فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 96 (تابستان 1395)

One of the elements of the permanent development is housing. Unlike everyday used goods, housing, after fulfilling the need for it, would become a kind of investment since it gets value continually. Other than its economical value, it increases in value and demand due to its social, cultural, body-physical, psychological, health (spiritually and physically). Low-income groups of different societies, generally, are incapable of providing appropriate house thanks to economical (financial) problems and intense increase in the price of housing. Also, the ability of such groups to save money and making use of government facilities is limited. Such a condition in a defective cycle will, always, bring about a gap among offer and demand, effective demand, and potential housing demand amongst these weak groups. Kurdistan Province is considered as one of the critical regions of Iran according to norms of housing inventory and housing investment and the rate of house-ownership is too low in its first five Decile. Allthe above mentioned reasons have caused housing a serious question so that homelessness and home-badness is slipping towards higher Deciles.
The study is a fundamental-applied one and has adopted a qualitative and quantitative method for analyzing its data. The required information and statistics for analysis and investigations such as society’s income Deciles, the area of a home to Decile, owners/tenants per cent, financial capabilities, and absolute-relative line of poverty are collected from the authentic source of Iran Census Center.
Quantitative analyses are performed through indirect method functions and Stone-Garry Function. At last, for estimating and calculating the absolute line of poverty EVIEWS software, and for the relative line of poverty SPSS and Excel software were used.
Investigating the index of the area owned by urban families in the province demonstrates that in the studied period, we have witnessed a drastic decrease. This decrease in the lower Deciles of the society equals to 38% of the beginning of the period and 28% in the highest Decile.
Ownership rate has shown a general decrease, too. The average rate of 82.63% in 1375 has lessened to 61.4% in 1385. The percentage of tenants’ population in all Deciles has grown and, on the average, moved from 13.68% in1375 to 26.83% in 1385.
The proportion of tenants in high-income Decilewas 5 timesmore than low-income one at the beginning of the period. However, at the end of the period, the proportion was 4.6 times.
Employment rate has accelerated partially so that in the first Decile with 21.05% in 1375 has reached 50% and totally it has grown to 78.5% from 74.74%.
The proportion of food cost to total costs among non-owner families id more than 32%. And the cost of housing has formed the major portion of the cost of such families.
For investigating financial capability of different Deciles regarding house provision, indirect function has been applied which suggests a large amount of difference among different income Deciles according to the function results so that the first six Deciles , literally, cannot afford house provision, at least 60m2; however, the tenth Decile has an unusual ability. At the end, the researcher has tried to identify absolute line of poverty through Stone-Garry Function Method and EVIEWS software and relative line of poverty- the basis was half and 2/3 of median rate which is 75m2 based on 1390 plan of urban families’ cost and income. Accordingly, the absolute line of poverty of housing is 50m2 and the relative line of poverty with half of median rate is 37.5m2, and with 2/3 of median rate is 50m2. Therefore, 13.7% of urban families are living under absolute line of poverty, 6.5% are under relative line of poverty (half of the median rate), and 17% are underrelative line of poverty (2/3 of the median rate).
The results of the study suggest that there are numerous principal problems in the realms of housing economy and market. Furthermore, one can witness the impacts of several factors in housing sector such as economy’s major condition, inflation rate, the growth in the price of land, the growth in the price of construction material, growth in the gap between effective demand and potential demand, the low amount of government’s bestowed facilities for either purchasing or building house, and applying rigid rules and regulations regarding house construction.
All the above-mentioned factors have caused a harsh situation for low-income groups of people for obtaining appropriate house. In addition, as time passes, it has been becoming worse. Hence, during the period of the study, the inability of people regarding providing suitable house has slipped to the middle Deciles of the society which was only 3.
Based on what has been discussed, applying some proper strategies, policies, and decisionsseems necessary in order to provide the required (economical, legal, cultural, and urban civilization) factors for low-income groups. Some steps like reforming urban civilization’s rules and regulations, facilitating construction license, increasing facilities related to purchasing/building house, collecting suitable rules and regulations concerning gradual house construction,adopting applied steps to decrease brokerage in land and housing market, and to decrease taxes related to housing sectormust be taken.
