فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 94 (زمستان 1394)

Nowadays, the identity is one of the most important concerns of the humans. The city and then urban quarters as permanent living places find their identity and constantly evolve by human culture. The identity is a set of characteristics bringing about the identification of an individual or a society from other individuals or societies. The city also is identified and becomes independent based of these criteria. The identity in the city and in its quarters provides the citizens with the sense of belonging and dependence, due to inducing the public memorizations and leads them to become more active citizens rather than solely being residents. Therefore, although the urban identity results from the citizens’ culture, it influences the urbanization process and can result in determining a set of criteria related to participation and judgment to the residents. According to some experts, in Iranian-Islamic cities, the personal identity in local societies is not defined because of historic conditions and different aspects of individuals’ identity is defined based on relative and familial relationships (causal or relative), religious viewpoint …. Basically, there is no individual as a citizen with its own rights and belonging to a society, and this is why in decision-making and practical situations, the judgments and priorities find their bases on relative, ethnical or religious profits. Within a quarter, the social aspect forms the basis of the spatial sense. In Evin quarter, with more than 1000 years antiquity and an authentic culture in an urban environment, the social identity of the residents has been transformed. This study has been performed as a field and analytical-descriptive study and has been operated using questionnaire. Regarding the 6622-people population of Evin quarter in 1385, we studied 95 people as the sample population with confidence level of 95% and error coefficient of 10%, using Edward’s method. In order to evaluate the social identity in this test we used five indices including sense of social belonging, desire to social life, accepting the individuals as neighbors, different conditions to accept the individuals’ neighborhood, and the participation rate of individuals in groups, and cultural-sport centers in the quarter. Each of these indices is composed of separate elements, the average of whose summations clarifies the status of social identity in the quarter. By entering the data in SPSS 11.5 software and using Fisher’s and t-test analyses, we found that the social identity is below the acceptable level, i.e. 3 in the Likret’s spectrum. Results of t-test, indicates that the mean of social identity is 2.3064 with 99% confidence level, which shows the weakness in this dimension of quarter’s identity. In addition, diminishing the social identity in Evin stems from decrease in sense of belonging to quarter groups, decrease in desire to social living and decrease in people’s participation in groups and socio-cultural and sport associations in the quarter. Results of investigation on the identity problem in Evin quarter revealed a significant relationship between the individuals’ social identity with age groups, education and occupation, as the social identity enhances with growing the education level and also with raising the age.

Today, the damage of natural hazards and human disaster on environment and urban fabric has made the concept of resilience to reduce the impact of disasters, the most important area in the field of disaster management is to become. This is an applied research using descriptive – analytical the aim of the indicators and factors influencing physical resiliency in urban areas Measurement and Evaluation of Physical resiliency in Tehran selected locations and provide a framework for assessing the resiliency of cities is done frame. The study of all households living in neighborhoods of Tehran and sample size of 369 households was estimated using Cochran formula. Then, using the questionnaire survey and survey data were collected. Next, using a simple weighted sum, the initial decision matrix was then prepared according to the method of ELECTRE localities were studied in terms of physical resilience. The results showed that the northern area of the castle and avian physical resiliency of the best and worst neighborhoods Khan, NARMAK in second and third positions are physical resilience.

One of the critical criteria in sustainable tourism development approach is support and Attitude of inhabitants. Local resident support for tourism development is critical because successful operation and sustainability depend heavily on their good will. Therefore planning in respect to sustainable tourism development should be on the basis of the goals and priorities of local residents. The objective of this research is to determine factors affecting attitudes of second home tourism development and environmental impacts in rural areas of Dohezar County., The case study target is located in Tonekaboon Township in Mazandaran province Second home tourism development has been considered as the independent variable and environmental impacts have been considered as dependent variables. From 16 villages of Do Hezar Rural District (50%) 8 villages have been studied due to the extensive research problems. The study population includes households of Do Hezar Rural District equal to 486 households among which 150 householders namely 30% of the total population were selected as sample using Cochran formula. The other population includes the owners of second homes that were selected as 100 subjects as the statistical population from 640 people. The collected data are as objective and subjective indicators. In this study, the number of second homes, the amount of waste generated in the tourism and non-tourism seasons are as objective indicator and guest and host community attitudes in relation to environmental factors are as subjective indicators in this study. In this regard, based on the initial field study and study goal and review of the intellectual foundations of variables were assessed in terms of questionnaires of Rural residents and second home owners. Reliability was calculated as 0.743 using Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze and infer, depending on the type of data, scale of variables and intended objectives the descriptive-statistical methods such as mean, statistical analysis methods such as regression and generalized views of the entire population of the one-sample t-test and to understand the gap between two communities in relation to environmental variables t-test was used. Studies show that a total of 640 second homes are used currently in the area and by including the allocation of 121 square meters to each house and the allocation of 640 square meters recreational space for each residential unit, approximately 50 acres of the total land have changed the use due to this type of tourism development. Results indicate that this type of tourism has developed in Do Hezar area and the study population has acknowledged the negative environmental effects of second homes tourism. But in relation to the environmental effects of this type of tourism there are significant differences between local residents and second home owners. Other findings indicate that from the perspective of both groups The most important both environmental outcome of tourism development in the villages of Do Hezar rural district is related to the changes of land use although there are significant differences between the two approaches. The least difference in the viewpoints of two groups is related to the environmental pollution and apparent landscape and the mean difference is 0/3 in two groups.area and the study population has acknowledged the negative environmental effects of second homes tourism. But in relation to the environmental effects of this type of tourism there are significant differences between local residents and second home owners. Other findings indicate that from the perspective of both groups The most important both environmental outcome of tourism development in the villages of Do Hezar rural district is related to the changes of land use although there are significant differences between the two