzed and reviewed by qualified methods. This discussion is interested in some sciences such as urban planning, environmental science, and crisis management. This topic is very important, because it is related to life and property of people. Basically, researches can play important role in decrease of manmade and environmental hazards. A disaster is a perceived tragedy, being either a natural calamity or man-made catastrophe. It is a hazard which has come to fruition. A hazard, in turn, is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or that may deleteriously affect society or the environment. Various disasters like earthquake are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. The rapid growth of the Yazd population and its increased concentration often in hazardous areas has escalated both the frequency and the severity of natural disasters. Therefore, in order to be prepared for crisis and emergency management, and the primary safety rescue executions during disasters, it is essential to locate properly the centers of rescue and crisis management such as fire stations. The type of this paper is applied and methods are descriptive- analytic. In this paper, using a documentary study, documents and papers related to crisis management concepts are performed. In the next step, the Delphi method has been used and the parameters effective in positioning of rescue centers have been identified. The questionnaire was distributed in the form of data entry method. The questionnaires have been prepared and distributed among experts to weight them according to the measures of pair wise comparisons of criteria. The final values from the pair wise comparisons have been made by the experts, and the results of the Super Decisions matrix and computing environment requirements have been imposed. Finally, layers are classified based on the values in GIS and then multiplied by the weight of the criteria. The proper sites for rescue centers have been identified on the final map. In this study, the effective criteria in site selection of rescue centers are identified. A comparison was performed between the criteria. For formation matrix, the weight of each criterion has been calculated. The matrix has been prepared for each criterion in the GIS environment. Finally, the weight of each criterion layer has been used with common fuzzy operators and fuzzy locations for community rescue centers in the city. This systematic review and application criteria in this research can be used to locate rescue centers in other cities. The model presented in this study due to its ability to execute and their integration with GIS and multi-criteria decision methods, and fuzzy logic can be for site selection in other urban areas. The results show that for site selection of rescue centers, some methods such as multi criteria desition making and geographic information system (GIS) must be mixed. Based on the pattern presented in this paper, it can be used for site selection of urban land uses, spatially for site selection of rescue centers. With centralization of old texture in center of Yazd city, this paper must be beneficiary for equal distribution of rescue centers.

Old context of Tehran has accounted for one of the most important architectural and traditional heritages of Iran with unique historical and cultural values. In the course of formation and historical evolution, this section of Tehran has experienced specific cultural, political and economic conditions and bears cultural identity signs from various historical periods. Preservation and restoration of this context, however, require the recognition of its important components. The modern alterations in the economic, social, cultural, and political structures have created special condition which diverts potential threats to the Tehran’s old context. Easy life and enjoying the modern technology at these parts require schematization, reorganization, revival and renewal of old context and toleration between old and new architecture. In this way, the first step is cognition and analysis of existent problems of old context. The present research is functional in subject and descriptive-inductive in analysis. Relying on qualitative methodology and content analysis of written sources and also study about the history of Old Tehran, the authors attempt to define boundaries of the old context. In this way, we useancient maps and written sources and finally carry on a field survey. With the recognition of historical monuments at the old context, we also tried to describe and analyze the problems of this context to suggest ways for preservation and utilization of this desirable architecture. What are the most important threats of Tehran’s old context and how can we deal with these problems are our fundamental questions. Geographical limits of the research The geographical boundaries of the present case study are situated in the district 12 of Tehran. From north it is restricted to Amir Kabir (Cheragh- e Bargh) Street, Emam Khomeyni Square (Tupkhaneh), and Emam Khomeyni Street, from west to Khayam Street, from south to Molavi Street and Mohamadiyeh (Eedam) Square to Molavi Crossroad, and