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پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 91 (بهار 1394)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 91 (بهار 1394)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/04/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • زهرا پیشگاهی فرد، سید محمد حسینی، سید علی حسینی صفحات 1-20
    انتخابات، فرایند های انتخاباتی، تصمیم گیری و تصمیم سازی به وسیله نهادهای منتخب، از جمله اصول بیشتر کشورهای جهان برای توسعه و تکامل است. یکی از مناسب ترین ظرفیت ها برای اعتمادسازی بیشتر بین اقوام و افکار مختلف و جذب و هدایت آن ها به سوی یک آرمان و اندیشه سیاسی مشترک و حفظ تمامیت کشور، وجود نهاد قانونگذاری در کشور است. نهادی که مهم ترین هدف آن، وضع قوانین عادلانه است. این مهم در کشوری مانند ایران که از نظر قومی - مذهبی و زبانی متنوع است، اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. تجمع نمایندگان ملت از سراسر کشور به صورت برابر، بدون توجه به قومیت، زبان و مذهب، الگویی متناسب از مشارکت سیاسی تمام ملت را به نمایش می گذارد. این امر در بلندمدت، بر تقویت نیروهای مرکزگرا تاثیر خواهد گذاشت و اصل وحدت، وفاق و وفاداری ملی و یکپارچگی سیاسی- فضایی را به همراه خواهد داشت. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر به دنبال پاسخگویی به دو پرسش اساسی خواهد بود: 1. آیا در جمهوری اسلامی ایران، با توجه به پراکندگی جمعیت و وسعت سرزمین، فرصت برابر برای دستیابی به کرسی های مجلس شورای اسلامی برای همه مردم وجود دارد؟ 2. در صورت نبود دسترسی مناسب، علل اصلی آن چه بوده است؟ نتایج نشان داد که در ایران، فرصت برابر در دسترسی به کرسی های مجلس برای همه مردم با توجه به وسعت و پراکندگی جمعیت فراهم نیست و تمایز زیادی بین استان ها دیده می شود. ارزش رای ها در استان های مختلف، متفاوت است و مجموعه ای از عوامل که عمدتا منشا سیاسی و مدیریتی داشته اند، به صورت زنجیره ای به نبود تعادل منجر شده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزش آرا، توزیع فضایی نمایندگان، کرسی های مجلس، مجلس شورای اسلامی
  • کرامت الله زیاری، حسین رفیعی مهر صفحات 21-32
    حاشیه نشینی همواره به صورت یک معضل مطرح شده و برای رهایی از آن راهکارهای بسیاری تدارک دیده شده است. همدان هم مانند بسیاری از شهر ها، درحال طی مسیر شهرنشینی است. یکی از محله ها با اسکان غیر رسمی شهر همدان، محله یا منطقه حصار است. در این پژوهش، به بررسی کیفیت زندگی ساکنان این محله با رویکرد ذهنی پرداخته شده است تا نگاه ساکنان با رویکرد پایین به بالا بررسی شود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی- توسعه ای و از نظر شیوه انجام، توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده است و براساس مطالعه کتابخانه ای و تکمیل پرسشنامه انجام شده است. در این پژوهش، تعیین حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران به دست آمد. در بخشمطالعه های میدانی، داده ها به شیوه های مختلف مشاهده شدند. پس از مراجعه به محل، پرسشنامه در طیف لیکرت پنج مقیاسی طراحی شد. در این راستا و در جهت اهداف تحقیق، از طریق تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه و تکنیک تحلیل مسیر، نوع و شدت روابط و تاثیرهای مستقیم و غیر مستقیم هریک از متغیر های مستقل بر متغیر وابسته نهایی و میانی تحلیل شد. براساس اطلاعات به دست آمده، بیشترین تاثیر کل، مربوط به متغیر های اقتصادی است. درنهایت، فرضیه اول پژوهش، مبنی بر غیر مستقیم بودن اثر بعضی از مولفه ها بر کیفیت زندگی محله حصار و فرضیه دوم، مبنی بر اهمیت متغیر های اقتصادی به عنوان موثرترین مولفه تاثیرگذار بر کیفیت زندگی تایید شد و امکانات تفریحی و ورزشی، به عنوان مهم ترین نیاز ساکنان تشخیص داده شد.
    کلیدواژگان: حاشیه نشینی، رویکرد ذهنی، شاخص های کیفیت زندگی شهری، کیفیت زندگی، محله حصار
  • احمد پور احمد، مجید شادمان رودپشتی، سیروس حسن پور، امیر شهرابی فراهانی، خدر فرجی راد صفحات 33-46
    امروزه در کنار سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی، سیستم های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره به طور گسترده ای برای حل مسائل فضایی به کار گرفته می شوند. در این مقاله با ترکیب دو روش FAHP و TOPSIS، روش جدیدی برای انتخاب مکان بهینه با استفاده از سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی به کار گرفته شده است. در این زمینه، معیارهای انتخاب مکان بهینه، برای ایجاد فضای سبز شهری در مدل FAHP وارد و مقایسه شدند و سپس خروجی مدل FAHP به عنوان وزن معیارها در مدل TOPSIS به کار گرفته شد. طبقه بندی فضاهای مکانی در سطح منطقه 15 کلان شهر تهران به منظور احداث یا پهنه بندی فضاهای سبز با استفاده از تکنیک ترکیبی مدل های FAHPو TOPSIS به صورت خیلی خوب، خوب، متوسط، ضعیف و خیلی ضعیف انجام گرفت. زمین هایی که درجه تناسب خیلی خوب و خوب دارند، برای ایجاد فضای سبز شهری انتخاب می شوند. نتایج نشان می دهد که استفاده از مجموعه های فازی در ترکیب با مدل سلسله مراتبی، نه تنها سبب رفع ابهام از مدل ATP می شود، بلکه میزان خطای تورش ناشی از مقایسه دوبه دو لایه ها را نیز کاهش می دهد. درنهایت، ترکیب مدل FAHP با مدل TOPSIS، قابلیت استفاده همزمان از نظرهای مقیاسی کارشناسی را در کنار ایده آل های موجود همچون افزایش دقت و صحت طبقه بندی در لایه های اطلاعاتی، ممکن می سازد.
    کلیدواژگان: سیستم های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره، فضای سبز شهری، FAHP، GIS، TOPSIS
  • براتعلی خاکپور، ایوب معروفی، بایزید شریفی، واحد احمدتوزه، هادی سلیمانی صفحات 47-62
    رشد شتابان و بی رویه شهرها، بر بسیاری از جنبه های اقتصادی- اجتماعی و زیست محیطی در داخل و اطراف شهرها تاثیر گذاشته است. به همین دلیل، باید در آینده، دیدگاهی جامعه نگر به توسعه کالبدی- فضایی شهرها ایجاد شود. از این رو، شناخت و مکان یابی اراضی مناسب برای گسترش آینده شهر، از تصمیم های مهم برنامه ریزان شهری است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، ارزیابی و مکان یابی بهینه جهت های توسعه کالبدی- فضایی شهر بوکان است. بدین منظور، برای ارزیابی چگونگی توسعه کالبدی شهر در سال های 1375 تا 1385، از مدل آنتروپی شانون استفاده شد. سپس با استفاده از ابزار سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، به مکان یابی بهینه برای رشد کالبدی شهر بوکان در سال های آتی پرداخته شد. لایه های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش عبارت اند از: لایه های خطوط برق فشار قوی، فاصله از روستا های اطراف، فاصله از زمین های سیلابی، آب های سطحی (رودها)، راه های ارتباطی، شیب و کاربری اراضی. نتایج نشان می دهد که رشد کالبدی- فضایی شهر بوکان در چند دهه گذشته برنامه ریزی شده نبوده و رشد پراکند های را تجربه کرده است. این نوع رشد، مشکل های اقتصادی و زیست محیطی زیادی را برای شهر بوکان ایجاد کرده است. نتایج بعدی پژوهش نشان داد که مناسب ترین اراضی برای رشد کالبدی شهر بوکان، در سمت شرقی و محور جاده بوکان- شاهین دژ واقع شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه فضایی، کالبدی، رشد پراکنده شهری، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، شهر بوکان، مکان یابی
  • صفر قائدرحمتی، صدیقه جمشیدی صفحات 63-80
    کیفیت زندگی، مفهومی برای نشان دادن میزان رضایت فرد از زندگی و به عبارتی معیاری برای تعیین رضایت و نارضایتی افراد و گروه ها از ابعاد مختلف زندگی است. این ابعاد، زمینه های تغذیه ای، آموزشی، بهداشت، امنیت و اوقات فراغت را شامل می شود. از سوی دیگر، امروزه در ادبیات برنامه ریزی توسعه، مباحث کیفیت زندگی به عنوان یک اصل اساسی، پیوسته مورد نظر برنامه ریزان و مدیران توسعه است. با این توصیف، پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغام شده در شهر یزد و بررسی ارتباط میان شاخص های عینی و ذهنی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغام شده در شهر یزد، درصدد پاسخگویی به این پرسش هاست که میزان کیفیت زندگی، از نظر جامعه نمونه در دو محله خیرآباد و عیش آباد چگونه است و آیا بین شاخص های عینی و ذهنی کیفیت زندگی در دو محله مورد مطالعه رابطه وجود دارد. روش پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است و به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده های حاصل از پرسشنامه و فرم برداشت میدانی، از دو روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون T، آزمون U مان ویتنی و آزمون خی دو) در نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، دو روستای ادغام شده در شهر یزد (خیرآباد و عیش آباد) با جمعیت 11054 نفر است که در این بین، 370 نفر به عنوان نمونه درنظر گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که براساس دیدگاه جامعه نمونه، به طور کلی، میزان رضایت در همه ابعاد مورد بررسی، کیفیت زندگی (اجتماعی، اقتصادی، محیطی و کالبدی) پایین تر از حد متوسط ارزیابی شده است و تنها در تعدادی از گویه ها، از جمله امنیت اماکن عمومی، میزان وقت آزاد، تسهیلات مناسب منزل و وضعیت زیرساخت ها، میزان رضایت ساکنان تا حدودی بالاتر از متوسط ارزیابی شده است. همچنین براساس نتایج آزمون کای اسکویر، بین شاخص های ذهنی و عینی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغام شده در شهر یزد رابطه ای وجود ندارد.