approaches. The least difference in the viewpoints of two groups is related to the environmental pollution and apparent landscape and the mean difference is 0/3 in two groups.area and the study population has acknowledged the negative environmental effects of second homes tourism. But in relation to the environmental effects of this type of tourism there are significant differences between local residents and second home owners. Other findings indicate that from the perspective of both groups The most important both environmental outcome of tourism development in the villages of Do Hezar rural district is related to the changes of land use although there are significant differences between the two approaches. The least difference in the viewpoints of two groups is related to the environmental pollution and apparent landscape and the mean difference is 0/3 in two groups. The results show that tourism development has a high level of development in the region so that in total, more than 53% of rural homes of the study area are second homes. The mean of distance in time and space for second homes and main homes in the study area is equal to 210 kilometers and the wasted time to reach second homes is equal to 230 minutes. In most cases, from the viewpoint of the guest community however, this type of tourism development has resulted in negative consequences, but this is a natural consequence and on the contrary from the viewpoint of host community tourism development in second homes of Do Hezar rural district has left strong negative effects So that the study of total means confirms this status in relation to most indicators. The key point in this study is that both communities analyze the conditions for their benefits but in general the field study of the researcher in the study area indicates that although Second home tourism development in recent years has created jobs and increased local incomes in the study area but vast changes in lands resulted in water shortage especially in hot seasons and holidays, and reduced agricultural productivity and soil erosion.

Manpower is one of the most important factors of production that through participation in the production process plays a prominent role in the production. This Thread is considered in the economic doctrines so that, from the perspective of economic doctrines and growth models increase the proportion of labor with other factors of production, guarantees the economic growth. This is and importance of labor has caused up to the labor market as a market that is directly associated with labor, Always can play an important role in the developing countries among the four economic markets. A point that should be considered in the examining the labor market is however, in many studies, employment and unemployment located as a assessed benchmark of labor market performance but, Based on new literature, presented by the International Labour Organization For assess the labor market, Just was not considered situation of employment and unemployment, or in other words, the market quantity, but rather should also be considered Beside the quantity of the quality of the market. This approach to labor market leads to the formation of the concept of decent work in this market. The terms of decent work have different meanings and each country makes sense special depends on its Development. But what is certain, Mentioned terms should be emphasized creation employment worthy and suitable individuals with good income and job safety and security. In addition, in order to realization decent work, ILO follow Four strategic objective of protecting labor rights, protection of employment, strengthening social protection and social security, and strengthening social dialogue that Mentioned Quad objectives are reinforcing each other. Accordingly and with respect to this topic, Present study tries to up to with combination decent work indicators by using TOPSIS Method and calculation Index of decent work segregation urban areas of Iran, will be assessment and comparison Labor market in these areas. Present study regarding the type of research is the applied study and from method of data collection was considered as a field research and Tries to examine situation of labor market of urban areas of Iran provinces regarding decent work indicator and with integrated its indicators. Although there are different ways to Integrating indicators for decent work, calculation the decent Index and finally assess the level of market development in urban areas, but in this study for determine the level of development of urban labor market is used TOPSIS method that with Using this method combined 8 indicators of decent work and Decent work indicators were calculated for each urban areas of the provinces and during the studied period and Based on has been analyzed the urban areas labor market. The results indicate that Average of decent work increased from about 0/25 in the first year of fourth plan to nearly 0/31 in the final year of in the urban areas labor market and dropped Standard deviations of the provinces. These two changes have been made up to decent work coefficient of variation reduced dramatically between these two periods. This finding is represents the convergence regions of the Iran from the perspective decent work. Nevertheless, the changes made in decent work of Iran Provinces urban area in two periods 2005 and 2009 indicate that During this period, improved the 22 provinces country's decent working conditions and This is done while eight provinces too have experienced in this respect the worse situation. In addition, most of the changes made in the three provinces of Tehran, Hormozgan and Markazi in this period and these provinces have improved more than 0/2 to decent work indicator. This is done while in the other group the worst situation happened in West Azerbaijan Province and Three provinces of South Khorasan, Yazd and Qom are in the next rows. According to the results this study and Despite Improvement of index decent work in 2009 than 2005 in most provinces but still could see major regional differences in changes occurred of urban areas decent work indicator. This finding suggest that despite the improvement in the national level, in order to balance regional, plans of regional labor market is Necessary and unavoidable.Manpower is one of the most important factors of production that through participation in the production process plays a prominent role in the production. This Thread is considered in the economic doctrines so that, from the perspective of economic doctrines and growth models increase the proportion of labor with other factors of production, guarantees the economic growth. This is and importance of labor has caused up to the labor market as a market that is directly associated with labor, Always can play an important role in the developing countries among the four economic markets. A point that should be considered in the examining the labor market is however, in many studies, employment and unemployment located as a assessed benchmark of labor market performance but, Based on new literature, presented by the International Labour Organization For assess the labor market, Just was not considered situation of employment and unemployment, or in other words, the market quantity, but rather should also be considered Beside the quantity of the quality of the market. This approach to labor market leads to the formation of the concept of decent work in this market. The terms of decent work have different meanings and each country makes sense special depends on its Development. But what is certain, Mentioned terms should be emphasized creation employment worthy and suitable individuals with good income and job safety and security. In addition, in order to realization decent work, ILO follow Four strategic objective of protecting labor rights, protection of employment, strengthening social protection and social security, and strengthening social dialogue that Mentioned Quad objectives are reinforcing each other. Accordingly and with respect to this topic, Present study tries to up to with combination decent work indicators by using TOPSIS Method and calculation Index of decent work segregation urban areas of Iran, will be assessment and comparison Labor market in these areas.