from east to Mostafa Khomeyni Street. Planning, revival, and restoration of Tehran's old texture should be a systematic and comprehensive program which considers historical, economic, cultural, and population crowd as a continuous and solidarity matter which acts alongside each other. This approach attempts to analyze the traits and reciprocal impacts of the mentioned factors and finally offers a comprehensive and uniform scheme for planning and restoration of Tehran's old texture. In restoration and revival programs the most notable point is recovering of the texture which lost their revenue and dynamics so that during time it shifted to unusable or unsuitable places. One of the most important aspects in dealing with these textures is special attention to revival of the texture with regard to the needs of its habitants who have or may have historical or spatial ties with the area. However, living in old texture needs to have common feeling with its events, memories, and the roots in theme. This seems to be required for improvements. Results of this study showed that deficiencies in city management like plurality of decision making institutes, infirmity of decision making agents, absence of an independent responsible, unsuitable metropolitan infrastructure, and insufficient attention of ICHTO authorities to introduction, documentation, restoration and preservation of this heritage are the most affective factors on the Tehran’s old texture. Our suggested approach to cope with these problems considers a comprehensive plan for restoration, sanitation, and revival of the old sectors. This necessitates deep historical and social understanding of the texture; while it could prepare complete preservation of the context and even try to make money from this heritage. To do so, we need to improve our supervision on the old texture and with the help of registering the complex at the National Heritage List can make suitable situation for active co-operation of private sectors with management, planning, and its revival. This could happen by designation of appropriate functions like workshops and handicraft stores in the various parts of the area. These approaches if wouldnt be temporary and proceed continuously according to a wellplanned program, not only may reduce destruction of the old texture but also will bring positive effects to the local structures of the area and absorb various tourists and thus improve the life standards of the local residents.

Studying the spatial structure of urban systems and the inter-urban relationships in particular, has occupied a special place in the context of urban and regional studies for a long time (Meijers, 2007, 245). Since the late 1960s and the emergence of a system approach an urban system is not only a set of physical instances- in this case urban nodes- but rather it includes the spatial interurban linkages (Simmons, 1978) and is defined through relations and flows among cities and their position in the outer complex network. Therefore, a change in any defining components of an urban system (including nodes and linkages) can be associated with a change in its spatial constellation including spatial structure and organization. In other words, increase in accessibility between places are more a function of cross-border networks and are increasingly determined by flows within system (Derudder and Witlox, 2005; Neal, 2010) rather than what fixed within them (Smith, 2003). As most of empirical evidences have been done so far was based on location attributes derived by size-based approach (like population), a little attention has been paid to connections between urban nodes. Apart from these short comings, few attempts are made to propose a methodology for assessment and evaluation of an urban system configuration based on the analysis of exchanges flows. Therefore, in one hand, this article attempts to present a more complete and advanced methodology of the study on the nature of the spatial constellation in urban systems to advance this research field. This helps identification of different dimensions of their configuration as derived from an interaction approach. On the other hand, it attempts to identify urban spatial constellation by providing empirical evidence from Air Passenger Flows (APF) in 2006 and compare this with the resulted urban hierarchy based on population in the same year. In this study, data were used from long-distance personal travel. With regard to the purpose of this research and within its defined theoretical framework, only O-D data were applied. The required O-D data for APF were obtained from the statistical year book of Air Transport of Iran published by the Iran Airlines Organization (IAO) in 2006. According to this report, there were 59 domestic airports in Iran in 2006, with the nearest city to each airport utilized as the relevant transport network (city) node in the calculations (Statistical Annals of Aerial Transportation of Iran, 2006). The spatial scale of this study is national, but in respect of mentioned limitations in providing geographical information on the origin and destination of long-distance travels, it is preferable and plausible