    کلیدواژگان: روستاهای ادغام شده در شهر، کیفیت زندگی، محله خیرآباد، محله عیش آباد
  • سعید رضا اکبریان رونیزی، محمدرضا رضوانی صفحات 81-95
    پارادایم توسعه پایدار به عنوان رویکردی بنیادین برای توسعه فعالیت های گردشگری از جمله گردشگری روستایی، توجه محققان و برنامه ریزان این حوزه را به خود جلب کرده است. توسعه پایداری گردشگری حاصل تلاش در دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در تمام زمینه هاست. در این حوزه، موضوع شایان توجه، تبیین و تحلیل پایداری توسعه این فعالیت است؛ چراکه از این طریق می توان عوامل و شاخص های موثر در پایداری را شناسایی کرد و در راستای برنامه ریزی مناسب، برای تقویت و کاهش این عوامل گام برداشت. برهمین اساس، در این مقاله به ارزیابی پایداری توسعه گردشگری در روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان دماوند استان تهران اقدام شده است. پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز بر مبنای دو روش اسنادی و میدانی (پرسشنامه) جمع آوری شد. در روش پرسشنامه ای، داده های مورد نیاز در قالب سه نوع پرسشنامه سرپرست خانوار، مدیران محلی و گردشگران، در سطح شش روستای نمونه گردآوری شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، روش های آماری توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه) و روش های غیر آماری (بارومتر و رادار پایداری) به کار گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان از آن دارد که توسعه گردشگری روستایی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه در سطح پایداری ضعیف قرار دارد که البته در بین روستاهای نمونه، از لحاظ وضعیت پایداری گردشگری، تفاوت معنادار آماری دیده می شود. همچنین نتایج بیانگر آن است که بین میزان پایداری گردشگری روستاها با معیارهای فاصله از کلان شهر تهران، میزان جمعیت و تعداد گردشگران، رابطه مستقیم معنادار آماری وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: بارومتر پایداری، توسعه پایدار، شهرستان دماوند، گردشگری روستایی
  • صبا خراسانی مقدم، سید عباس یزدانفر *، سید باقر حسینی صفحات 97-117

    در سکونتگاه های غیر رسمی، وجود نابسامانی های فراوان در ابعاد کالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و... سطح زندگی ساکنان را کاهش داده است و مهم ترین هدف توسعه پایدار، یعنی بهبود کیفیت زندگی و رضایتمندی ساکنان را با تهدید جدی روبه رو ساخته است. با توجه به اینکه توسعه پایدار با برآوردن نیازهای بشر، متضمن دستیابی به کیفیت زندگی و رضایتمندی در ابعاد مختلف برای همگان است، به نظر می رسد توجه به ابعاد کیفیت زندگی و ارتقای آن ها، یکی از راه های بازیابی رضایتمندی و تحقق اهداف توسعه پایدار در این سکونتگاه هاست. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تعیین و بررسی ابعاد مختلف کیفیت زندگی موثر بر رضایتمندی ساکنان سکونتگاه های غیر رسمی در چارچوب اهداف توسعه پایدار است. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی است و داده ها براساس پرسشنامه گردآوری شده اند. برای ارزیابی پایایی ابزار پژوهش، از روش کرونباخ و درجهت تعیین روایی، از روایی صوری استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری با حجم نمونه 110 نفر، شامل ساکنان سکونتگاه های غیر رسمی محله فرحزاد تهران است و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار spss صورت گرفته است. براساس نتایج، رضایتمندی ساکنان از کیفیت زندگی، در حد متوسط 5>72/2>1 با میانه نظری 3 ارزیابی شد. همچنین مطابق یافته ها، رابطه معناداری بین متغیر های مشارکت اجتماعی (467/0r=)، همبستگی اجتماعی (477/0r=)، امنیت اجتماعی (458/0r=)، بهداشت محیط (212/0r=)، ایمنی محیط (247/0r=)، فضاهای گذران اوقات فراغت (209/0r=)، سازماندهی کالبدی فضایی ساختمان ها (211/0r=) و تراکم ساختمانی (205/0r=)، با رضایتمندی ساکنان از کیفیت زندگی وجود دارد. نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان می دهد که متغیر وابسته، به طور مستقیم، از متغیرهای مشارکت اجتماعی، بهداشت محیطی، سیمای کالبدی، تراکم ساختمانی و وجود فضاهای گذران اوقات فراغت تاثیر می پذیرد و درمجموع، این متغیرها توانسته اند مقدار 533/0R2= از تغییرهای متغیر وابسته را تبیین کنند.

    کلیدواژگان: توسعه پایدار، رضایتمندی، سکونتگاه غیر رسمی، کیفیت زندگی، محله فرحزاد
  • علی نوری کرمانی، نغمه محمدپورلیما، فرشید عالیزاد میناآباد صفحات 119-129
    یکی از تاثیرهای شهرگرایی شتابان بر ساختار فضایی و جمعیتی کشور، رشد فزاینده شهرها و تبدیل مراکز روستایی به نقاط متصل یا منفصل شهری است که سبب برهم خوردن تعادل توزیع فضایی جمعیت می شود. با توجه به ناهمخوانی عوامل متعدد مانند اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی، مدیریتی و... در نقاط شهری و روستایی، الحاق نقاط روستایی به محدوده شهرها، به ایجاد مشکل های عدیده منجر خواهد شد. یکی از مهم ترین عوامل ایجاد تعارض، نبود رویکرد یکسان مدیریتی در نقاط شهری و روستایی است که بر سایر عوامل نیز تاثیرگذار است؛ بنابراین، در مقاله حاضر با موردکاوی الحاق روستای شاطره به محدوده اسلامشهر سعی شده است تاثیر نبود رویکرد مدیریتی یکسان در نقاط روستایی و شهری و همچنین جایگاه مدیریت شهری در حل تعارض های ناشی از الحاق نقاط روستایی به محدوده شهری بررسی شود. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی است که با استفاده از مطالعه های اسنادی و میدانی وسیع و تکمیل 220 پرسشنامه از سوی خانوارهای ساکن در اسلامشهر و روستای شاطره و همچنین اخذ 30 پرسشنامه از مسئولان و کارشناسان سازمان های ذیربط استان تهران انجام شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که برخلاف نبود تفاوت معنادار بین عوامل مدیریتی اسلامشهر و روستای شاطره، عوامل کالبدی شهر و روستا تفاوت معناداری دارند و ناهمگونی رویکرد مدیریت در نقاط شهری و روستایی، عاملی موثر در ایجاد تعارض است. از سویی دیگر، مدیریت شهری در حل این تعارض ها نقشی اساسی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: الحاق، روستای شاطره، عوامل مدیریتی، مدیریت شهری، محدوده شهر
  • محمد جواد مهدوی نژاد، مائده پورفتح الله صفحات 131-141
    حس تعلق، از جمله مفاهیم مهم و موثر در ارتباط انسان و محیط است. این مفهوم، ناشی از احساس های فرد نسبت به مکانی است که با آن ارتباط برقرار می کند. از نگاه جغرافیای انسانی، حس تعلق، نقشی اساسی در ارزیابی کیفیت محیط و منظر شهری در شهرهای معاصر دارد. عوامل مختلفی از جمله رویکردهای شناختی، احساسی، کالبدی و اجتماعی، حس تعلق و دلبستگی به مکان را به وجود می آورند که در این پژوهش، به مفهوم کالبدی- اجتماعی حس تعلق در منظر شهری توجه شده است. امروزه با گسترش زندگی شبانه، مفاهیم مربوط به کیفیت مکان مناظر شهری در شب نیز همانند روز، اهمیت یافته اند. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی رابطه نحوه نورپردازی با یکی از عوامل کلیدی سنجش کیفیت مکان، یعنی مفهوم حس تعلق است و نقش فناوری های جدید نورپردازی در ارتقای مفهوم کالبدی- اجتماعی حس تعلق و تاثیر آن در تبدیل محیط به شهری انسانی تر را بررسی می کند. به این منظور، عوامل فنی و تکنیک های نورپردازی در 14 نمونه از بدنه های شهری- که به صورت خوشه ایدر دو منطقه از شهر تهران انتخاب شدند- ارزیابی شدند. پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است که در آن، برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه بهره گرفته شده است و سپس داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون همبستگی تحلیل شده اند. یافته ها نشان دهنده آن است که به کارگیری فناوری های جدید نورپردازی در رونق معماری شبانه و درنتیجه، ارتقای حس تعلق شهروندان تهرانی سهم بسزایی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: جغرافیای انسانی، حس تعلق، شهرهای معاصر، فناوری های جدید نورپردازی، معماری شبانه
  • مجتبی امیری، شهناز نوروزی، علیرضا نجاری صفحات 143-157
    توجه به آینده، همواره از مهم ترین اهداف کشور ها محسوب می شود؛ بنابراین، شناخت تهدیدها و آسیب ها، یکی از مهم ترین عوامل دستیابی به آینده و آینده پژوهی به روش سناریونویسی، یکی از کارآمدترین روش های مطالعه آینده است که با شناخت عوامل اصلی موثر بر مدیریت بحران در شبکه حمل ونقل و نیز تاثیر نیرو های موثر، شاکله و چارچوب سناریو های تهدید، سوانح طبیعی و آسیب پذیری آینده شهر های بزرگ را شناسایی می کند و آن ها را به فرصت تبدیل می کند. به همین منظور، در چارچوب این مقاله سعی بر آن است که با استفاده از آینده پژوهی به عنوان یک علم جدید- که در کشورهای مختلف دنیا روزبه روز کاربردی تر می شود و روش های جدیدی از آن برای ساختن آینده ای مطلوب تر ارائه می شود- روش هایی متناسب با شیوه های برنامه ریزی حمل ونقل اضطراری شهری مطرح شود که شرایط مطلوب توسعه پایدار را- که از آرمان های این علم است- برآورده کند. درحقیقت، آینده پژوهی در مدیریت سوانح طبیعی، تصمیم گیری برای فرایندی است که در زمان حال انجام می شود، اما حاصل آن، خلق آینده ای بهتر است. این روش برای تقویت توان و تحلیل آینده و توان نفوذ و مداخله سازمان های مرتبط در آینده، برای تبدیل تهدید شبکه حمل ونقل در برابر سوانح طبیعی به فرصتی برای امدادرسانی اضطراری و تعیین نقش موثر در موفقیت عملیات نیروهای امداد و نجات در شهر تهران است. این مقاله با رویکرد آینده پژوهی برای بهینه سازی کارایی مدیریت شبکه حمل ونقل مناطق شهر تهران، مبتنی بر فرایند های مدیریت حمل ونقل اضطراری به آن ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: آینده پژوهی، بهینه سازی، حمل ونقل اضطراری، سوانح طبیعی، شهر تهران
  • فرزانه ساسان پور، محمد سلیمانی، پرویز ضیاییان، زهرا دلفان آذری صفحات 159-176