Although, one of the aims of the social walfare, is achievement to social wafare. Of course, creating of walfare is one of the most concerns of the governments in the world. In summary, it is obvious that walfare not only is human necessary but also important elment on development and progress of society. Altough, in Iranian country, the background of related actions for social security, support to poor peoples and the vunerable of rural people have more than fifty years background. But palns achivemnts form point of view poverty reduction and vulnerability in the rural areas of country is not considerable. And qulity of life and the social walfare of people and the rural locations are related to more factors such as employment, appropriate income, and access to services as eduction and health, natural environment, security and strong associations. And social walfare of rural people including a series of tactics and social supportaivness that by relying on particaption of the rural people and governmental and Non-governamental instituations in the rural areas for pushing plans of rural development formulate in oorder to eradication of needs of the located rural people in the rural areas and prerservation self-esteem and huaman dignity. A research on reinforecement of social walfare in the rural areas has showed that different factors such as economical, environmental, psychological, and social and instituational factors has considerable effects on promoting of social walfare in the rural areas. And the aim of this paper is suervy of influencing factors on promoting social walfare in the rural areas. The purpose of the present study was to expalnation of factors influencing in promoting of social walfare in the rural areas of Meshkinshar County. The research method was analytical –descreptive survey type. Target population in the study was the rural people of located in Meshkinshar County. The needed information by means of questionnaire was collected from rural people of settled in Meshkinshar County. The all of rural people in the amount of 90359 was estimated. In addition for determining sample size the rural peoples of settled in the rural areas of Meshkinshar county was used Cochran formula. Finally, the sample size of rural peoples 196 was determined. For uplifting the amount of accuracy and validity of findings the sample size was 200 raised. The tool of measurement was made researcher questionnaire. The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several times review and correction by the faculty of members at university and several expertise of administrative offices. The reliability analysis was conducted and Cronbach’s alpha values for the various sections of instrument were estimated to be between 0.83 and 0.90. for anlysing of research of datas was used a factor analysis model. At the end, result showed that the most important of affecting factors to social walfare of rural pepole of located in the studied area included component six such as (economic empowerment and income redistribution, social empowerment and reinforcement of social capital, environmental empowerment, promoting of social admission, pshcological empowemnet, social participation reinfocerment and delivering of extensional services) that the variance and explained accumulated variance number is (68.5) via this six factor. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided The results showed that the raising of individual and public incomes, reinforcement of entreprenureship, improwment of physical infrastructures, presentation of local economy services, raising of agriculaturl productivity, diversification of economical activities, economy empowerment, redistribution of income and employment, reinforcement of economy infrastructure, consolidation of scatterd rurals, social empowerment, self-helping, promotion of social security, reinfoercment of social interactions, social cooperatives, social integrating, social alliance, social communication, access to social services, social fulfillment, psychological empowerment, social dignity, creativity, improwement of motivation, responsibility, quality of agricultural water resources, life facilities of rural, quality of water and soil resources, social belonging, social participation, reinforcement of instituational-social confidence, presentation of extensional services, rate of net income and access to credits, mental health, exchange of information and knowledge, reinfoercment of people complexs, food security, edcation and social reception paly important role on promoting of social walfare in the rual areas. The descriptive results of research showed that the number of sample has been in the range of 31 to 40 ages. About of marriage condition has been 77% married people and 22% Single people. At this research for understanding of factors influencing on promoting of rural people social walfare in the studied areas has been employed 44 indexes. Tha datas by using of factor analysis is analyisied. With attention to KMO, was exploited 6 factors with eignvalue higher from 1 to effective factors on promoting of social walfare in the rural areas. After rotation of factors the variables of related to social walfare were classified on the 6 factors. In addition, by refrecing to research results is obvious that promoting of social walfare in the rural areas of Meshkinshar County is related to economical empowerment and redistribution, social empowerment and reinforcement of social capital, psychological empowerment and reinforcement of creativity, environmental empoertment, social participation reinforcement and presentation of extensional services and promoting social reception. Finally, is suggested that with making attract of rural areas country through reduction of income and employment gap of rual and urban, purposefull development of of rurals cultural and educational spaces, crating of recreational centers in the rural areas, emphasizing to native, regional charecteristics and formulation of schems based on community society, using of native people for desginning, planning, enfoercement, supervision to schems of community development, attention to different levels of empowerment, capapctiy building, empowerment schemes for poors rural peoples with using exsitnig participational resources of rurals, definition of local community capital mechanism in terms of regions native and etc can help on promoting of rural social walfare and rural sustainability. it is necessary that different projects for dimensions definition, formulation of idexs, presention of theory about componenets, model-building and the result socai walfare index building is definited.