to use political division of provinces as delimitation of the study area. For this reason, we employ thirty provincial main urban areas in 2006 as spatial units of analysis. As a result, the spatial level has been restricted to inter urban relations through flows of people. The five dimensions of an urban systems spatial configuration investigated are including:. centrality and the dominance of the vertices, 2. network cohesion, 3. network strength, 4. network symmetry, and 5. communities and levels, which are described systematically and made measurable due to the values of the indices. The position of the spatial configuration, regardless of spatial scale or the type of flow, ranges across a continuum from purely monocentric to completely networked. In APF the total number of movement of passengers via inner aerial public transportation fleet in 2006 was 12, 225, 183 According to the first dimension, centrality and power, out of 400 possible centrality points, Tehran had value of 271. Mashhad with a centrality of 166.17, which is substantially less than that for Tehran, was ranked at second. Consequently, it is concluded that the APF is topologically monocentric. The maximum value for network cohesion can be 700 and the APF gains only 457.70 scores and this network with low cohesion differs significantly from a networked constellation and has greater similarity to mono-polar structures. The maximum value of the third dimension, network strength, can be as high as 300 and the APF is a more concentrated network with strength of 169.13. The range of the obtained values for the fourth dimension, network symmetry, can be from 0 to 200 and according to obtained value (193.43), it can be claimed that the air flows of people is symmetrical. The results from the fifth dimension, community and levels, shows that for APF, which has more in common with the mono-centric model, because of limitation of city organization in superior levels, only two communities of vertices and three levels were detectable. The empirical findings expresses that Tehran is in the first rank and then Mashhad as having significant differences in comparison with other cities at lower spatial levels in that it is the prime city of network; hence the spatial constellation of the network is considerably different from a polycentric. In regard to the second dimension, network cohesion, APF represents low level of cohesion. This occurred because for APF, Mashhad, Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz and Shiraz are all located at further geographical distances from the network central city (Tehran) and yet are still able to achieve efficient interactions with Tehran. The third dimension, network strength shows that APF is a concentrated network, so it is best described by a monocentric constellation structure with regard to both topology and weight. According to the results of network symmetry dimension, the flows of people are symmetrical nationally and annually. In the fifth dimension, one of the reasons that clusters are not formed at this level is the absence of a central city at the median level that can attract significant passenger flows. The expansion of areal flows in long-distance travels does not allow the formation of median cities close to their peripheral cities where are accessible by other terrestrial modes of transportation. Thus, urban hierarchy derived by size-based approach because of observing distinguished dimensions is different from network-based one.

One of the issues considered by political geographers is the concept of citizenship. Citizenship refers to the relationship between people and government and shows the mutual commitments of both parties. At national level, the constitution of every country can be considered as the main written and theoretical document for defining “citizen rights and responsibilities”. Constitution determines the limits of personal freedom against the function of power in one hand, and specifies the scope of the responsibilities of the governing system in relation to individual rights on the other. The members of society need to observe the rules of constitution. At the same time, citizens of a country are not always similar in terms of ethnicity, language, religion, etc. Hence, the conceptual and functional scope of constitutional laws can play a part in continuity, stability, and survival of a political society, as well as establishing national unity. The present paper investigates how rules of citizenship rights in the constitutions of Iran and Pakistan affect their national unity. To this aim, the citizen rights in the constitutional rules of the two countries are compared, and then, their roles in the national unity of each country are addressed. The reason of selecting Iran and Pakistan for the investigation is similarities of these countries with respect to geographical, political, religious, cultural, and ethnic issues. The present study is an applied research using comparative descriptive-analytical methodology. The data are collected using library and computer searching. In this study, the basics of citizen rights in the constitution of Iran and Pakistan are