Guidelines:Using the potential of the local environment (materials, labor Vnyrvy) for the manufacture and supply of housing and a positive attitude in recognition of informal settlements,Department of Financial Management - Legal and urban households in need of support,Creating an efficient financial system for the provision of housing for low-income groups,The actual transfer of land to build housing for low-income groups and identify them,Potential deterioration of tissues to provide housing for low-income groups, the reformist approach is based on the empowerment of low-income groups.
Politics:Detailed and accurate identification and implementation of policies to help low-income groups by ID,Establish clear lines of credit to finance a special fund of funds identified,Increasing the supply of rental housing acquisition condition,Promote ways of a making incremental housing - further decreases the share of the cost of housing for vulnerable groups,Buying and selling land and housing management repeatedly applying clear rules and strong enough to prosecute enforcement actions.

Decentralization, Balanced development of the region and Balanced distribution of resources Administrative divisions are major goals of the system. Administrative divisions of the law enacted in November 1937, Iran's military component of - a central security and Also this year and the years after World War II coincided with the rule of geostrategic discourse. Also the role of policeman of the year 1968 according to the Persian Gulf region, Nixon Doctrine has responsibility. In this study, limitations of regional development division affected provinces in the southern coast of Iran were studied. In response to the question: how to adapt to the development of regional administrative divisions in South Coast, This assumption was made that "the discourse of the geostrategic changes to Geo-Economic, the administrative divisions in the South Coast region is inconsistent with the development process. Research method, descriptive - analytic study. The findings of the research provinces of Hormozgan and Bushehr military and security has been affected by Android. The assumption by relying on Explanation of the factors rate and density population, Balanced and efficient distribution of resources, Shortage amount of water resources in Iran and the need for sustainable water resource oriented national planning, was positive. The national distribution system, suggested according to a new model of development processes in the coastal region south.
Political partitioning of space is referred to science and art for organizing country space, that most common kind of this process is country divisions.
Decentralization, balanced political- economical development and balance distribution of sources and facilities, are main purposes for country division. Iran is one of countries that has long time antecedent during history. Also, Iran has many banks and some part of it's divisional parts are related to coast. Base of country divisional rule in Iran, is returned to Aban month, 1316. This rule revised and approved in Dey month of same year. In this rule, army-security factors were concerned, but lack of balance in political division in map of Iran divisions was outstanding in south coast. Some provinces such as Bushehr and Hurmozgan were formed as strip along Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in length of 707 and 900 km. Hurmozgan and Bushehr provinces are formed by military-security approach in south coast of Iran in time of geostrategic discussion. Present research study effect of country divisions system on regional development in south coast of Iran based on enormous indicators of local development ,have plan for making suggestions and model of country division system in proportion to regional development.
Research approach is descriptive - analytical method, and information gathering is done by library approach. Also, statistical methods are applied for analyzing information and data.
Discussion and findings: In present research, by emphasizing on reasons and factors, dividing approach of these provinces was determined that frequently, forming Hormozgan and Bushehr is based on military and security matters.
Iran is one of countries that is suffering from draughty .rate of annual rain in Iran is 250 mm, while this figure in worldwide is 750 mm during one year .Rate of annual rain in Iran’s one third of world rate. Important point is that most of water sources including rivers, are current from inside of country to neighbor countries.rate of underground water is reducing during several previous decades. Thus, average figures of country water during future years indicating drought in Iran.
Thus, one of liable region of country for investigating and removing water sources crisis in Iran, border of Persian gulf and Oman sea margin ,that water refining instrument used. Method for country division method in Iran in south coast's in relation to balanced distribution of water sources in political units and exploiting the potentials of water sources in this region, didnt do perfectly. Also in geographical plan for Iran population, matter for lack of spatial balance of population in national land is obvious. In comparison with Iran territory, if we divide north to south by imaginary line, 27/34 percent of population living in east part and 72/65 percent living in western part. Also 57/3 percent of Iranian population are diffused in Iran.