Senility or aging as the last period of human life always was a focal point of scholars of humanities and biological researches. The world is rapidly aging in the recent years. With the growth of the cities, the older population of 65 years or older are increasing. Aging is not a disease but a critical phenomenon that involves everyone in the world. In fact, it is a natural course of physiological and psychological changes that occur in the body. Perhaps someone is looking old in the biological and physical condition while from the psychological aspects is young and fresh. Aging period normally starts when people reach age of 65 and above. Sometimes differences can be observed in the age criteria measures but it seems that the age of 65 is more suitable to consider it as the start of the aging period. Aging and its related issues is one of the most important components of the welfare state in recent years. The number of elderly population has tripled in the last 50 years and in the next 50 years will be tripled as well. Attention to older people and age friendly city in Iran as a developing country and also one of the members of the World Health Organization that in the near future will face an aging population is very important. Current status of Iran population in terms of structure is not aging. However, due to the decrease in birthrate, increasing advances in medical science and life expectancy it seems that in the future it will experience this population structure. There is no exception for Mashhad as the second largest city in Iran. Mashhad as the second religious metropolis of Iran welcomes millions of pilgrims each year and from the perspective of spatial municipal divisions, it is divided into 13 districts. According to the general census in November 2006, the number of people 65 and over in Mashhad has been 4.49%. This percentage is roughly equivalent to the 108 thousand people of the total population. And in the next general census in November 2011 this amount has been reached to 140 thousand. It is equivalent to 5.06% of total population. Ideal urban space is where civil justice is respected and practical and administrative programs are provided. Accordingly in terms of understanding the physical and psychological needs of older people and how to resolve them researches should be done specially in the field of urban planning and management. This paper aims to evaluate the status of Mashhad in connection with age-friendly City indicators with emphasis on Social, Communicational, Cultural- Recreational and Health-therapeutic indicators. The research method is applied descriptive–survey one. First through documentary studies and by use of internal and external articles the concepts of sustainable development, healthy city, age friendly city and its related indicators according to the World Health Organization are discussed. The questionnaire which is used in this study is a standard one, based on world health organization, the questionnaire is designed based on a Likert scale and included four major dimensions (social factors: 10 questions, Communication indicators: 8 questions, Cultural - Entertainment indicators: 12 questions and Health indicators: 7 questions) which were used to analysis the current situation of Mashhad to become age friendly city. To assess the hypothesis, firstly Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used in order to test the normality of the data and then T. test was employed to compare the mean scores. Given the scope of the research field took place in Mashhad, a questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was designed using the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization, thus its validity is confirmed. Chronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability and 78% approval is obtained which is in an acceptable range. Population of study included all residents age 65 and older in Mashhad. The population of the study who are elderly people 65 and older in Mashhad are categorized based on proportion of the zone population and also in order to reduce the error and to generalize the results it is tried that in each zone at least half men and half women be elected and this goal has been achieved up to 90%. To analysis the data, SPSS software was utilized. Results show that all the Social, communicational and Cultural - Recreational indicators are in relatively good condition (although it is not ideal and the gap was observed with the ideal status). Results also indicate that Health-Therapeutic index is not compliance with the standards, and indicates a gap with the ideal situation. The most important part is that according to elderly comments Mashhad in some indicators has major weaknesses and shortcomings. In other words none of the four indicators which were analyzed are in ideal condition and high mean score have not been observed in any of the indicators. It can be concluded that Mashhad still is not ready to become an age-friendly city and still have a long way to achieve a standard situation based on WHO indicators. Efforts done in order to build a green city should not be ignored and it can be said that due to endeavors and actions done to beutify the city but in social-cultural indicators many changes require a long term based planning and therefore needs more effort and investment which shows a necessity for long term commitment of all stakeholders. Some recommendations also suggested for improving the current situation. In fact elderly people are part of the vulnerable citizens and if urban spaces be designed for older people the positive result will be seen in the society as a whole.