investigated according to Marshal’s classification. Comparison of social citizen rights in the two countries reveals that Iranian constitution tries to create and preserve national unity via “cultural” means in three ways: 1. Promoting official language and writing system (Farsi); 2. Providing free education; and 3. Raising the level of public awareness in all areas. In this way, various groups and classes of people are exposed to consistent information, education, values, and norms to realize national unity. However, regarding religious teachings some exceptions are witnesses which might be due to the Muslim and Shiite majority of the population of this country. These rights in Pakistan are almost similar to Iran; for by emphasizing preservation of writing system, language, culture, and obligatory secondary education, this country tries to keep national unity through cultural means, especially by putting stress on language. Pakistan, regardless of gender, class, religious, and ethnic differences, emphasizes social citizen rights based on meeting the primary needs of life. Nonetheless, in social citizen right of Iran, non-Muslim minorities who are not men of faith are deprived from cultural rights, that is, the variable of “religion” plays asignificant role in providing or not providing cultural rights, while in the constitution of Pakistan this issue has been stated regardless of gender, class, ethnicity, and religion. The interesting point is that in social citizen rights of Iran it has been tried to realize national unity by establishing economic justice through mentioning issues like housing right, lack of economic discrimination, and equal distribution of national resources and incomes according to Islamic rules. But these rights are presented as the expansion of social justice, eradication of corruption, and promotion of economic and social welfare in Pakistani constitution. Comparison of civil citizen right in two countries indicates that religion plays a determinative role in these rights in Iran. Like Pakistan, Iran considers Islam as the official religion and the laws follow Islamic rules and regulation. Therefore, in such condition, the freedom of thought and speech is regarded “constitutional”. For instance, non-Muslims who are not men of faith have human rights but not cultural rights. However, the civil citizen rights of Pakistan offering the freedom in performing religious ceremonies provides every citizen with the right of promoting their religion and having religious ceremonies. Thus, freedom of speech is not “constitutional” in this country. At the same time, it is emphasized in Pakistan constitutions that all laws must be Islamic. On the other hand, the constitution of this country “disapproves” but not “legally denies” local, state, tribal, ethnic, and sectarian prejudices among citizens. It appears that issues like religious and sectarian mass murders are the outcomes of such paradoxes. That is to say, freedom of thought and speech together with freedom of prejudices has the potential of threatening national unity. Therefore, it can be argued that the constitution of this country affects exacerbation of religious and sectarian conflicts, and is itself the cause of sectarianism and endangering national unity in this country. Finally, comparing political citizen rights in these two countries shows the influence of Islamic rules and regulations on political citizen rights in Iran. For example, the right of gatherings, demonstrations, protests, and establishing Islamic societies and parties provided that they are not against Islamic rules, and do not deny national freedom and unity as well as Islamic rules and the bases of Islamic republic of Iran; and the membership right of non-Muslims who are not men of faith in societies and parties provided that they are not allowed to establish religious association because it might be against Islamic rules and official religion of the country. It seems that all these considerations about the role of religion in the constitution of Iran are intended for preserving religious unity of the country and preventing the sectarianism and religious conflicts. But in Pakistan, the political citizen rights disregard Islamic rules and regulations, for the right of establishing societies and parties is declared as “unconditional” and “free”. Also, in assigning individuals to governmental systems, no discrimination is made in terms of ethnicity, religion, social class, gender, and place of birth. Considering the above-mentioned points, it can be argued that although in the constitution of both countries it has been tried to consider issues preserving national unity, there are disagreements among them. According to the comparisons, the Iranian constitution, more than the constitution of Pakistan has been developed based on the realities of the society and functions more for preserving national unity. In summary, variables such as geographical position, historical experiences, and religion play an important role in developing laws and regulations related to citizen rights in the countries. Efforts are made to prevent any kind of gap in the national unity of the countries.