With investment, there is great potential for attracting population in various regions. One of approach for developing investment in these regions is changing in division system and balanced distribution of coastal spaces in political unit. research, with emphasize on reasons and factors for method of dividing Hurmozgan and Bushehr provinces, it is clear that frequently their constitution is related to discussion dominance with emphasize on military and security matters. According to mentioned approaches in fields of investment in south coasts by relying on lack and water source crisis, unsuitable distribution of population in National Territory, optimal exploit from coastal region chances in various fields, it is essential that country division system of Iran be changed and be adaptable with factors for regional development in huge dimension of land, new divisional system in this region formed. Finally, in south coasts of Iran, adaptable with coastal region of Persian Gulf and Oman sea, seven provinces such as Sistan & Balochestan, Kerman, Hurmozgan, Fars, Bushehr, Kohgieluyeh and Boyerahmad and Khuzestan had role for exploiting from coastal region and investment and making new Opportunities for developing coastal regions in relation to method and pattern of organizing political in land spaces would be effective. . Finally, in south coasts of Iran, adaptable with coastal region of Persian Gulf and Oman sea, seven provinces such as Sistan & Balochestan, Kerman, Hurmozgan, Fars, Bushehr, Kohgieluyeh and Boyerahmad and Khuzestan had role for exploiting from coastal region and investment and making new Opportunities for developing coastal regions in relation to method and pattern of organizing political in land spaces would be effective.

Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .
Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .
Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .
Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .
Urban spaces as a tool to improve the quality of urban design and regulatory environment , the ability to provide the necessary substrates for the formation and development of social capital have beds . Public spaces and urban functions can be a tool for communication and social interaction  Network , a place to meet citizenship ceremony , manage and coordinate the activities of citizenship  stated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between urban environmental quality and social capital that   is. The research was a descriptive - analytical and  to analyze data collected from field surveys and forms of both descriptive and inferential statistics ( test t, correlation , regression and ANOVA test ) using SPSS software 's .there are no words for the quality of the urban environment in neighborhoods with high levels of social capital is low and the quality of urban environment in neighborhoods with low social capital is high .neighborhoods to be raised .

In Iran, after cities expansion and urban population growth, the issue of Quality of Life (QOF) has been concerned in our cities, so that there is great different between urban neighborhoods regarding to QOF level. In recent decades, the old area of the city with peripheral growth around it as new quarters has concentrated population and many of services and facilities which faces with infrastructures and utilities deficiency. This rapid physical growth has changed and destructed the old quarters. Meanwhile, lack of some novel facilities and population demand exist in these areas. In other hand, it is essential to evaluating urban plans and implementations success in new quarters for the future planning which must be promoted existing challenges. Nowadays, disregarding the QOF in urban areas has led to ecological segregation, marginal settlement, poor and social inequality, environmental, moral and human issues, gap and dispersion between different neighborhoods and segregation from each other. This paper with assessing QOF in two old and new quarters of Sanandaj tries to find factors that can be used to promoting QOF in each quarter. For this, one quarter selected from old ones (Qatarchian quarter) and another is new (Zafarieh).
Main method of this research is Analytical-Descriptive which is based on poll and questionnaires distribution among residents. Other data collected by field surveys of researchers. Regarding to aims, main parameters derived from literatures, practices and field survey in the quarters and structured by a hierarchy from top to down (analytical). The obtained model is based on the tree diagram that has four levels including criteria, parameters and items. For assessing QOF a questionnaire with 45 questions has been designed which reflects experiences and mentalities of resident about QOF. Questions are based on Likert spectrum (the minimum score is 1, maximum is 5 and mean is 3). For validity of it we use the Cronbach's Alpha method. Based on result of this method, amount of Alpha is 0.916 that confirms their validity well. For analyzing data has been used from SPSS software based on the multiple Regression, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
In this paper, the comprehension and analysis of residents have been regarded as a basis for evaluating QOF regarding to economic, social and physical aspects of urban life. To do this, the mentioned criteria have been derived from theoretical and empirical studies in Iran and other countries and have been tries to adapting with the study area conditions. Each of the triple criteria including social, economic and physical criterion analyzed to some parameters which QOF assessment in the quarters is based on those.
3.1. Physical dimension
In physical criterion five factors including the housing, the quarter, the transportation, the green space and solid waste collection has been selected as parameters. Regarding to residents score that dedicated to these parameters for two quarters, the average scores of Zafarieh quarter to five parameters are above theoretical average that are more than mean limit. But about Qatarchian these are lower than theoretical average.