urban planners in order to detection and resolving of urban problems would need to deep recognition of city and planning for it. Because cities are composed of most widely societies and varies in infinite dimensions and urban planner couldn’t devise and apply same plan for whole city, the city must be divided into spatial units based on social, economic and physical aspects. This segmentation then used for some constraint like specific land use or construction density and so on or for controlling development of city. This kind of segmentation be defined under lots of urban plans like detailed plans, comprehensive plan etc. In the other hand in a city there is lots of organizations like Municipalities, Roads and Urban Development organizations, Tavanir companies, Abfa companies etc. which have made their own segmentations for servicing their customers. All of these configurations have been made for responding specific requirements and receiving some goals and with respect to some approaches but Most of the time these segmentations have functional overlap and In many cases conflict with each other and aren’t efficient enough and cause to destroying sources and making people unsatisfied because they oblige to explore lots of organizations to do their work. In the other hands the number of units and divisions of all Municipals, organizations and agencies isnt fixed and have been increased through the time due to the increasing population and urban area. Such a situation with inconsistence spatial structure and lack of public participation, are some reasons which make urban sustainable management difficult. So the aim of this article is to apply new approaches and methodologies to solving this problems. The AZP is one of the many different methods to do that. AZP is an algorithm which used extensively for delimitation of multidimensional units or detection of spatial scale to study specific relationships in space of a city. In this article we want to apply this model in an urban areas of Iran which weve chosen Zanjan city as a case study. spatial clustering methods (such as AZP) have been developed during many years and they could be used for making regions, zones etc. by aggregating and interchanging basic spatial units in each other with optimization of objective functions. These regionalization algorithms have some basic features like: all of them aggregate basic spatial units into predefined number of regions with optimization of an aggregation function, basic spatial units which assigned to a region must be spatially connected, the maximum number of regions should be one less than basic spatial units, a basic spatial unit could be aggregated to only one region and minimum number of basic spatial units which is should be assigned to a region is one. Another characteristics of them is their supervise capability. That’s because of this you should define relevant variables, number of regions and type of objective function. The AZP algorithm can work with any type of objective function that is sensitive to the aggregation of data for N basic spatial units into M regions for example functions extracted directly from the data (for instance sum of squared deviations from average zone size) or functions that can represent the goodness of a fit of a model applied to data (fit of a linear regression model or the performance of a spatial interaction model). Output regions will not change over the time and would make urban management more sustain and more coordinated so these configuration could be used as basic directorial units of different organizations. Type of research is applied and purpose of us is development of unified multidimensional regionalization which could assist sustainable management of city. We used census block and land use of Zanjan city as basic data. Then we extracted 26 indicator from those data and aggregated them into fishnet with cell size of 300 meter. In the next step for decreasing heterogeneity and discovering general trends we applied principle component analysis (PCA) on our indicators so five PC extracted which control 76 percent of variance. Regionalization have been conducted based on these PSs. Objective functions are an intra-area correlation function and a shape function which optimize output regions. The homogeneity of regions can be evaluated based on using a direct measure of within-area homogeneity, the intra-area correlation (IAC). We measured shape compactness by comprising the squared perimeter with the area of each output area. Finally after running algorithm and exporting results we need to test our output. Moran's I statistic is a measure of spatial autocorrelation in which Negative (positive) values indicate negative (positive) spatial autocorrelation and it's Values range from −1 (indicating perfect dispersion) to +1 (perfect correlation) and A zero value indicates a random spatial pattern. we used 13 factor for validation of our work. Resulted regionalization have been compared with regionalization of detailed plan of Zanjan city for validation of AZP algorithm based on Moran's I statistics. The Moran's I showed us in contrary with detailed plan regionalization which have clustered spatial pattern, AZP algorithm could create regions with random spatial pattern which indicate to homogenous regionalization. this research showed that unknown pattern should be recognized by new methodologies so urban planners could do planning more efficiently. We shouldn’t limited our research to earlier constructed regions because every regionalization have been made for specific purpose and certainly would affect the result of analysis so at first step there is a need to make our objective-related regions. This regions then could be a very statistically meaning spatial units which is free from MAUP and very reliable.

A dedicated area for parks and recreation and preservation of the increased economic costs to the appropriate agencies, Unfortunately, since the environmental services these ecosystems despite their undeniable importance, cannot be absorbed fully in the commercial market, or to respond appropriately in terms of numbers, in comparison with other financial services and capital is not understood, officials and authorities to manage urban problems such as lack of comparison between the proposed expenditures for parks and recreational significance for the citizens. Environmental economists believe the economic valuation - fun for services and non-market benefits of parks and green spaces, is essential that the long-term neglect caused irreversible damage to natural resources and sustainable development will affect generations. They also believe that estimating the value of recreational activities in parks improve environmental policies, which results in enhancing human welfare, through which we can effectively and to achieve sustainable development indicators. Therefore, quantifying and determining the monetary value of parks and green spaces can play a double role in the integrated management of human and natural systems. The necessity of attention to the parks in Mashhad which covers over 800 hectares because of some condition of population and tourism of this city caused a grate important and it caused that internment and their different environmental and economical services provided a picturesque view of city. As the important section of recognizing beneficial casting management of city’s park, and responding to those questions like? It call attention of programmer and accountable of cities management. According to casting Valve project, the economical entertainment activity in big parks in Mashhad which is effective in weather of cities and other condition rather than smaller parks, is more beneficial on the other word, in this article we tried to discuss about the value of entertainment of parks from viewer point of viewers point of view by using a twofold - double questionnaire and their interest to pay in (WTP) way and (CV). According the goals of this project of these two ways of application and study case is its way of analyzing. First, in this project with study the background of this project, we figure out how to achieve our goal. Then we marked the biggest parts of Mashhad. Second, we marked the quantity of this project, with using double questioner and sample method we start studying about parks and then by using SPSS software, at first, we discuss about the viewer character. Then by using of valuation and variable model of people’s interest to pay was calculated. In the end, with calculating and quality of people’s interest to pay, the values of parkers were studied.In this study, using SPSS software characteristics of respondents and the amount of visitors willing to pay the proposed sums were investigated. The direction of the effect of variables on the recreational value of the large parks in Mashhad using logit models are reviewed and the final estimate of the recreational value of each of the parks.According to the result, this project, the mean payment of Koohsangi Park is (7815.5) Rials and for each annual visit