The study of the quality of life in urban areas has been considered extensively in recent years. Among them, the informal settlements (marginalization)- as the major problems of modern metropolitan regions that are expected to have low level facilities, welfare, accessibility, and thus low standards of living- have attracted the attention of the authors. Therefore, two informal settlements, Islamabad in north of Tehran and Salehabad in south of Tehran have been selected as the research topic. In this regard, the research questions are as follow: “Are there any differences between the quality of life in Salehabad and Islamabad?” and “what is the main factor affecting the quality of life in these two informal settlements?” Research hypotheses are: First: It seems that satisfactory levels of quality of life in Islamabad and Salehabad are significantly different. Second, it seems that economic components are the most important factors affecting the quality of life in informal settlements. The term “quality of life” has no clear origin. Although quality of life is attractive and has a general sense, it doesn’t have a universally accepted definition. Whatever phrase used, the quality of life of a person is dependent on objective and external facts of his or her life and hissubjective perceptions of these factors and himself (Lotfi, 2009, 65). Fu (2000) defines “quality of life” as the person’s overall satisfaction with his life. Das (2008) defines “quality of life” as people’s social welfare and their living environment. Quality of urban life has two main approaches: Objective approach and Subjective approach (Lee 2008). In this paper we have dealt with the subjective approach to assess quality of life. The most important qualities of life in Islamabad interpreted by using factor analysis are these 6 factors: satisfaction with public facilities (factor 1), satisfaction with the quality of the physical environment (factor 2), the welfare status (factor 3), water and air quality andtraffic (factor 4), the security situation in the neighborhood (factor 5), and economic status (factor 6). Each factor contains cases of related variables that are referred to in relevant tables in the text. Multiple-Regression Analysis can be used to identify the contribution of each domain in quality of life and the creation of causal model which shows the interaction between domains and reagents. One of the aims of this study is to establish a causal model by identifying the dominant domains effective in the quality of life in Islamabad. The main question in creating this model is: “Which domains of life have the most causal effect on the quality of life in the area under the study?” The answer to this question can be effective in the perception of the causal influence of the domains and also in designing effective programs to improve the quality of urban life in the region. Causal relationship between the domains of life and the satisfaction with life in Islamabad can be stated as following: 1) QoL = 0.485 × F3 + 0.462 × F4 + 0.082 × F5 + 0.072 × F6 + 0.043 × F2 − 0.026 × F1 F1: satisfaction with public facilities; F2: satisfaction with the quality of the physical environment; F3: the welfare status; F4: water and air quality and traffic; F5: local security situation; and F6: economic status. The total variance of the quality of life explained by this model is 46%. The research shows that life domains identified in this study have a direct impact on the quality of life. It was determined that the domain with the strongest causal effect is the third factor that is the welfare status. The next domain is the fourth factor that is the quality of water, air and traffic. Satisfaction of public facilities and economic situation are the domains which have the weakest causal impacts on the quality of life. The most important dimensions of the quality of life in Salehabad interpreted by using factor analysis are these six factors: Satisfaction with leisure and environmental facilities (factor 1), satisfaction with economic and security (factor 2), satisfaction with public facilities and Welfare (factor 3), satisfaction with physical environment condition (factor 4), garbage collection and disposal and sewage (factor 5), traffic and health (factor 6). Causal relationship between the domains of life and satisfaction with the quality of life in Salehabad is: 2) QoL = 0.446 × F2 + 0.399 × F4 + 0.236 × F5 + 0.190 × F6 − 0.024 × F1 − 0.019 × F3 F1: Satisfaction with leisure and environmental facilities; F2: satisfaction with economic and security; F3: satisfaction with public facilities and Welfare; F4: satisfaction with physical environment condition; F5: garbage collection and disposal and sewage; and F6: traffic and health. The total variance of the quality of life explained by this model is 45%. The results show that the domain with the strongest causal effect on the quality of life in Salehabad, is the second factor that is the economic satisfaction and security. The domains of the first and third factor, the satisfaction of leisure and environmental facilities and welfare, have the weakest causal effect on the quality of life. Therefore, in the studies conducted in the two settlements of Islamabad and Salehabad it was found that there are differences between the two habitats regarding most indicators of thequality of life. Descriptive findings of the survey show that regarding most indicators, Islamabad has a more favorable condition than Salehabad. In the analysis and comparison of the mean of individual variables in the two settlements, it was found that in these 26 proposed indicators, the mean of the responses in Islamabad is higher than Salehabad. However, only in 6 indicators the average satisfaction in Salahabad is higher than Islamabad. Based on the output of the T-test, comparing the mean of the responses on individual items, and according to the descriptive findings, the first research hypothesis indicating that the quality of life satisfaction among the inhabitants of the two regions has a significant difference, will be demonstrated. The results of the factor analysis and regression analysis indicate that in each settlement the most important predictors of the quality of life are different. This suggests that the quality of life varies according to locations. Thus, according to the research findings the second hypothesis in Salehabad is also proven, but it is rejected in the urban area of Islamabad. Thus, we can say that informal settlements are problematic and need to be empowered. Because experience has shown that this is the best strategy. In order to empower the settlements, identifying and assessing their quality of life will be very effective.

Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979) transformed the geopolitical circumstances in the Middle East. of The system of social sciences and geopolitical analysts to analyze the occurrence of alternative pay systems have also been collapsed. Shiite state in the Middle East region makes up a Convergence condition and they will be increased in geopolitical power. Other developments in the Middle East, such as, American attack to Iraq, the collapse of the Baath Party and the empowerment of Shias in Iraq were of concern to the Rulers of Arabic countries in the Middle East. King Abdullah, of Jordan, criticized the rising power of Shiites in the Middle East and of the Shiite Crescent. Next, the rulers of Saudi Arabia and Egypt took advantage of the Shiite Crescent. The question of this paper is that, what differences are there in the principles, goals and approaches of both the geopolitical and Shia Shiite Crescent? With regard to the theoretical nature of the research, the present study is an application research bearing a descriptive-analytical design. The data have been collected using library documents and analyzed qualitatively. Shiite political geography in the Middle East: Shiites are one of the most diverse Religions in the world. Shia scattering is important both historically and also in terms of cultural and political situations. Shiite makes up about twenty percent of the Muslims population. Shiite dispersed in Middle East. Starting from the Indian subcontinent and covering substantial parts of India and Pakistan. Then, part of Afghanistan and Central Asia. Finally, included are all Iranianand Iraqi majorities. These are scattered in important parts of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Yemen and the Persian Gulf countries such as Bahrain and Saudi Arabia Eastregion. Shia geopolitics: Shia geopolitics is meant to keep political geography. Shia people are distributed in different countries, the Middle East, with central Iran. Belt of Shia includes economic life, strategically and Islamic history. Most Shiites live in the Persian Gulf where 75% of the world's oil and oil reserves has increased the importance of Shiite district. Different periods of Shia geopolitical state include: First period: weakness of Shia Geopolitical situation (Nineteenth Century to 1979): During this period, Shia in different regions was faced with two major challenges. The first is anticolonial and the second fight of their rulers. Second period: The Revival of Shia Geopolitics (1979 to 2003): In fact, Iran's Islamic Revolution led more Liberation movements in the Middle East especially among Shiites for their rights. Shia geopolitical condition came out of the domestic conditionand its regional aspects. Third period: The Shia geopolitical condition boom periods (from 2003 until today): After the fall of Saddam Hussein in Iraq and low oppression pressure of the Iraq Shias, about 7 percent of Iraq's population, a new era of democratic change and was emerged in the Middle East and they found international aspects. The Shiite Crescent: Shiite crescent started of Jabal and continues to Mesopotamia, Iran and the Persian Gulf coast. King Abdullah of Jordan proclaimed that the main result of the war in Iraq is a Shiite crescent formation under the leadership of Iran. According to him, if pro Iran parties or politicians win in Iraq a crescent will be come from Iraq, Syria and Lebanon that will thereby lead to Shia Sunnis. It will be a great challenge for America and Arab countries in the Middle East. Differences between Shia Geopolitical and Shia Crescent are: Shia geopolitics is a real issue and more geographically in Shiite countries in the Middle East while Shia Crescent is an ideological issue and made mind the West and its regional allies in the Middle East. Shia geopolitics is sustained but Shia Crescent is temporary. Shia geopolitics is real but Shia Crescent is Unrealistic and utopian.