    یکی از اهداف برنامه ریزان شهری، ایجاد توسعه پایدار شهری و محله ای است. بدین صورت که با ایجاد پایداری در محله ها می توان به پایداری در سطوح بالاتر و شهر رسید. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی میزان پایداری محله های منطقه 10 شهرداری تهران با استفاده از روش فازی است. بدین منظور، از 86 شاخص در ابعاد کالبدی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، اقتصادی، خدماتی، زیست محیطی، بهداشتی- درمانی و حکمرانی شهری استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، ابتدا در سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی با استفاده از تابع عضویت متناسب برای هر شاخص، عملیات فازی سازی انجام شد. سپس با تلفیق شاخص ها، مقدار گامای معادل پایداری در هر بعد به دست آمد. این مقدار در هر محله، عددی بین صفر و یک است که بسته به مقدار آن، میزان پایداری هر محله در محدوده ای تعریف شده است. در این پژوهش، محدوده صفر تا 1/ 0 برای مقادیر گاما، نمایانگر میزان پایداری خیلی ضعیف، 1/ 0 تا 4/ 0 پایداری ضعیف، 4/ 0 تا 5/ 0 پایداری متوسط متمایل به ضعیف، 5/ 0 تا 6/ 0 پایداری متوسط و 6/ 0 تا 1 پایداری قوی تعریف شده است. درادامه، برای مشخص شدن میزان پایداری کلی محله های لایه های گامای ابعاد با عملگر فازی با هم تلفیق شدند و مقدار گامای معادل پایداری کلی محله ها تعیین شد. یافته ها نشان می دهد که پایداری محله های این منطقه در سطوح متوسط، متوسط روبه ضعیف و ضعیفی قرار دارند. محله سلسبیل شمالی با مقدار 5393/ 0 در وضعیتی متوسط واقع شده است که بهترین وضعیت را در بین محله ها دارد و بدترین وضعیت مربوط به محله هاشمی با مقدار 3082 /0 است.
    کلیدواژگان: پایداری، توسعه پایدار، فازی، محله، منطقه 10 شهرداری تهران
  • محمد سلمانی، حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، محمد ناظمی، حسن اروجی صفحات 177-192
    ژئوتوریسم، شاخه جدیدی از گردشگری مسئولانه است که با هدف حفاظت از میراث زمین و همچنین ارتقای سطح زندگی جوامع بومی، حفظ ارزش های فرهنگی و توسعه اقتصادی، بر استفاده از جاذبه های زمین شناختی و ژئومورفولوژیکی تاکید می کند. مجموعه میراث ژئومورفولوژیکی، فرهنگی و گردشگری ژئوتوریسم، در قالب مکان هایی نمایان شده است که به عنوان ژئومورفوسایت از آن ها یاد می شود. شهرستان طبس با وجود فرایند های مختلف زمین شناسی، مجموعه متنوعی از این ژئومورفوسایت ها را در خود جای داده است. به دلیل قرارگیری منطقه طبس بین دو ناحیه بزرگ کویری ایران (دشت لوت و کویر مرکزی)، مناطق کویری و بیابانی طبس تقریبا در حاشیه قرار گرفته است و بسیاری از توانمندی های آن هنوز به صورت علمی بررسی نشده است. در این پژوهش، بنا بود تا ضمن شناسایی مناطق ژئوتوریستی شهرستان، ژئومورفوسایت های منطقه نیز شناسایی شوند؛ براساس مجموعه ای از ارزش های علمی، حفاظتی و گردشگری ارزیابی شوند و سپس با توجه به کاربری های متناسب با گردشگری و توسعه اقتصادی، اولویت بندی شوند. پس از جست وجوهای گوناگون، درنهایت 50 ژئومورفوسایت برای ارزیابی انتخاب شدند و از بین روش های ارزیابی ژئومورفوسایت ها، از روش GAM استفاده شد. در ارزیابی کلی ژئومورفوسایت های شهرستان، ژئومورفوسایت های «رخنمون های درنجال»، «سرزمین سیاه» و «مخروط افکنه های شتری»، به عنوان بهترین ژئومورفوسایت ها برای کاربری های ژئوتوریستی تعیین شدند و می توان آن ها را به عنوان یک کالای اقتصادی به گردشگران ارائه کرد. ضمن اینکه حفاظت میراث زمین در طبس به صورت بالفعل صورت نمی گیرد و از منظر اقتصادی و اجتماعی، جامعه بومی طبس، سهم بسیار اندکی در گردشگری دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: روش ارزیابی GAM، ژئوتوریسم، ژئومورفوسایت، شهرستان طبس، گردشگری پایدار
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  • Zahra Pishgahifard, Seyed Mohammad Hoseini, Seyed Ali Hosein Pages 1-20
    Introduction
    An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold elected status. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens. As the Elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortation, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot. In many countries with weak rule of law, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government.In democratic systems, the citizens impact on governmental decisions, Legislations, their own destiny, and the actions that should be done in their community by selected institutions through direct and indirect methods like as election, electoral process, decision and decision-making. Legislative assembly is one of the basic institutes to reach these goals that are established in almost all countries until representative who are elected by the people to advance the goals of the community by attend and pass legislation. The main task of this institute that its representatives choose through direct vote of the citizens is to approval fair social, political, economic, and cultural legislation in the state.Election, electoral process, decision making and decision reasoning by selected institution are the principles of development and evolution of most. In countries with diverse religious, ethnics, and linguistics, like Iran, electoral process, should gain a high interest. In Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) is known as symbol of presence of all trends and sites. Therefore, this research is going to answer to these questions: 1- Is there any equal opportunities to succeed to seats of Majlis for all people according to population distribution and extent of their territories? 2- If not, what are the main causes?
    Methodology
    This study has done based on descriptive – analytic method and in order to achieve the research objectives have used different methods of library, attributive and Arc GIS 9.2 and Excel softwares with emphasis on 2006 census results and statistics of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran. Also to answer the research questions have used from qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis, individually or in combination. In order to analyze how seats distribution of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran at the provincial level, being used factors such as population, the number of constituencies, the number of representative, extent, the representative to population ratio, the extent of territory to representative ratio, and the average distance (Statistics of the ninth parliament elections in 2011 have been reviewed). Also, in order to illustrate the clearer gap between provinces and how close or far away from the desired position, the constituencies Categorized in the five spectra like as very good, good, average, poor and very poor access to seats of assembly according to its population and extent.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of this research shows that Seats distribution of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran doesn’t have a balanced distribution. So that some provinces have more representatives than others. Also the results shows the justice has not been met between the provinces. Such that Semnan province per 147,435 people, Sistan and Baluchestan province per 300,717 people, Tehran province per 318,085 people, Alborz province per 763,125 people has a representatives in Majlis of Iran and others provinces have a distance from law to high from the well. This problem has a negative impact on the Integration and national Solidarity of Iran in long term. The main causes of inequality access to the seats of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran, including, for example: Pattern of government of Iran; administrative divisions; Political consideration in the number of representatives for each province; Lack of scientific processes and accurate in how to determine of the election area and the number of representatives; Human and natural cohesion or disconnection and its impact on the delimitation of electoral area; amount of proximity and active connection with capital and center of country and located on active transport links; Lack of awareness of citizens, especially, the citizens of more deprived area from the number of representatives in the assembly than other provinces and its average level in the national; the lack of clear rules and criteria about the election and the number of representatives.
    Conclusion
    The results show that the citizens who vote to the assembly of representative have not had equal access to seats of assembly and values of votes were different among provinces in this election, such that there is a representative in the assembly for every 147435, 300717, 318085, 763125 people in the provinces of Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Tehran, and Alborz, respectively. The other provinces also have a low to high distance to the optimal rate. The distributions of seats Majlis do not follow any order or pattern; so that the value of each vote for the Semnan province is twice of Sistan and Baluchistan province and fivefold of Alborz province. Actually, Results show there is no equal opportunities to access to seats of Majlis according to extent and distribution of population and there is a high distinction among provinces. Values of votes were different among provinces and finally we have recognized that the agent of administrative divisions is the most important and intensive factor in biased distributions of seats Majlis.