3.2. Social dimension
For evaluating this, we select four parameters including individual security, health situation, sense of place and relationship with neighbors. Investigation of average scores shows that satisfaction of Zafarieh residents about four factors are more than theoretical average. Resident scores of Qatarchian quarter shows level of satisfaction for individual security parameter is lower than moderate level which is because of lack of good lighting in the quarter, crimes and lack of security and safety for women and children.
3.3. Economic dimension
This criterion has been evaluated based on five parameters including economic situation, health facilities, recreational facilities, educational and commercial centers in two quarters. Average of scores related to the resident of the quarters shows satisfaction level of Zafarieh quarter for some factors such as economic situation, recreational facilities, educational and commercial centers is more than moderate level. About Qatarchian quarter maximum average of the resident satisfaction is related to commercial centers which may be because of vicinity of this quarter to the city center and good access to commercial centers.
The study of QOF in two old and new quarter of Sanandaj shows that QOF in new fabrics of the city is better than old ones. Examining average of scores confirmed that while in Zafarieh quarter maximum satisfaction is related to the physical dimension, in Qatarchian is related to the social dimension. Mainly this can be because of great social capital phenomenon in the Qatarchian that oldest structures, social relationships and sense of cooperation affect this factor. Result of T test in Zafarieh shows that among three factors including the quarter, sense of place and the transportation have highest rate of resident satisfaction and three parameters including commercial cores, sanitary facilities and neighbor relationships have lowest level of satisfaction. Highest level of resident satisfaction in Qatarchian based on results of T test is related to health situation, commercial centers and neighbor relationships and lowest rate because of low permeability for cars to crossing in the quarter is related to the transport, housing and solid waste collection parameters.
Examining average of scores confirmed that while in Zafarieh quarter maximum satisfaction is related to the physical dimension, in Qatarchian is related to the social dimension. Mainly this can be because of great social capital phenomenon in the Qatarchian that oldest structures, social relationships and sense of cooperation affect this factor. Result of T test in Zafarieh shows that among three factors including the quarter, sense of place and the transportation have highest rate of resident satisfaction and three parameters including commercial cores, sanitary facilities and neighbor relationships have lowest level of satisfaction. Highest level of resident satisfaction in Qatarchian based on results of T test is related to health situation, commercial centers and neighbor relationships and lowest rate because of low permeability for cars to crossing in the quarter is related to the transport, housing and solid waste collection parameters.

Tourism industry, according to figures and Statistics of published by the World Tourism Organization in the new millennium, has turned to the largest source of world revenue. The economists know this industry as the third dynamic economic activity which accounts for 9% of global GDP. This is more than the automotive industry which accounts for 8.5%, and only slightly less than the banking sector which accounts for 11%. Travel & Tourism is a dynamic industry which boosts economies by generating income, employment, investment and exports, thus stimulating economic growth. Iran is one of the top ten countries which according to terms of UNESCO have outstanding archaeological and historic attractions and one of the most noble of human civilization in the realm of political geography, but it accounts for a tiny proportion of the major tourism market.
In the highly competitive tourism industry, service becomes one of the most important elements for gaining a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. Consequently, the efforts of service managers and academic researchers are directed towards understanding how customers perceive the quality of service. Research on destination loyalty shows that one of the most decisive factors in a further visit to a destination by tourists is their satisfaction with previous stays there. Therefore the tourists’ satisfaction requires a detailed analysis of the services and its proper handling, and one way to satisfy tourists is the tourism spatial planning program, because Tourism development planning approach can be an effective factor in achieving the goals of sustainable and balanced development of our country.
On the other hand the spatial planning attempts to reach the best spatial pattern to regional development. Since the vast Fars Province is of the most important tourism centers of Iran and thousands of tourists annually visit its historical, cultural and natural attractions, therefore planning of tourism services have special importance. When according to the importance of attractions appropriate services are offered to tourists their satisfaction will increase and thus they stay a longer time in the area. Main purposes of this research include:• Analyzing the spatial distribution of services and supply centers, and creating a balance between tourism and tourism services.