Global, regional and local changes in cities are concrete and complicated totality. It is important to look at urbanity principle and basics again, because if we dont begin such critique, we cant find any solution for these urban problems in a changing turbulent world and consequently the aim of urbanism for human welfare wont be achieved. Concept of access is considered as a major scale for urbanity according to some theorists like Tom Terner and Kelvin Linch. Lich says cities are constructed for sake of symbolic reasons at first and then they are constructed because of defensive reasons. But, immediately it became clear that providing appropriate accessibility in cities is a prominence. Accessibility includes access to other people, activities, resources, services, information and places. Now it can be seen that yet accessibility is exposed to conventional counteract. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating and recognizing access concepts and its changes in the current world. In this study, authors follow the assumption that some personal characteristics such as physical status, age, gender, familial status, literacy, access to internet, new ways of trade, and attendance of other people affect access to urban utilities and consequently its extent. In current study, both analytical and descriptive methods have been used simultaneously. In theoretical viewpoints and review of preceding studies, descriptive method is used. In the next stage, analytical method has been used to approach casual relations and to recognize attachment and relations between variables and indices. In this stage, at first required data have been compiled from selected statistical population employing surveys and questionnaire and after classification and derivation, they have been investigated and analyzed consciously by one or two-variable statistical methods using SPSS application. Statistical population of this study is all citizens of Mali abbad and Molasadra. By using Cochran formula and Lin table, sample mass was equals to 383 persons. For more certainty, 400 persons have been investigated. In validity study of evaluation tools, some experts have been consulted. Cronbach alpha coefficient and pre-test calculation have been used for reliability of evaluation tools. The alpha obtained from final questionnaire is 0.848 which is greater than 0.7 indicating high internal attachment of species. With regard to familiarity with new methods of trade, 218 persons (57%) have little familiarity and the remaining has moderate and higher. This shows that most people are not familiar with new methods of trade including online purchases; Ebay and etc. against conventional methods such as direct referral to meet their needs. Furthermore, considering people's tendency to use new methods of trade against conventional techniques, 70% of them have little tendency and only 30% have great tendency to use new methods. In relation to the use of new methods of trade in the future by knowing this point that new methods bring about faster and more convenient access to required services and goods from all parts of the world, 71% of people have used it moderately and greatly. This indicates lack of appropriate infrastructures such as inaccessibility to high speed internet, not providing essential on-line services and low awareness of most people about privilege of using the new methods, and lack of teaching and improving these infrastructures, most of people become solicitous to use these methods. In relation to familiarity with internet, about 65% have moderate and great familiarity and 35% have little familiarity. About 53% use low-speed internet and 47% use high-speed internet and 61 below five years dont use it at all. These results in current world in which internet plays an important role in all affairs are very disappointing and weak and also indicate poor infrastructures. By conducting T-test, it has been revealed that there is no difference in accessibility between men and women by considering literacy and new methods of trade, but there is some divergences in relation to others attendance such that others attendance and crowd is more important for men compared with women. In another analysis by T-test, it is clear that there is no difference in accessibility between Mali abbad and Molasadra in literacy, new methods of trade and others attendance. All in all, results can be generalized. On the other hand, conducting T-test has suggested that there is a meaningful correlation between single and married citizens in regard to accessibility by considering literacy, new methods of trade and others attendance. This indicates that singles have more knowledge about accessibility than married and also use new methods of trade more than marrieds. Crowded places are more attractive for singles compared with marrieds, on the other part, others attendance is more important for singles. Finally, conducting Pearson test has shown that there is a correlation in accessibility by considering age and literacy of people. It is converse in the further and direct in the later one. Aging leads to reduction of accessibility and its extent while increasing literacy improves accessibility and its extent. In this study, it has been made clear that personal characteristics including age, gender, employment status, marital status, education and social factors such as literacy (not education), access to internet, new methods of trade and others attendance are effective in accessibility and its extent. Therefore, we should look at accessibility and its extent with a wider view and according to new ideas in urbanity which was considered according to conventional standards and scales in urban and land use planning. Hence, considering just the distance from urban area to determine and localize utilities can no longer effective and useful. These old standards are not in accordance with existent realities in cities.