    Keywords: Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis), Seats of Assembly, Special Distribution of Candidate, Score of Votes
  • Keramatollah Ziari, Hossein Rafieemehr Pages 21-32
    Introduction
    For many years, scholars in both the social sciences and the environmental design professions have been arguing that “quality” of any entity has a subjective dimension that is perceptual as well as having an objective reality. Central to that assertion is the notion that the environment may be defined as having built, natural, and sociocultural dimensions. and different environmental settings will have specific characteristics with respect to those dimensions. But the places in which people live consist of all three of those dimensions, and research findings have clearly demonstrated that all three form important components of the QOL or subjective well-being of people living in a specific place. Many QOL studies have tended to examine attributes of individuals, such as their employment, age, health, and interpersonal relationships. However, people live their lives in places or series of places, each of which has particular environmental characteristics. Defining the indexes of life quality, Vienna, Zurich, and Oakland were reported as the best places to live in the world in 2012 and Singapore, Tokyo, and Kobe in Japan as the best cities in Asia and Dubai in the Middle East. The most important goal of urban planning and development is to improve the quality of life and bring happiness to citizens; but the quality of life is a multidimensional concept which deals with different factors. One of the most important goals of urban planning is to analyze the factors of inequality and attempt to improve the quality of life and create equal conditions for all the citizens. By defining objective and subjective indexes. Today every citys “first world” has a Third World city in their hearts that has struggled with various problems. Due to this reason many scientists and authorities have focused on the concept of quality of life and fallowed by promoting effort to improve living condition and qualitative of human life. All people and all places are concerned with quality of life (QOL). Therefore it is not surprising that the topic has attracted the attention of researchers from many disciplines since the 1960s. While the topic has been studied with regularity for nearly a half century by researchers in psychology, sociology, geography, planning, and other disciplines, the past decade has seen an acceleration of scholarly interest in QOL including a stream of studies investigating individual well-being and happiness. As most of the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and with disparate populations in advanced nations being highly concentrated in large cities, it is inevitable that many QOL studies have focused measuring and modeling aspects of life in urban areas or the quality of urban life (QOUL).Hamedan same as most cities is in the path of urbanization. Especially the majority of the province population is settling in the center of province. As a result the phenomenon of marginalization is expanding. In this regard vision and imagination of the residents to her life quality is an effective way for identify issues and planning to solve the problems of these areas.Because it prevents the same prescription for the different settlement and bottom-up planning will be occur.Hesar emam neighborhood of Hamedan as one of the most problematic area was chosen as the case study.
    Methodology
    We know that different people may have different perceptions and therefore make different subjective judgments about the things which impinge on their QOL including specific attributes of their urban environment. To adequately investigate those aspects of QOL, we need to use model frameworks and collect data to operationalize those frameworks within a particular context. This research is practical and development from purpose point and from doing way is descriptive analusis and based on the literature study and a questionnaire.Questionnaire was designed in 5 likert scale. The study sample size was determined based on a formula derived of Cochran. The approach was taken in this study to assess quality of life is subjective approach. Study is based on 11 indicators that is derived of research experiences and studied in the 59 index.Research achievement: The subjective approach which is specifically designed to collect primary data at the disaggregate or individual level using social survey methods where the focus is on the peoples’ behaviors and assessments, or evaluations of aspects of QOL in general and of QOUL in particular.In this section we presented descriptive results obtained from the questionnaire by using descriptive statistic methods. Then by using inferential statistics we analyzed and test hypotheses and about relationship between variables. Understanding the mean and the mean value calculated for the population under study and understand the value obtained for the perceived quality of life in our community, a significant amount has been calculated. Alpha is 0.05 times the area of 0.000 indicates that there is a lower quality of life. To identify the most important predictors of quality of life in informal settlements Hesar through multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis shows that entertainment is the most pressing needs of the community from resident viewpoint.
    Conclusions
    In urban and human geography, the most important role has been given to the social justice and social welfare and human geography gained its place as a scientific field only in purpose of improving human life environment and providing social welfare to him. The purpose of improving life quality in urban area is to provide the services and facilities equally. Life Quality opens a way for local officials and the people to interact with each other so to have a better understanding of the key issues affecting people’s life. In today’s cities, the important factor which makes separations between the areas of a town is economy.The results of multiple regression analysis and path analays shows that entertainment is the most pressing needs of the community from resident viewpoint. Further priorities are the security and safety condition, health condition, health care protection, housing, employment, economic conditions, educational status and transportation.
    Keywords: Quality of life, Indicators of urban quality of life, subjective approach, informal settelment, hesar
  • Ahmad Pourahamd_Majim Shadman_Cirous Hassanpour_Amir . Shahrabi Farahani_Khader .Faraji Rad Pages 33-46
    ality of the green areas distribution. As a result, in order to answer the needs of urban residents in our country and overcome such problems mentioned above the urban managers and decision makers need to apply modern analytical tools. This article attempts to offer a new combinational method in to propose suitability map for distribution of region 15th of Tehran Municipality’s green space to the urban managers and decision makers using FAHP and TOPSIS techniques.
    Methodology
    Nowadays integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and geographic information system (GIS) is commonly used in order to solve spatial problems. Different multi-criteria decision making techniques present different methodology with certain limitations and advantages. Our proposed methodology considered 8 green space related criteria to evaluate and prioritise urban green space suitable sites. Proposed methodology has two steps: in step 1, AHP is improved by fuzzy set theory. In this regard, by using fuzzy set theory in AHP method the qualitative judgment can be qualified to make comparison more intuitionistic and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pairwise comparison process of urban green space criteria. In step 2, obtained results have been used as input weights in TOPSIS algorithm. TOPSIS algorithm by considering ideal and non ideal solution helps decision maker to evaluate ranking locations and select the best one.To deal with vagueness of human thought, Zadeh first introduced the fuzzy set theory, which was oriented to the rationality of uncertainty due to imprecision or vagueness. A major contribution of fuzzy set theory is its capability of representing vague data. The theory also allows mathematical operators and programming to apply to the fuzzy domain. A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership. Such a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function, which assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one. Essentially, the uncertainty in the preference judgments give rise to uncertainty in the ranking of alternatives as well as difficulty in determining consistency of preferences. These applications are performed with many different perspectives and proposed methods for fuzzy AHP. In this study, Chang’s (1992) extent analysis on fuzzy AHP is formulated for a selection problem.A triangular fuzzy number (TFN), M, is shown in Fig. 1. A TFN is denoted simply as (m1, m2, m3). The parameters m1, m2 and m3 respectively denote the smallest possible value, the most promising value, and the largest possible value that describe a fuzzy event. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is one of the extensively used multi-criteria decision-making methods. One of the main advantages of this method is the relative ease with which it handles multiple criteria. In addition to this, AHP is easier to understand and it can effectively handle both qualitative and quantitative data. The use of AHP does not involve cumbersome mathematics. AHP involves the principles of decomposition, pairwise comparisons, and priority vector generation and synthesis. Though the purpose of AHP is to capture the expert’s knowledge, the conventional AHP still cannot reflect the human thinking style. Therefore, fuzzy AHP, a fuzzy extension of AHP, was developed to solve the hierarchical fuzzy problems. In the fuzzy-AHP procedure, the pairwise comparisons in the judgment matrix are fuzzy numbers that are modified by the designer’s emphasis.An extension of TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution), a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) technique, to a set of criteria which are investigated. TOPSIS is a practical and useful technique for ranking and selection of a number of externally determined alternatives through distance measures. TOPSIS is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution. It is a method of compensatory aggregation that compares a set of alternatives by identifying weights for each criterion, normalising scores for each criterion and calculating the geometric distance between each alternative and the ideal alternative, which is the best score in each criterion.
    Results And Discussion
    In our study, we categorized suitability value of geographic locations for urban green space in region 15th of Tehran Municipality to, very low suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability and very high suitability. Comparison of categorized suitability classes in related to final suitability map indicates that the two suitable category (High and very high suitability) of the proposed suitability map together occupy about 20% of study region.
    Conclusion
    AHP is an effective problem solving methodology. Decision problem may contain spatial social, economic, technical and politic factors that need to be evaluated by linguistic variables. Then AHP is one of the most commonly used techniques for such situations. The Criteria set is determined at the beginning in many multi criteria decision making methods and modelled depending upon to these criteria. Multi criteria decision making techniques based on the linguistic evaluations like FAHP helps to make a best selection decision by using a weighting process within the current alternatives via pair wise comparisons. In this methodology by utilizing improved Analytical Hierarchy Process by Fuzzy set theory, weight of each criterionfor urban green space site selection has been calculated. Finally this article introduces an approach that integrates improved AHP with TOPSIS algorithm to support related decisions of urban green space site selection.FAHP is AHP improved by fuzzy set theory which is a useful approach for evaluating complex multiple criteria alternatives involving subjective and uncertain judgment. By using fuzzy set theory in AHP method the qualitative judgment can be qualified to make comparison more intuitionists and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pair wise comparison process. In further step, TOPSIS algorithm considered ideal and non ideal solution in combination with obtained expert results which have been deducted from FAHP algorithm.