• Zoning optimal supply centers of tourism services throughout the Fars Province.
Research This research is an analytical, descriptive and practical research. Also the data has been collected by library and field studies. First the criteria of spatial planning were defined by Delphi method, then for analyzing the data, the hierarchical weighting method of Fuller has been used. After weighting the criteria, the optimization and ranking models were used to choose the appropriate zone of tourism services. Also the MAPPAC which is a mental method based on the experts’ pinions and Artificial Neural Network method which is a data- based approach have been used to zone the appropriate tourism services.
Defining the criteria is one of the most important and fundamental steps of any research. Criteria of this research which were obtained by Delphi method include: 1- Specific or car services (petrol stations, gas stations ...). 2- Business services (supermarkets, fast food markets …). 3- Natural factors (slope, elevation and natural hazards) 4- roads 5- tourism attractions (natural, historical, religious) and 6- infrastructures (leisure centers, police centers …). Then by Fuller model the criteria were weighted and according to the opinions of experts the most important one was historical attractions and the least weight were allocated to natural hazards. Then the weighting the data layers the criteria were connected to the base unit of political zones of Fars Province.
After connecting the required layers to the base unit, according to the research goal of ranking the appropriate tourism zones, the optimization and ranking models were applied because the distribution of services in proportion of tourism attractions is not spatially balanced. In other words there are tourism attractions which despite of owning high potential of attracting tourists have no or not enough services. The MAPPAC method which is based on the opinion of experts was used to ranking and prioritizing the appropriate zones. Then by applying the ANN model the best zone of tourism services were distinguished.
Results of this research indicates that a great part of Fars Province despite tourism attractions have less or no tourism services. Experts believe that the ANN model is more matched by the present reality.
After connecting the required layers to the base unit, according to the research goal of ranking the appropriate tourism zones, the optimization and ranking models were applied because the distribution of services in proportion of tourism attractions is not spatially balanced. In other words there are tourism attractions which despite of owning high potential of attracting tourists have no or not enough services. The MAPPAC method which is based on the opinion of experts was used to ranking and prioritizing the appropriate zones. Then by applying the ANN model the best zone of tourism services were distinguished.

One of the most important concerns of modern human is presence in public spaces such as parks and increase happiness in life. Perhaps the most important problem to realize such a thematic is discuss crime that threatens the future of a park. In the definition of the crime Explained :an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law (Britannica) and park is an area of land, usually in a largely natural state, for the enjoyment of the public, having facilities for rest and recreation, often owned, set apart, and managed by a city, state, or nation or an enclosed area or a stadium used for sports(dictionary.com ). Also A public space is a social space such as a town square that is generally open and accessible. Public space has also become something of a touchstone for critical theory in relation to philosophy, (urban) geography, visual art, cultural studies, social studies and urban design. The term 'public space' is also often misconstrued to mean other things such as 'gathering place', which is an element of the larger concept of social space(Sensagent)..Therefore The most important goal of urban planner Should be recognize these parks as places of recreation and leisure in summer. In this article we will to identify and classify the nature of crime in the khoy city. Khoy city is located in a vast plain surrounded by mountains.It is the first city in Qarbi Azarbaijan Province in extent and the second largest city in terms of population.It has nearly 22 parks and gardens that require to study and measuring crime in this parks. The names of these parks Include: Mellat , Laleh, Golestan,Touba (Baharan), Sheikh navaei, Shahre Shadi, 22 Bahman and Niloufar. Ranking crime in city parks was undertaken by a factor of three models feature coefficient, Standardization of data and the AHP method. The research method was descriptive – analytical and has been used for collecting data from documents, interview , direct observation and correlation. At first, according to legal books, done in a simple and clear classification of crimes based on the Criterion and sub Criterion and determined the precise location of each park, along with surrounding neighborhoods. After identifying the main 8 parks city, Crimes classified was examined to frequency and percentage and then Specified ranking selected parks. In The next stage, done model of feature coefficient, Standardization of data and the AHP method. In the this study,done a new way, terms of the number,most important crimes within 8 parks city Has been identified and afterward specified the coefficients and points this parks. These were selected based on most