of Koohsangi Park is (110160123.791) Rials.and peoples interest to pay for Mellat park (10000) Rials according each visit. And value of entertainment of Mellat park is (243085755.813) Rials and also the mean value of entertainment of each hectare in Mellat park for each family is (579600) Rials. Also among 136 of 170 respondents how are asked in koohsangi park 80 Percent of them were ready to pay by cash to use this parks facility and in contrast 34 respondents (20 Percent) of people weren’t eager to pay. Also among 155 of 169 respondents who are asked in Mellat Park, 91.7 Percent of people were ready to pay to cash and 3.8 percent of people weren’t eager to pay for parks facility. For increase of recreational value of park, we are studied and other parks which are recommended:- An Efforts of improve the quality of urban parks in Mashhad can be caused of increase of viewer and their interest of paying for facilities. In this case, the policies of expanding diversion and park and with keeping standard of environment and creating some jobs to return weather of leaded people would be a remarkable achievement. Even the result of this project shows that the quantity of people’s interest to pay for Mellat and Koohsangi parks can be caused to decide for investment of capitalist. - For improving culture among people save our natural mineral and environment, it’s better to have advertisement from organization which is related to this case and also, it’s recommended that, the management of parks should be studied and all action take place in same special monthes of year that we have fewer visitors of parks. - Hooding festivals culture activities, plus having more facility that can be suitable for their relaxation and entertainment can increase value of study about park.Should be noted that estimates of the recreational value of parks, recreational areas studied as many functions without assessing their quality, particularly in the environmental values. Values of these areas, such as oxygen production, plant growth, their role in reducing emissions, increasing their efficiency in terms of quantity and quality of groundwater resources, Ahmythay aesthetic and other factors should also be considered as a collection of entertainment value to be calculated. Parks and recreation values calculated for these values represent only their consumption. Therefore, a lower bound for the total economic value is considered.

The study of natural disasters management literature shows that nowadays a new approach as social based management has been brought up that considers knowledge, capacities and cultures for reduce vulnerability from natural disasters. The community has a central role in disaster management. The focus of attention in disaster management must be the local community. Therefore Risk reduction strategies should work towards reducing vulnerability and at the same time capitalize on the inherent social and cultural capacities of the communities. Community-based Disaster Management (CBDM) approach support the inclusion of knowledge held by local affected people in disaster risk reduction strategies to help reduce the vulnerability of disaster-prone communities. Many indigenous communities understand their local environment and care for it, maintain lessons from past disasters, and are invested in the place where they live. The use of indigenous knowledge in the field of disaster risk reduction is an additional tool that can help vulnerable communities. Currently, the approach of application of indigenous methods beside of modern techniques to reduce vulnerability from disasters is concerned. Due to the particular position of Iran’s geography, the types of natural disasters such as drought, flood, earthquake, glacial, avalanche, and etc to occurs. While Iran's rural communities have low safety level against natural disaster, because of connection with the natural environment and unsuitable location most of villages. Multiple natural hazards also often occur in Khoresh Rostam district (the study area). This is due to geographical position of the region. Rural communities in Iran's history dealing with natural and socio-economic hazards and agricultural activities and their production, in order to reduce unexpected dangers, have used different methods. Various innovations in societies, particularly rural societies to reduce vulnerability is being carried out which could be considered as a compliment to modern knowledge. In order to present article has been analyzed indigenous and modern knowledge in rural communities that have been effective in reducing the effects of natural disasters.Research - The discovery and collection of indigenous and modern methods of reducing the effects of natural hazards in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township, and- Assess the different effectiveness of indigenous and modern knowledge and technology to reduce the effects of natural disasters including earthquakes, glacial, drought and flood in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township.In order to achieve the above objectives, the following hypotheses are tested: The effectiveness of indigenous and modern knowledge for reducing vulnerability to natural hazards of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood differs, and indigenous knowledge has scored more in comparison with modern knowledge in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township.The method research is descriptive, analytical and surveying. The system of gathering information is librarian and free techniques include of observation, interview and questionnaire.First in relying on documents and question of the Sample number, the dominant natural disasters were identified, then the damage caused by natural disasters of the region was identified and as indicator were used. Then indigenous and modern knowledge in rural community of the study area was covered. Then a Developed questionnaire was distributed in the studied villages, and to examine hypothesis, SPSS software and Independent-Sample T test have been used. Based on research on natural hazards, indigenous and modern measures in reduction of risk of natural disasters in rural communities of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township have been included several strategies. But generally indigenous and modern strategies in the region in three categories of protecting people, livestock and agricultural products and protecting agricultural lands, orchards and pastures can be classified few groups including construction technology, technologies of land management, cropping pattern, zoning, land use, water management and etc. In the area of construction, indigenous and modern techniques used include zoning, stability and pattern of architecture and design. It is notable that indigenous design and construction techniques have been developed according to resistance against storm, glacial and earthquakes and meaning climates and environmental conditions. In the area zoning, strategies are including the construction of homes and facilities away from hazardous region, in the field of land use, strategies are to protect land and prevent soil loss and landslide and erosion. For the cropping pattern that was considered most indigenous techniques in the region, are including cropping and harvesting of production and type of land for harvesting, and have been developed according to drought, glacial, and storm disaster. And planting and harvesting time so that is the least damage from a hazard. Also in the area of water management, techniques used to water collect and management and soil conservation and erosion reduction. Results of analyzing hypothesis of “difference between indigenous and modern knowledge efficiency on reduction of natural disaster vulnerability of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in environmental, physical and economic dimensions in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district shows there is a significant difference between indigenous and modern knowledge efficiency for reduction of natural disaster vulnerability of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in environmental, physical and economic dimensions in 0.05 alpha level. Results shows indigenous knowledge has been more efficiency against earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district. We can say that the people of the villages in the study area have good local knowledge in dealing with natural hazards and disaster management that show important of indigenous knowledge in process of natural disasters management. Generally the local knowledge of disaster cannot be separated from other knowledge systems in communities, mean modern scientific knowledge. It is suggested that those responsible in rural planning and natural disaster management are considered indigenous knowledge of rural community, Because this knowledge is obtained from the symbiosis of rural with environments and disaster, not only effective in reducing disaster risk, but is also in direction with sustainable development.