    Keywords: Geographic Information System, Green Space, multi, criteria decision making, Fuzzy AHP, TOPSIS technique
  • Baratali Khakpoor, Ayob Maroofi, Bayazid Sharifi, Vahed Ahmadtoze, Hadi Soleimani Pages 47-62
    Accelerated and excessive growth of cities have been influences many aspects of economic, social and environmental within and surrounding cities and this requires a holistic view on physical - spatial development is the future of cities. Thus, identifying and locating suitable land for future expansion of the city, is one of the most important decisions for urban planners. The main objective of this research is assesses and optimal location for physical growth the city of Boukan. In order to assess how the physical development of the city during the 1996 to 2006 years, is used the Shannon Entropy model and Using GIS tools to location optimal physical growth of the city of Boukan in the coming years will that The layers used in this study include: layers of high-voltage power lines, distance from surrounding villages, away from flood areas, surface water (rivers), roads, slope and land use. Results indicate that Boukan physical growth it was Non application planning and has experienced Sprawl development in the past few decades that this type of growth causes environmental and economic problems for the city of Boukan. Subsequent results showed that the best land for physical growth is located in the eastern part of the city of Boukan in Road Boukan - Shahindezh.Key words: location, physical - spatial development, Geographic Information system, urban sprawl growth, Bokan city.
    Introduction
    Influenced by the global economy, now a days urbanization has been accelerated in most parts of the world which is actually changing the shape of the world. The growth in the urban population and the increase in villages migration to cities have fundamentally changed all the social, economic, environmental and physical aspects of cities and turned the cities from a static and stable made in to an environment that is dynamic and full at paradoxes. This population growth have had its own problems one of which is the speeding physical development of cities. Urban physical development is a dynamic and continuous process and in this process the limits and physical space at cities will increase both qualitatively and qualitatively in vertical and horizontal directions and if this process is unplanned, the environmental and physics aspects of cities will face too much problems. That is why optimal planning and locating the development of physical aspects at cities is at too much importance of the future development of cities. Based on the 2007 census, because city has a population of 150703 which is the third city in west Azarbaijan province regarding its population. Regarding its population and physical aspects the cities has undergone some major changes during the past few decades in a way that the unplanned and uncontrolled physical- spatial development of cities have resulted in the distraction of a large amount of agricultural fields and the gardens around the city. This study attempts to investigation the physical development at this city in the recent decades and to determine the optimal physical- spatial development in the future using Geography Information System.
    Methodology
    This study is a applied regarding its purpose and descriptive- analytic regarding its method. After collecting the documentative data and doing the required modification and completing the data through field study, an attempt was made to update the maps through observation and the information available in relevant centers and to digitize the maps and create some bases. To create layers and the required information for this study from maps, the information available in the master plan development of Bokan and some other information were utilized.
    Result And Discussion
    According to the analysis at 1987 census, Bukan city has a population of 150703 which ranks third regarding its population in west Azarbaijan after urmia and khoy. Due to various environmental and human factors, this city has been under constant changes during the past 50 years. These factors consist of: village- city migration, job opportunities, natural potential for physical development, inter intra city and provincial roads,.... population and physical changes of Bokan are so thought- provoking. The population of this was 5308 in 1957 but in 2007 its population was 150703 in other words during the last 50 years the population of this city has become 29 times as much as it was in 1957. According to the fields around Bokan, we can divide this city into three areas: completely suitable, unsuitable, completely unsuitable which based on the maps of fertilized lands, gardens and Nale Shekan mountains that are near the city have the lowest point for the future development of the city which means the authorities should prevent the wasting of these lands and orient the development of cities toward the lands which have a low value concerning environmental and a natural factors.
    Conclusion
    The results of this study shows that the physical- spatial development of Bokan in the recent decades has been fast and unplanned and the results of locating using GIS reveals that the north- east lands of Bokan are in the best direction for the continuous development of this city in the future and that city should move in this direction in the coming years.
    Keywords: location, physical, spatial development, Geographic Information system, urban sprawl growth, Bokan city
  • Safar Ghaedrahmati, Sedighe Jamshidi Pages 63-80
    Quality of life as concept to show to the satisfaction of life and in other words it is a criterion for determining satisfaction and dissatisfaction from various aspects in groups and individuals. The dimensions include contexts of nutritional, educational, health, safety and recreation, On the other hand, today subjects of quality of life as a basic principle is considered by development planners and managers. With this description, the present study attempts to answer this question that how is quality of life in community sample? And whether relation between objective and subjective indicators of quality of life in two studied neighborhoods is or not? Research method is a descriptive – analytic and in order to analyze data collected from questionnaire and field survey form two methods descriptive and inferential statistics are used. The population in this study is two merged villages in Yazd (Kheirabad and Eayshabad) with a population of 11054 people that 370 people are considered as sample. Based on community sample, satisfaction in all aspects of quality of life (social, economic, environmental and physical) is lower than average. And only in some cases such as public places safety, leisure time, appropriate facilities at home, infrastructures status, Residents satisfaction is higher than average. Also based on the results of the Chi square test is not relation between objective and subjective indicators of quality of life in merged villages in Yazd.
    Keywords: Quality of life, Merged Villages in City, Kheirabad Quarter, Eayshabad Quarter
  • Saeidreza Akbarian Ronizi, Mohammadreza Rezvani Pages 81-95
    Introduction
    The sustainability approach to development issues and its application to rural tourism have been adopted by many scholars concerning conservation of economy and environment. it is believed that tourism and recreation industry is increasingly becoming as an important component of the structure of rural communities and it thus indirectly considers rural sustainability. Tourism development in rural areas has implications whose undesirable impacts can lead to having unsustainable natural and human ecosystems in these areas. So, it is impossible to develop tourism activities disregarding sustainability issues. In this respect, it is noteworthy that tourism development requires assessing sustainability level and analyzing factors effective on sustainability and unsustainability of tourism and, in turn, requires a holistic and comprehensive approach. So, sustainable development of tourism is a holistic and integrated strategy arising in response to ineffectiveness of previous strategies and it is nowadays admitted as a fundamental approach to tourism development. So in this paper, we, accordingly, supposing sustainable development of tourism as our basic approach, consider assessing sustainability of tourism in rural areas of the central district of Damavand county in a mountainous area in north of Iran.
    Methodology
    This research is practical in scope and is descriptive and analytical in its method. The required data has been accomplished using library and field study methods that the latter one uses questionnaires as its basic tool. In this survey, we selected 6 villages as study sample and measures in this selection were villages having at least 50 households, numbers of populations, local administrations and spatial locations of villages. Statistical population in clouded local residents, local managers and tourists. In questionnaire method, we selected 180 householders (10 percent of total households’ population), 18 local managers (3 local managers or members of village council in every village) and 180 tourists as our sample size. We selected the indexes and indicators of tourism sustainability using Delphi method and according to scholars and specialists’ point of views. In order to analyze of data, we also used both statistical methods (descriptive and inferential statistics) and non-statistical methods including sustainability barometer and sustainability radar.
    Results And Discussion
    Results attained about sustainability of tourism using barometer method in terms of the two macro-systems of human welfare and ecosystem welfare, show that the score for the index of human welfare is 0.404 and that for the index of ecosystem welfare is 0.338. It is suggested that in this research, the economic and sociocultural indexes are bigger than environmental indexes due to inappropriate impacts of tourism on environmental resources and their incurred pollutions. The score of sustainability of tourism for each village show that for human welfare index, the most and the least scores are respectively corresponded to Mosha and Hesar-e-Paein villages and for ecosystem welfare index, the most and the least scores are respectively corresponded in Ainehvarzan and Hesar-e-Paein villages. In general, the sustainable tourism in villages of Mosha, Sarbandan and Ainehvarzan has an average level, in village of Hesar-e-Paein has a low level and in villages Meray and Hesar-e-Paein villages has an unstable level. Also results show that in terms of sustainability status, there are significant differences between our case study villages. In this respect, it was known that distances of the villages from Tehran metropolis, their numbers of populations and the number of tourists in every are the factors influencing the levels of sustainability of tourism in such a way that the more distance from Tehran and the more number of tourists, the more amount of sustainability of tourism in the villages.
    Conclusion
    Sustainable development of tourism is a new approach which introduced in the late 1980s in response of ineffectiveness of all previous approaches to tourism and it is nowadays one of prominent approaches attracted related specialists and planners. In this respect, undesirable impacts of tourism in rural areas have led to arising sustainable approach to rural tourism and explaining sustainability level and effective factors of tourism sustainability in this regard, is of high importance. So in this paper, we aimed at assessing tourism sustainability status in rural areas of central district of Damavand county and our results showed that sustainability of studied villages has a weak level. The studying sustainability status of each of indexes suggested that sustainability levels of all indexes are under the average level and indexes including income, investment and host community satisfaction have the most sustainability score respectively and that the index of land resources assigns the least sustainability level to itself. So we concluded that tourism development has, in some extent, sacrificed natural landscapes, wildlife and natural resources for constructions, land use, excessive resources exploitation by residents and uncontrolled constructions. In general, this study showed that there is no due attention paid to sustainability of tourism and there is a long road before to the sustainable tourism. It is thus necessary taking concrete measures in order to achieve sustainable tourism.Sustainable development of tourism is a new approach which introduced in the late 1980s in response of ineffectiveness of all previous approaches to tourism and it is nowadays one of prominent approaches attracted related specialists and planners. In this respect, undesirable impacts of tourism in rural areas have led to arising sustainable approach to rural tourism and explaining sustainability level and effective factors of tourism sustainability in this regard, is of high importance. So in this paper, we aimed at assessing tourism sustainability status in rural areas of central district of Damavand county and our results showed that sustainability of studied villages has a weak level. The studying sustainability status of each of indexes suggested that sustainability levels of all indexes are under the average level and indexes including income, investment and host community satisfaction have the most sustainability score respectively and that the index of land resources assigns the least sustainability level to itself. So we concluded that tourism development has, in some extent, sacrificed natural landscapes, wildlife and natural resources for constructions, land use, excessive resources exploitation by residents and uncontrolled constructions.