attracting population and traffic volume. Of total 75,000 statistical population that was achieved the estimated population through direct observation in the parks and to Cochrane Methodology, were published 382 form of the scoring table and was asked of respondents until submit score of 1 to 5. Number 1 is superficial crime and number 5 is serious crime. Points was calculated of sum of the coefficients of 1 to 5 to number of respondents and Was determined Percentage to total crime in a park. The results showed that murder with 1910, kidnapping baby with 1786 is maximum and harassing to women with 765 and vandalism with 708 is minimum score. After this was done, model of feature coefficient was performed based on Criterion and Standardization of data based on sub Criterion. Respectively, Touba (Baharan) park with 42/2 ,Shahre Shadi with 36/1 and Laleh with 26/63 gained highest score . At the end for the calculate AHP based on Expert Choice Software was conducted pairwise comparison in the all criterion and sub- criterion and results was adjusted similar classified table. Also It should be noted respectively, Touba (Baharan) park with 0/184 ,Shahre Shadi with 0/156 and Laleh with 0/144 gained highest score. Thus, ranking all crimes were classified based on the frequency and severity and also based on of three models feature coefficient, standardization of data and the AHP. The result of all the studies showed, Touba (Baharan) park based on all crimes is the first place and Mellat park in the final place. Since the Mellat park is the newest park, except crimes against property, In all crimies is on low rank. In the total, Mellat park is secure in terms of frequency and severity of crime. The main reasons for good condition in this park include: Continuous monitoring by police (Nirouye Entezami), having numerous guards and trained and public participation on the healthy keep the park. It is important that Shahre Shadi park on such circumstances has been several years ago but now the, is the second park in the crime.Therefore, the most important guidelines and recommendations is revival of values in Shahre Shadi park and seriousness of on keeping the Mellat park until be avoided become a backyard. Shahre Shadi and Laleh parks are on the bad condition. Addicts and general crimes are high , alarming and worrying.in the Laleh park Has increased harassing to women. Touba (Baharan) park is one of the most important places for drugs crimes at the midday and afternoon hours . The most important reasons include: inadequate lighting , low patrolling and without program by police .W.C is Very dirty and places for addicts also constructing library (Besat) been un able to reduce crimes. Also on the classification of crimes, buy and sell drugs in Touba (Baharan) park and Shahre Shadi have highest frequency but low severity than murder and kidnapping baby.
Finally, essential key for the survival of all parks is public participation on the education and making healthy parks.

Today, natural tourism, has devoted a significant portion of tourism activities in their world. In this type of activity for the tourists to take advantage of the natural beauty and stunning visual effects creation, travel to high mountain ranges, mountains, foothills, forests and plains, canyons, deserts, beaches, lakes and wetlands.
This tendency Strong and specific tends to the enjoyment of nature The acceptance of the concept of sustainable development and natural heritage tourism in the discussions, leading to it has been creation, has been called ecotourism or nature guides. nature guides Following the philosophy of life circuit and rely on intrinsic and Inner the values of, Through the protection of natural areas, Benefit local communities, Boost features subcultures, Providing educational and learning opportunities, Strengthening employment and prevent migration, Obligation to use less non-renewable resources, Providing opportunities for local participation, Environmental education In other words, the perfect combination of development and environmental protection, cultural heritage and sustainability Makes possible.
Country Iran in Nagadeh city of West Azarbaijan province, according to certain strategic locations (located near the border between Turkey and Iraq) its bracing climate, proximity to the lake, crossing the river gorge, attractions pond, bubbling spa , and other natural causes, is one of the geographical areas attractive for tourism development, natural and tourists can Bashddr many provincial and national levels.
This study is descriptive and survey methods, and the applications are aimed at research groups. The population of this study, 10 villages have a natural attraction in the city tinsel which 384 were selected using Cochran formula as the sample size. Sampling method for measuring studied indicators the three dimensions of sustainable development, Sampling in accordance with optimal allocation based on the population of each is village. The data collection was carried out by means of direct observation, expert interviews and questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire Using Cronbach's alpha and As has been face and content validity and its validity. Data analysis was used to stasis hierarchical cluster analysis method(for minimizing the the factors studied attempted to clustering And heterogeneous indices have been separated), two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (To evaluate the effect of three dimensions of sustainable development of natural tourism development) Is used.