One of the ways to expand cooperation in today's world is Convergence with the model of regionalism. At the regional and global existing order, each country's national security comes more easily through the efforts of the government and people to obtain and increase national wealth than through efforts to build and collecting hardware facilities and create an atmosphere of insecurity and fear and threat. Historically, from the early seventeenth century, to pursue any conflict that occurring in Europe, Scientific and instrumental elites raised convergence in various forms, including the creation of a federation for peace. Since then it has also been considered international cooperation and convergence by countries and global powers. Although the Cold War era had put regional cooperation and integration as a function of the relationship between the two dominant poles in the world, but this was not prevent the formation of regional integration and successful experiences in this regard in the eighties and regionalism and regional cooperation in international relations became a substantial and stable principle for all countries around the world. The supporters of regionalism say: the homogeneities of the political, cultural, social, economic and geographical along with the other components of unifying, it's possible for Independent governments in the region- even to the extent of a continent-wide- that benefit from its spiritual and material resources with suitable cooperation. The main research method for the importance of subject in the current situation is descriptive analytical, while enjoying compared in a large scale. It has been trying to use the library data, including the important and reliable internal and external resources in the knowledge of international relations, political science, political Geography, political economy and political history of Iran to prove the approach of this paper, and it is also taken the point of views of experts in this field to strengthen the scientific reasoning. According to Karl Deutsch the process of integration in a regional organization is like an assembly line which was shaped during history. This process has a central core, that Includes one or more of the larger political unit, more advanced, more developed and more powerful.The political and economic capabilities are decisive for integration, and its responsive and compatibility to the needs and values of smaller units is necessary to maintain integration. New regionalism, especially after promising movements of European Union was invigorated to this mutation from the nineties. At first European countries which were in the new conditions, began integration process. Then this process was created in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa. Regionalism in the parts of non-European, third world and developing countries, did not the nature and objectives of the integration process in Europe. Even integration in the Asia-Pacific region has not been as well as integration model in Europe. So that, there is not capacity and necessary political will for a deeper integration and political unity in any of these areas.During this period, Iran has been able to establish eco-regional organization in cooperation with Turkey and Pakistan but this organization has not been able to achieve economic, political and security aims. We review this issue briefly. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran, Turkey and Pakistan, who are members of the ECO Treaty tried to affix former member states of this Union and current member of the CIS to this Treaty and were able to increase the number of countries to ten members. However, despite the importance of more than before regional cooperation in the past decade, ECO Economic Cooperation Treaty with ten members can register much success in its repertoire Yet. In fact, from a critical perspective, Iran, Turkey and Pakistan are the most powerful eco members, everyone follow its own especial programs. More, Turkey sees itself as a European country and all its political and economic power were used for membership in Europe Union. On the other hand, Pakistan has also a look at its economic relations with East and West, and to equip its economic resources for coordination with the international economy is more important to strengthen cooperation with Echo. Regionalism in International Politics refers to the development of economic cooperation, political and cultural ties between governments and other actors geographic areas. Basically region is defined as the combination of geographical proximity, the high degree of interaction, institutional framework and a common cultural identity. Accordingly, the Islamic Republic of Iran as an important and influential country in the regional strategic with the end of the war, especially with the rise of the construction government so far, although there has been some ups and downs, but always with the approach of regionalism and regional cooperation and benefiting from capacity and international organizations, has been attention to this important issue. Despite these efforts in their desired goals of regionalism approach cannot take required advantage. Because Iran because of its geopolitical situation, including is Located at between the crises of Iraq and Afghanistan, and neighborhood to the focus of the Persian Gulf crisis, Caucasus and Central Asia, South Asia (India and Pakistan) and a major player in Lebanon challenges and Syria crisis, in every possible way with regional and international security issues is in direct contact. The Islamic Republic of Iran has spent all its efforts and activities in political life for the defense of political independence and to maintain axial discourse. Hence it can be said; it is only political unit in the Middle East that the beginning is a security unit, then a political unit, and at the end is a mineral, commercial and economic unit. It seems until it cannot introduce itself like the most influential countries in the world as an actor by trade and economic approach in the issue of regionalism (at least the first step in changing the approach and announcement and executive policies) significant results will not achieve.