    Keywords: Keywords, Sustainable Development, Rural tourism, Sustainability Barometer, Damavand County
  • Saba Khorasani Moghadam, Seyyed Abbas Yazdanfar, Seyyed Bagher Hosseini Pages 97-117

    Due to self-perpetuating growth of cities, urban population is increasing by 50 million per year in the developing world alone.Inability of authorities to respond adequately and greater autonomy or dweller control in the production of housing, in almost all developing countries, has resulted in informal settlements with poor physical infrastructure, which is an integral part of any sustainable human settlement. Informal settlement forms a significant percentage of the population of developing cities. These urban areas with different form of the settlement relations, Attendance of Various forces, Disruption of the social- Economic- physical and environmental dimensions, are one of the most serious threats to sustainable development and affect the resident’s life quality. These diverse settlements share some attributes for instance, environments are conceived andconstructed by the occupants themselves independently, without any professional advice; second occupation and construction frequently take place simultaneously; and these informal settlements are usually taking place in suburban and urban surroundings. It seems that, improving the life quality could be a way to achieve the sustainable development goals. Indeed an increasing life quality policy, affects residents satisfaction, which is one of the main goals of sustainable development. This reshapes the informal settlements urban system, in a way that may generate a higher level of quality. This article investigates the relationship between the sustainable development and life quality indicators including social, physical, environmental and aesthetic factors and shows how it has been influenced by these factors. A case study of informal settlement in a poor neighborhood of Farahzad, Tehran is used to illustrate the arguments. For this purpose, we develop a Questionnaire to investigate which factor has the most impact on life quality? We then, carry out a survey of households living nearby and explore how they are affected by quality of life factors. According to the results, respectively the social, environmental, aesthetic and physical factors have the higher qualities in informal settlements of Farahzad. Also, the results indicate that the physical factor has the most relation with resident’s satisfaction and it could be consider as a main factor in redevelopment programs.

    Introduction

    Due to the uncontrollable process of urbanisation, within the next 30 years, up to nearly two-thirds of the world’s population will be living in urban areas. Most of this overwhelming urbanization is expected to occur in unplanned and underserved cities in the developing world. Along with the creation of a great upset for ecosystems, infrastructure, and the capacity of local governments, the most striking aspect of this tremendous rate of urbanisation in the developing world is the extent of informal settlements which provide shelter to as much as 32-85% of the population [9] and may cover up to one third to one half of the urbanized areas of cities.Informal settlements is a phenomena that exist in many parts of the world and it involves problems such as bad living conditions, poor service standards and absence of secure tenure.Since the 1960s informal settlement interventions have been a hot topic in developing countries Especially Iran, and several models have been applied to solve the situation. These areas are one of the most serious threats to sustainable development and affect the resident’s life quality. It seems that, improving the life quality could be a way to achieve the sustainable development goals. Indeed an increasing life quality policy, affects residents satisfaction, which is one of the main goals of sustainable development.Some of the most common attributes of informal settlements include: they are built without proper professional assistance; built for the larger part by low-income urban dwellers for whom existing formal avenues are hardly realistic options; constructed with local building materials, skills, designs and technology and do not adhere to formal/legal building codes and standards. Based on population density, proportion of apartments, the number of persons per dwelling unit and housing conditions informal settlements can be divided into four main categories: i) The affluent settlements have the highest housing standards: substandard housing constitutes less than 15% of the dwelling stock, crowding rate is less than three persons per dwelling unit and about 40% of the fabric of these settlements is made of multi-storey apartment buildings; ii) The moderate settlements: have less housing quality, density and use of the housing space is similar to the above and apartment buildings make up less than 20% of the settlements residential buildings and iii) slums: the worst form of informal settlements, characterized by total lack of basic services.

    Methodology

    The methods used are interviews with key persons, literature studies, analysis of photos, systematic observation, taking photographs and a case study. During the fieldwork a participatory method is used to involve the residents in the process. The aim with this is to understand the needs, opinions and demands of residents in these areas. This method includes interviews with residents. Furthermore, the walk through method is used; observation and documentation of the existing situation while walking within the area. We also use a previous analysis of the implementation of basic services in informal settlements. We attend meetings with the area Project Steering Committee, to understand the complexity of the project and to receive information of the problems within the area.

    Results And Discussion

    Even though informal settlements consist of bad living conditions, they still can be seen as places of hope, of creativity and of resourcefulness. As the international housing expert Nabeel Hamdi (1995) describes them: they are resourceful because they are fast, ingenious, full of inventive surprises, and highly productive. According to the results, respectively the social, environmental, aesthetic and physical factors have the higher qualities in informal settlements of Farahzad. results indicate that the physical factor has the most relation with resident’s satisfaction and it could be consider as a main factor in redevelopment programs.

    Conclusion

    The results indicate that the physical factor has the most relation with resident’s satisfaction and it could be consider as a main factor in redevelopment programs.

    Keywords: Informal settlement, Sustainable Development, Life quality, resident's satisfaction, North of Farahzad
  • Ali Nori Kermani, Naghmeh Mohammadpourlima, Farshid Alizad Minaabad Pages 119-129
    The effects of rapid urbanization on the structure of space and population in the past half a century have been observed. The ever growing number of cities and the alteration of village centers into scattered urban areas. This alternative has turned over the balance of space distribution of the population, which has caused massive social harm.Accessions of rural areas to urban areas have causedcountless urban management problems, considering when it comes to social, economic and cultural elements, there are no compatibility between these populated areas. Lack of unified rules and regulations in urban and rural areas causes fundamental disagreement in managing these areas, which in turn will be the cause of all the difficulties.Existences of these types of difficulties aregroundsfor all sorts of problems which affect the performance of those who are involved in urban management and affect their duties. Better services could be provided to the current and old citizens with accurate planning towards reducing these problems. Currently the process of preparation and passing “the design of urban district of Tehran province plan” and the phenomena of accession of rural areas to the urban areas are affecting the cities of this province.The expansion of urban space and its alteration into unified social and cultural population centers, have added to the problems in the surrounding areas. Social and residential areas, unsuitable job structures, social failure and economic poverty have caused urban damages, as well as spread of crime and unsecure living environment. Accession of urban areas and rural spaces have caused social, economic, cultural and managerial damages in both urban and rural areas, which needs additional consideration to reform these problems. Therefore recognizing social, political and economic structures which have very important roles in creating these situations in addition to presenting a solution for removing these inequalities in spatial and social areas are very vital.IslamShahr is one of the most important cities of Tehran province in Iran. This paper studies the process of preparation and approvalplan of strategic and structural accession of urban area of IslamShahr- RobatKarim. Rural area of Shatereh village was joined separately to IslamShahr city, its population which was a rural community until recently, has been altered into a city population with their social, economic and cultural differences, not to mention their different performances when it comes to administrative and physical factors.This project has tried to review the problems which were caused by these phenomena, along with offering solutions to urban management in order to solve these problems and complications.Connecting the rural areas to the urban areas, recently the process of preparation and passing “the design of urban district of Tehran province plan” is noticeably affecting different cities of the province such as accession of Shatereh village to IslamShahr city, which according to the comprehensive plan was passed. Therefore inthis article; the study of accession of Shatereh village to Islam Shahr city we try to examine the effects of unequal management between rural and urban areas. Also this paper tries to determine the role of urban management in the process of solving the problems produced by accession of rural areas to urban areas.
    Methodology
    This is a descriptive - analytical study, the data presented here are collected from different references; observations, questionnaire and statistical analysis of research hypothesis. The statistical analysis of the data was done by using the Eta Index and T-test for independent groups and SPSS software. Islamshahr, one of the biggest cities of Tehran province is the case study.This study uses analytic and descriptive methods with the help of vast documented studies and field studies such as 220 questionnaires from residing families of Shatereh village and Islam Shahr city, also 30 questionnaires from skilled experts of related organizations of Tehran city. In order to test the hypothesis, this study uses two separate sample population from both the city and the village. The Cochran with a confidence level of 95% and a precision of 0.1 and variance of 0.25 is used to determine the sample volume. The researcher successfully completed the total of 120 questioners; 96 questionnaires in Islamshahr city and 92 questionnaires in Shaetereh village.
    Results And Discussion
    This paper studies the differences between each of the social, economic, cultural, physical and managerial factors in rural and urban areas. It aims to investigate status and role of urban management in decreasing the conflicts resulting from the incorporation of rural areas into the city limits.According to the study the average of social, cultural and physical factors is higher in Islamshahr city whereas the average of economic and managerial factors is higher in Shatereh village. Eta average has been used in order to test the intensity of the difference between the factors in the city and the village. The current study shows that although there are no significant differences in social and managerial element between Islamshahr and Shatarevillage, there is a significant difference in culture, economic and structural element between them. These differences are effective in creating problems in the villages and the cities.Lack of equal management in urban and rural areas have also caused problems. Management based on regulations plays an important role in order to solve the problems caused by accession of villages to urban areas.
    Conclusion
    Therefore this paper suggests a change of view; also an equal outlook is required in creating new regulations and delivering services in cities and villages. The case by case investigation of the probable conflicts caused by accessionof each village to the city area is required. Special designs of urban management in the cities with connected rural areas with the outlook of creating an urban management based on rules and regulations.As well as special designs of urban management in the cities with connected rural areas with the outlook of creating an urban management based on rules and regulations is necessary in order to have a systematic observation of urban management and a management based on rules specially designed to control the urban management.