The first step Is used to analyze the data from the hierarchical cluster analysis. With doing Cluster analysis on eleven indicators of the economic - institutional dimension, The four clusters have been identified main clusters, Which according to the literature review, The first cluster as employment and income, The second cluster called government planning, The third cluster called the quality of life and The fourth cluster also been named as agriculture. The social - cultural dimension in , The four main clusters were identified as clusters of dimension this That first cluster with the name of the partnership, The second cluster called satisfaction and emulate, The third cluster as security and, The fourth cluster named as advertising and information. Finally, environmental and ecological dimension was obtained four clusters respectively under the headings Protection of natural resources, Environmental sensitivity, Land use change and communication services and the infrastructure.
Communities studied the use the indicators used, that the three levels of sustainable, Half sustainable and unsustainable divided That Hasanlu, Balyqchy, Garde Ghit, Dergah sang, Because of the location and the potential are At the highest level. The results of multi-agent analysis of variance showed that the three dimensions of sustainable development and natural tourism development there is a difference with confidence interval of 0/095. Thus, all three are involved in the development of natural tourism; So can commenting that development through its multiple dimensions, natural tourism development is achieved.
Today, natural tourism, an important part of tourism activities in the world is allocated The acceptance of the concept of sustainable development and The value of natural heritage In the discussion of tourism, Leads to it. Sustainable development as a stable stream In changes economic, social - cultural, and environmental For increase and development and welfare of society is defined and Approach multidimensional That sustainable in a way, is seeking the unity of the economic, social, cultural and environmental. Therefore natural tourism has most compatible with sustainable development and Action slow as a form of sustainable tourism and for the present generation and future generations brought the benefits. So that normal tourism as a powerful tool in creating opportunities That using it can resolve problems such as unemployment and the recession and also an appropriate mean for creating jobs, income, governmental organizations and non-governmental cooperation, popular participation, increased sensitivity to environmental, efficient use of natural resources,… Provide, and brought numerous positive results.
In line with the research question, which stipulates a full explanation of the development of tourism in the study area three dimensions of economic, institutional, social, cultural and environmental ecology, sustainable development is impressive. At first using hierarchical cluster analysis based on reading scores on the three dimensions of sustainable development, has been studied to reduce the clustering component. For each dimension was achieved, and then separate the three clusters were named based on the theoretical content. After determining the number of clusters and naming them, the stability / instability, each of which has been calculated using a simple average. Continue to seek to identify the most important factor affecting the development of natural communities studied, a survey of residents, Two-way analysis of variance to determine the differences between the three dimensions, And the Tukey test was used to determine the degree of influence of each of the three dimensions The analysis results showed that the views of local communities in all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic finals, ecological, social, cultural and environmental) Naturally have an impact on tourism development given the significant level of 0.05 percent. The influence of cluster obtained in each dimension, in explaining the development of natural tourism Tukey test was used. The result showed that the socio-cultural perspective of local communities with an average of 4.5229 after the greatest impact on tourism development

In the recent decades, Rapid horizontal expansion of cities all countries over the world has faced serious challenges. This phenomenon is not only the issues of urban policy largely affected, but the consequences of the intensification of economic, social, political, and environmental management communities involved. This was due to the concerns of the developing countries, particularly after World War II to take measures to resolve the crisis or to inhibit. The main areas of policy measures tall building, mass, changes in tax laws, rules and regulations for the use of its land, improvement and renovation of old texture of ...Been. there are two competing models of sustainable urban development. On the one side there are those who support compact cities. The idea here is that large, dense and concentrated cities will support the principles of sustainable development. However, on the other side, there are those who support the green city, i.e., a more open type of urban structure, where buildings, agricultural fields and other green areas form assort of mosaic-like pattern(holden,2004,104).The rapid development and spread of the urban and adopting policies and strategies to increase density, dispersed urban growth led to the entry of such amendments, compact city, and dispersed the city. (Azizi, 2003, 13), there is a problem the term urban sprawl is widely used in many disciplines dealing with urban development and urban form. and smart growth, has been implemented in the literature. Compared with the pattern or distribution of horizontal growth, more and better benefits of smart growth pattern can help improve the quality of life in cities. Smart Growth will try to accommodate urban development around them within the existing framework, developed to prevent uncontrolled urban expansion in addition, it can also contribute to improving the community, While not in the horizontal growth pattern is consistent with sustainable urban development, the negative consequences of such a model, including the loss of agricultural land around the city, and soil degradation and water pollution, air pollution, increase the cost of providing municipal services, increased and travel time to the city, and the subsequent increase in fossil fuel consumption, social segregation, lack of land use or irregular use of resources is important (Gharakhlou and Zangene Shahraki, 2009,38); The extension of the distance between the place of residence, place of business, commercial centers, and recreation centers and thereby creates the distance, it makes more dependent on private cars and people are forced to travel long distances from to use private cars. Use of personal vehicles due to environmental factors such as pollution (air, noise and radio ...) and also leads to higher energy consumption, which is wasting time, money and mental and neurological disorders leads to. Accordingly, this study sought to answer the question of Kermanshah Urban growth pattern of urban growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah in the last few decades in terms of sustainability?