‌ The goal of this study constructs affecting the success of micro-credit fund for the empowerment of rural women is Firoozkooh city. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to validate the opinions of experts and professors were confirmed by Cornbrash’s alpha test (85 / 0 to 91 / 0) were suitable for reliable research too. Descriptive results showed that the mean age of 45 years and a member of the Fund's average is 6 years. Also, the majority of respondent's education level is elementary. there are significant. The results of multiple regression showed that 39 % of the economic and educational variables, structural variables success of micro-credit fund for the empowerment of rural women, presents a. According to the results of successful micro-credit fund for the empowerment of rural women to increase the amount of loans, identify donors and help them hold briefing sessions, workshops and visits to entrepreneurial fund's success, is recommended.

Today's world moves increasingly towards urbanization and an obvious consequence of this phenomenon is the increasing imbalance in the levels of development of the rural and urban areas. Agricultural stagnation and growing unemployment, rural urban migration continued, aging population, the negative consequences of climate change, and reduce the tendency of governments to support free market policies such as agriculture, rural development problems in many areas, known as manifestations. Despite the extensive development of rural tourism in recent decades, but research on the identification segmentation of rural tourism and demand as agent and key players in the tourism development in rural areas have received little attention. Segmenting tourists based on various characteristics such as motivational variables of importance to optimal use of capacities in the tourism market based policies are targeted. Based on this study, by using a questionnaire survey Segmentation rural tourism in rural areas Sarvestan the functions Mzayjan Bavanat city in the province concerned. Accordingly, the Current research by using a questionnaire survey deal with Segmentation rural tourism in rural areas Sarvestan Dehestan the functions Mzayjan Bavanat city in the province Fars. The Dehestan Sarvestan by centred bazm village over the past few years has become one of the leading destinations for rural tourism in the region. Tourist attractions include the villages of the mountainous nature, natural grass area sarvestan, almond and walnut orchards with old trees, the shrine of Shah Mir Hamza, Bibi Khatun Mausoleum, Holy Shrine and J. Aoun, a historic castle banquet, family run tourist village, hostel modern and traditional rural, agricultural and Anthropology Museum, the historical context is worth noting in some rural settlements. This investigation was designed to further understand the rural tourism market in Dehestan Sarvestan the data were collected from rural tourists who visited rural tourism villages in Villages of Dehestan Sarvestan Over a period of 12 months between February 2014 and June 2014. The selected villages are comparatively well developed and provided similar rural tourism resources and activities for rural visitors. In cases where the village owner or manager agreed to collect the data for the study, the survey questionnaires were distributed to the survey sites, and respondents freely participated in answering the survey questionnaire after they had stayed in the village for at least one night. Then, researchers visited and collected the survey questionnaires from each village. Data were collected by using a five-page self-administered questionnaire primarily designed to gather information on the subjects’ general motivations for travel. From the 258 self-administered questionnaires distributed in the villages, a total of 246 usable questionnaires were obtained from rural visitors who traveled to rural destinations for at least one night during the survey (95.34% response rate. Data were analyzed in three stages. First, descriptive-statistics analysis was applied to the collected data to explore the overall sample profile. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation, During the Second stage Hierarchy cluster analysis was used to identify the number of clusters by an agglomeration schedule on the cluster analysis. Then, K-means cluster analysis was used to classify the samples according to their travel experience parameters that best discriminated them. During the third stage, segment characteristics were delineated by various univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Specifically, the differences among clusters in demographics, travel behavior, and the various personality and interest dimensions were assessed by suitable analyses including ANOVA and chi-square. ANOVA was used to identify whether there were any differences among the clusters, as measured by a comparison of mean ratings (for metric variables). Discriminant analysis was used to provide information as to which of the travel motivational items were driving the differences and to assess the accuracy level of classification of segment membership. Finally, chi-square analysis was used to explore the differences between clusters in terms of categorical variables, such as demographics and travel behavior. The results of the factor analysis indicate that six motivational factors, in order of importance include: "Ecotourism, physical activity and adventure", "Rural Life", "Relax, relax, have fun", "spatial dependency", "restaurants and monuments historic ". Being at the forefront of ecotourism and rural tourism motivations are consistent with results from studies of other researchers, eg, Reed et al (103: 2014), Dvsa et al (549: 2010), Oh and Scott (43: 2010). The important features of the natural environment attract tourists to rural areas. Findings indicated that rural tourism market based incentive tourists in villages sarvestan divided into four sections: "Nature and visiting monuments" (14.6%), a "passive" (4.9%), "village-oriented and relax and rest "(42.7%)," peace and rest "(20.7%)," Ecotourism and place of belonging "(17.1%). MANOVA results according to different incentives tourism shows significant differences among the tourists. These results suggest that the key point is that the majority of rural tourism is combined with incentives. The results of this study provide valuable information regarding the governing structure of rural tourism demand situation for government agencies, activists, business tourism, and the local community provides. So that, according to the needs of different market segments can tourism management strategies, development, and proper marketing reach. The results show that the descriptive characteristics of tourists socioeconomic variables, employment status, income level and education level and type of incentives linked to rural tourism. For example, a third group of "village-oriented, calm and relax" as the department of education and income levels than are other groups. The results of this study provide valuable information regarding the governing structure of rural tourism demand situation for government agencies, activists, business tourism, and the local community provides. So that, according to the needs of different market segments can tourism management strategies, development, and proper marketing reach. The results show that the descriptive characteristics of tourists socioeconomic variables, employment status, income level and education level and type of incentives linked to rural tourism. For example, a third group of "village-oriented, calm and relax" as the department of education and income levels than are other groups.