    Keywords: management factors, urban management, City areas, Accession, Islamshahr
  • Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Maedeh Pourfathollah Pages 131-141
    Introduction and State of Issue: Lighting has a lot to do with identity and public image of our cities. People interface with their surroundings in nights while they enjoy direct or indirect lighting technologies and supplements. Literature review of the paper show that new lighting technologies change our night life and may cause deep consciences in public perception about their environment. Human geography perspective regarding to the issue emphasize the role of these lighting of Tehran buildings facades and public spaces on sense of belonging and quality of urban life. The most important aim of this research is to explain the role new lighting technologies in changing sense of belonging and quality of urban life in our contemporary cities from human geography points of view. Literature review of the paper show that there are lots of issues that had yet to be addressed in case of making more humanistic city which describes as playful city, vivid city, convivial city, prosperous city etc. It is very important to explain that all of these criteria can be theorized as sense of belonging which is tangible in citizens’ everyday life.
    Methodology
    To answer research questions in qualitative research strategy, descriptive analytical research method has been adopted as inference mechanism which surveyed by expert designed questionnaires. Logical argumentation strategy adopted to discuss results of case studies which selected by cluster sampling from among of Tehran public spaces namely region one and eleven in Tehran municipality divisions. SPSS applications and analytical statistics deployed to address results and find needed solutions. To evaluate the research hypothesis, fourteen questionnaires were completed by experts, after designing questionnaire and evaluating its validity and reliability. The cases contain urban bodies are about 10 meters in length that have different usage. Since the different usage of urban bodies have been caused to active in the day and night; thus can be measured the physical-social factors of place sense’s concept in theme. There is a significant relationship between belonging sense and lighting techniques in order to show the beauty of the physical body, the lighting surface to be harmonic, the body to be indicated, controlling the light pollution. Indeed, the lighting surface of an urban body with different usages can be effective to increase physical-social factors of belonging sense; while shows pros, not to be distributed; and follows order and harmony. Again, the urban body should been indicated more than surrounding walls and its lighting should been differed from background. Belonging sense and a lighting to be field-oriented, have an inverse relationship; Means belonging sense increases, while building has more indicated lighting. It seems reasonable that an active body to e indicated more than inactive walls. This factor can represent supplying individual needs, such as security; Moreover, providing necessary vitality for social activities. Another technical factor that is effective to increase belonging sense is controlling light pollution. Places have more belonging sense that can provide user needs and somehow to be responsive. A scene should provide quality of visual individuals in urban landscapes. Among technical factors, the showing characteristics of materials just related to belonging sense. As you know, light and materials interact with each other and influence each other. Light becomes a part of materials and whit mass and façade of building configure a unit and complete each other. This factor associated with physical concepts of belonging sense. Consequently, the use proper techniques and factors in urban bodies lighting can affect one of the most important concepts of quality urban spaces, means belonging sense.
    Result And Discussion
    Studies indicate that the bodies that have a perfect lighting have equal quality space night and day. By comparing the type of lighting in these bodies and matching them with technical factors, it can be concluded the method combination lighting makes the purpose of the quality of the space in the city of Tehran. The results of the paper show a significant relationship between belonging sense and new lighting technologies in order to show the beauty of the physical body, the lighting surface to be harmonic, the body to be indicated, controlling the light pollution. Indeed, the lighting surface of an urban body with different usages can be effective to increase physical-social factors of belonging sense; while shows pros, not to be distributed; and follows order and harmony. Again, the urban body should been indicated more than surrounding walls and its lighting should been differed from background. Belonging sense and a lighting to be field-oriented, have an inverse relationship; Means belonging sense increases, while building has more indicated lighting. The results of the paper by correlation is significant at the 0.05 level show that there are meaningful relationship between technical lighting issues and its environmental consequences in our everyday life which interpreted as sense of attachment.
    Conclusion
    It seems reasonable that an active body to e indicated more than inactive walls. This factor can represent supplying individual needs, such as security; Moreover, providing necessary vitality for social activities. Another technical factor that is effective to increase belonging sense is controlling light pollution. As stated, those places have more belonging sense that can provide user needs and somehow to be responsive. A scene should provide quality of visual individuals in urban landscapes. Among technical factors, the showing characteristics of materials just related to belonging sense. As you know, light and materials interact with each other and influence each other. Light becomes a part of materials and whit mass and façade of building configure a unit and complete each other. This factor associated with physical concepts of belonging sense. Consequently, the use proper techniques and factors in urban bodies lighting can affect one of the most important concepts of quality urban spaces, means belonging sense.
    Keywords: new lighting technologies, sense of belonging, human geography, Tehran buildings facades, contemporary cities
  • Mojtaba Amiri, Shahnaz Norouzi, Alireza Najari Pages 143-157
    Disasters are large intractable problems that test the ability of communities and nations to effectively protect their populations and infrastructure, to reduce both human and property loss, and to rapidly recover. The limited availability of reconstruction rsources is one of the main challenges that often confront post disaster recovery of damaged transportation networks. This requires an effective and efficient deployment and utilization of these limited resources in order to minimize both the performance loss of the damaged transportation network and the reconstruction costs. This paper presents the development of a robust model for planning post disaster reconstruction efforts that is capable of: (1) optimizing the allocation of limited reconstruction resources to competing recovery projects; (2) assessing and quantifying the overall functional loss of damaged transportation networks during the recovery efforts; (3) evaluating the impact of limited availability of resources on the reconstruction costs; and (4) minimizing the performance loss of transportation networks and reconstruction costs. The model utilizes the user equilibrium algorithm to enable the assessment of the transportation network performance losses and a multi objective genetic algorithm to enable the generation of optimal tradeoffs between the two recovery planning objectives. The main goal of the initial search-and-rescue period after strong earthquakes is to minimize the total number of fatalities. One important difficulty arising in this period is to find the best assignment of available resources to operational areas. For this problem a dynamic optimization model is introduced. The model uses detailed descriptions of the operational areas and of the available resources to calculate the resource performance and efficiency for different tasks related to the response. An adequate solution method for the model is presented as well.The city of Tehran, is located in a seismic prone area in an active part of Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic belt (Alborz Mountain Range) and has surrounded by several active faults. More over this city has experienced some destructive earthquakes in its history. Tehran is a city with about ten million people living or commuting in and out of it on a daily basis. The history of the region indicates strong earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 and higher, with a return period of 175 years. With the constant threat of strong earthquakes, the city of Tehran and the scientific body have joined together to prepare and implement a comprehensive plan for different aspects of the earthquake reduction policies. Focuses only on the disaster mitigation strategies for the city of Tehran. In the common transportation and traffic literature, optimization of transport management structure under emergency conditions which is naturally a kind of designing non-continuous traffic management network in terms of systematic management has not been paid enough attention. Thus, the main goal of this article with the purpose of pre-accident future prediction is to improve performance and reduce time of conceptual optimization of emergency transport management structure so that we can offer initial facilities and necessary rescues to cover all requests in the related districts in different levels, and select routes with possibility of blocked routes in natural accidents by sufficient facilities as soon as possible. The main goal of formulation and implementation of the disaster management master plan for Tehran is to secure the lives and properties of the citizens against a potential devastating earthquake. This is an applied, descriptive- analytical research and the data is collected in documentary (library) method. The necessary information and statistics were gathered from famous centers such as Tehran general traffic studies center and Tehran crisis management. This research tries to suggest a model for optimization of structure of emergency transport management of trips of the total network after earthquake in a district on study by passing the following steps: First phase, In this phase, using existing maps of Tehran fault seismicity history of futures studies approach to the assessment of natural hazards is presented in 22 districts of Tehran. Second stage, the first stage is to identify highways within the mind. Third stage, In this stage, the risk analysis of transportation networks, transport networks vulnerable to earthquakes is investigated in Tehran. Fourth stage, In this stage, the means of emergency transportation by selecting a subset of a given set of curves of the highway network in such a way that the objective function is optimized within the limits of travel time. Step Five, Finally, a conceptual model of emergency transportation management system for optimization of Tehran is presented. Transportation has strategic and critical importance for relief of earthquake injuries. Therefore, the first thing to be immediately prepared and amended is the access routes of rescued persons. Logic prediction of traffic demand after earthquake is principal foundation of possible transportation performed before programming and traffic control, which is a kind of guarantee for a successful rescue and saving. The principle of emergency response is the recognition and evaluation of potential risk, type of accidents, and possibility of occurrence and effect of accident intensity. In emergent urban plans, in, a definite headquarter framework and integrated operational chart shall be available after earthquake especially in metropolitans for local emergency transport programs and management centers.Due to high congestion and high mobility of population, buildings and cars, settlement of types of urban usages and public places, Metropolitan Tehran has a considerable intra city trips, and the limitations and problems arisen from deficiencies and lack of a dynamic and stable, and however, effective transport navigation shows an unavoidable necessity of an advanced network in urban transport navigation. It shall be moreover noted that emergency transport management is not bound to framework of routing methods and reducing rescue time but the savior’s ideas and maneuver in emergency develops this fact that the settlement of emergency transport management and optimization of concepts of management of efficiency improvement will be considered as the main elements of transportation in order to provide a flowing traffic movement in highways and streets in emergency in shortest time through reducing and omitting serious damages of earthquake.
    Keywords: Future studies, natural disaster, emergency transport, optimization, Tehran
  • Farzane Sasanpoor, Mohammad Soleimani, Parviz Ziaeian, Zahra Delfan Azar Pages 159-176
    One of the objectives of urban planners is to create the urban and neighborhood sustainable development. It is in such a way that stability can be reached in the higher levels of hierarchy of city's framing divisions and, at the end, total of cities by establishment of sustainability in the neighborhoods. Purpose of this article is to study rate of stability of the neighborhoods of region No. 10 of Tehran municipality using the Fuzzy combinational method and geographical information system. Research methodology is exploratory-analytical and, from view point of type, is applied one. For this purpose, 86 various indexes in seven dimensions of the stability, including framing, social-cultural, economical, servicing, bio-environmental, hygienic-therapeutic and urban ruling stabilities have been used, at first, in geographical information system, Fuzzy-making operations were carried out using the membership function proportional to situation of each index. After that, quantity of gamma being equal to sustainability was obtained in each dimension by combination of indexes of each dimension. Quantities of the obtained gamma are a number between zero and one. In this researches, limit from 0 to 0.1 for quantities of gamma has been defined to represent very weak sustainability rate, limit from 0.1 to 0.4 to represent weak sustainability rate, limit from 0.4 to 0.5 represent average stability rate to be inclined to weak, limit from 0.5 to 0.6 to represent average stability rate and limit from 0.6 to 1 represent powerful sustainability rate. In the continuation amount of gamma being equal to total stability of neighborhoods was determined which the limit of total sustainability has been defined in from of sustainability in the dimensions. Findings show that the sustainability situation of the mentioned neighborhoods is to be placed in the levels from average to weak (between 0.3 to 0.5).
    Introduction
    One of the regions of Tehran is region No. 10 which, with area of 817 hectares, is regarded as the smallest region of Tehran municipality after region No. 17 and possesses three neighborhoods and ten neighborhoods. With regard to the performed studies equivalent of 57% of the region level consists of residential usage. Therefore, we observe the dominance of the residential usage over the other urban functions in this region. Also, severe shortage of the usages of the green space and educational, sporting, hygienic and therapeutic space and high population density are the features of this region (Tehran region No. 10 municipality, 2011: 18). Thus, goal of this study is to survey the position of neighborhood in the urban sustainable development in which the sustainability levels of neighborhoods of the Tehran is region No. 10 have been assessed using the fuzzy method. Also, in addition to identify the capacities, possibilities and available difficulties and failures in the desired neighborhoods, the following objectives have been taken into consideration: 1. Specification of the stability level of the neighborhoods 2. Determination of the most sustainable neighborhoods 3. Determination of optimum strategies for promotion of position of neighborhoods of region No. 10 in the development of city
    Methodology
    In this research, dimensions fuzzy analysis has been in such a form that, for each index, a membership function in the fuzzy environment determined in the GIS software which have suggested the rate of benefiting of each neighborhood from that index. Quantities of these functions of fuzzy membership are between zero and one and the neighborhood whose quantity being closer to one is considered to be the superior neighborhood for that index. Then, combination of these layers was dealt with in each dimension by use of gamma operator so that the neighborhoods are compared together and sequence of their sustainability specified. Since aim of this research has been determination of total sustainability of these neighborhoods compared together, it is necessary in this step of the research that the stability layers of the raised seven dimensions are combined with gamma operator as well. And the total sustainability of the neighborhoods compared to each other has been specified.
    Results And Discussion
    With regard to combination of results of sustain ability in the mentioned seven dimensions, this conclusion can be reached that situation of stability of the neighborhoods of Tehran is region No. 10 is in the conditions ranged from weak to average (from rank of 0.3 to 0.5). Northern Salsabil neighborhood, with amount of 0.53, is determined to be the most sustainable neighborhood among the neighborhoods of region which it is due to superiority of this neighborhood in the servicing, social-cultural, economical and hygienic-therapeutic dimensions. In the discussion of urban governorship, this neighborhood has, also, a rank higher than 0.9 which suggests a high level. After the northern Salsabil, neighborhoods of northern Karoon with rank of 0.47, Beryanak with rank of 0.46, Southern Zanjan with rank of 0.42, Southern Salsabil with rank of 0.388, Haftchenar with rank of 0.387, Solaimani-Taimouri with rank of 0.38, Shobairi-J with rank of 0.35, southern Karoon with rank of 0.32 and Hashemi with rank of 0.3 are located, respectively, whose limit is between 0.3 to 0.47.
    Conclusion
    Neighborhoods of region No. 10 of Tehran were evaluated by the index in seven framing and sustainability rate of each neighborhoods was studied by use of the fuzzy method so that a comparison is to be carried out between neighborhoods in order to evaluate the rate of sustainability. The results which are obtained suggest that situation of sustainability of mentioned neighborhoods in the conditions ranged from weak to average (from rank of 0.3 to 0.5). Of problems, for example, which lead to lowering of stability rate of these neighborhoods, include dominance of residence over other usages, shortage of servicing usages and green space severe attrition of the compacted residential content which we must try to improve them.
    Keywords: Sustainable, development, sustainability, stability, fuzzy logic, neighborhood
  • Mohammad Salmani, Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar, Mohammad Nazemi, Hasan Oroji Pages 177-192
    Introduction
    Today, Geotourism is one of the responsible tourism sections and it is predicated regions with geologic and geomorphologic attracts. Geotourism and geomorphotourism is the new branch of responsible tourism that is based use of geological and geomorphological attractions. In addition attracts, the geotourism consider cultural, economic and ecological values. Responsible tourism emphasizes the conservation of natural resources and human tourism. In fact, purpose of geotourism is economic and social development of local community and ecologic protection of natural resources by geomorphosites. All geomorphologic, cultural and tourism heritage of geotourism emanate in form sites that called geomorphosite. Geomorphosites are landforms that have involved special values caused human insights and those provide important condition in order to tourism activities development and special infrastructures in a region and have importance about understanding geohistory. Geomorphosites can present scientific, conservational and tourism values and affect in cultural, ecological and economic condition. Conservation is one of the basic conceptions in a geomorphosite. Geoconservation emphasizes management of geologic features with scientific, cultural, tourism, educational and tourism values. Geoconservation concept is approximately equal with geologic heritage because it relate with collection of activities in order to decision and geoconservation in special place. Both concepts geoconservation and geologic heritage is discussed as recent concern in the geotourism researches in recent years. In generally, total tourism values consist scientific, conservational and tourism values that affect together. Final purpose of geotourism is economic, tourism development in a region and preservation scientific, conservational values and improving tourism values. Therefore, in order to achieve this purpose, it is essential that geomorphosites are assessed with different criteria and in past years, it present and designed different methods for this aseessment. Tabas County in Khorasan Jonobi province is one of the suitable regions for geotourism development in the country. Because Tabas County is located between two vast desert regions (Dashte-loot and Markazi Kavir), desert and arid regions of Tabas county is seclude and its capabilities scientifically is not analyze. According to this concern, in this research, geotourism of Tabas County is assessed by using sustainability concept and tourism and economic development.
    Methodology
    In order to assess geotourism capabilities of geomorphosites, different methods is presented I recent years that these menthods has focused mainly conservation value and improve scientific and tourism values. In this paper, Assessment geomorphosites is performed for Tabas County. With having several and variety periods of geology and different geomorphologic landforms, Tabas County is recognized as geology great region in Iran. Desert trait in this county and historical and cultural landscapes and attracts also with geomorphologic potentials is caused that this region is recognized as one of the suitable geotourism regions. One of the spatial traits in the Tabas County is natural variety that in addition of desert condition the county, part of this county involves mountain area in Shotori region and also ecological area in Naybandan region. In order to assessment geotourism, I the first stage, geologic and geomorphologic features and landforms is assessed and according to Spatial and subjective distribution in features, finally is determined 50 features as geomorphosite for assessment geotourism of Tabas County. These geomorphosites consist 24 geomorphosite in arid and desert area, 17 geomorphosite in mountain area in Shotori region and 9 geomorphosite in ecological area in Naybandan region. In order to assess these geomorphosites, GAM method is applied. This method is designed by Mr Vujicic (2011). In this method, several main value and criteria is used. This method involve these values: Rarity, Representativeness, Knowledge on geoscientific issues, Level of interpretation, Viewpoints, Surface, Surrounding landscape and nature, Environmental fitting of sites, Current condition, Protection level, Vulnerability, Suitable number of visitors, Accessibility, Additional natural values, Additional anthropogenic values, Vicinity of emissive centers, Vicinity of important road network, Additional functional values, Promotion, Organized visits, Vicinity of visitors center, Interpretative panels, Number of visitors, Tourism infrastructure, Tour guide service, Hostelry service, Restaurant service. These criteria involve value from 0 to 1 that consist degrees and grades of suitability and unsuitability.
    Results And Discussion
    In order to assess geomorphosites the Tabas County, the first, many experts related with tourism, geology, geomorphology that recognize Tabas County, is determined and these experts have assessed values and criteria this paper for each of the geomorphosite by surveying and observe it. Finally, value of each geomorphosite determined for each criteria. By using cooperation total of values, final value of each geomorphosite determined. Final results shows that geomorphosites Derenjal outcrop, Sarzamin Siah, Shotori alluvial fan, Mazino coal phenomenal and Rig Shotoran are determined as the most suitable geomorphosites. Therefore, large scale geomorphosites has higher value. Scientific value of Mazino coal phenomenal is related with pale ology and having famous in national level. Sarzamin Siah and Rig Shotoran have much variety and good perspective. In final stage, geomorphosites are assessed separately with scientific, conservational and tourism values. Scientific, conservational and tourism values are chosen from GAM method and their values are determined for geo,orphosites. final results shows that geomorphosite Derenjal phenomenal in scientific value, geomorphosite Korit valley in conservational value and geomorphosite Roohe marghom Lake in tourism value is determined as suitable geomorphosites.
    Conclusion
    Geotourism planning is realizing tourism uses and conditions amd potentials for each geomorphosites. According to results, geomorphosites Derenjal outcrop, Sarzamin Siah, Naybandan crag fault, Kalmard old low height mountains, Darin unconformity and Halvan sandy hills are determined as tourism goods that present for tourists. Other geomorphosites should be improved scientific, conservational and tourism values for serve tourists. Also results shows that there is not Proportion between different value geomorphosites. Although it should notice that don’t conservation actual earth heritage in Tabas county and local communities have very small share in the result of tourism. This is due to lack of facilities and officials decisions making to development of geotourism and improving tourism.
    Keywords: Geotourism, Tabas County, geomorphosite, sustainable tourism, GAM assessment method