The methodology of this article is based on descriptive method. and with approach to urban sustainability explains the differences between two types of sprawl and compact city development. this study has been used Gini coefficient, entropy relative Shannon for detection of unbalanced distribution. On the other hand by Other indicators like Gary and Moran coefficients for determining the degree of concentration or density and distribution of population and employment based on the spatial correlation is used. Finally, the model is used for measuring urban growth model Holdren is ugly.
The results of this research show that the population density of Kermanshah has dropped during the past decades. Between 1956 and 2011 the population density of this city decreased from 414 persons per hectare to 81.other results show growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah somewhat scattered, according to calculations made by the coefficients of Genie and entropy relative Shannon and inequality and imbalance in the distribution of population in urban areas. Well as data obtained from Moran and Geary coefficients indicate that the growth pattern of the city closer to the random pattern. Calculations made by Holdren model also show that physical growth of Kermanshah from 1956 to 2011,is only 55 percent of population growth and 45 percent growth is the horizontal (sprawl) this results indicate that During this period, the city is facing with Reduction net density population and increasing per capita gross of land.
This paper addresses the issue of urban growth pattern of Kermanshah in recent decades has been the extent to which the direction of sustainability, questions based on the research conducted, is whether it is possible to achieve a sustainable urban form? What is the relationship between sustainability and urban form? the study has shown that the calculations were based on the growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah Gini coefficient and the relative Shannon entropy is somewhat sparse and inequalities and imbalances in the distribution of population in urban areas, it is evident the figures obtained from Moran and Geary coefficients indicate that the growth pattern of the city and closer to a random pattern of distribution tends to be Holdren model calculations have revealed that 45% of the city's physical growth of the horizontal (sprawl) has been as mentioned above the horizontal distribution pattern of urban growth in developing countries as well as developed countries are becoming more common the main features of this model include: relief and fled and dispersed development, commercial strip development, low density, single-user development (Gharakhlou and zangene Shahraki, 2009, 19-22).
The results also indicate the growth pattern of the city of Kermanshah tendency toward fragmentation and inequality and imbalance in the distribution of population in urban areas is a major cause of instability in the city given the importance of directing development towards sustainability, the need to change the pattern of the scattered pattern is emphasized compact city.

With the development of urbanization, the problems gradually emerged. In the past few decades, the city crises has widened and with the developing of the urban life crisis in various aspects including environmental, social, physical, economic, and ... special awareness arose about environmental problems and declining environmental quality in cities and residential neighborhoods scale. In recent years, social capital has become very common issue that has attracted the attention of many scholars and even politicians. The quality of life reflects the level of welfare of the people, over the past decade as one of the main goals of community development, guiding policy in many countries.
Social capital basically is a product or a public asset that everyone can benefit from it. Many researchers believe that social capital is an important resource for people and can have a huge impact on the performance and the quality of people life that they imagine. Some researchers argue that social capital is not only is interesting in important business issues, but also there are interesting and important reasons for learning how to develop and use for social capital. Studies that published in the fields of medicine and psychology show that there is a direct relation between social capital and quality, purpose and meaning of life. Another issue that in recent years has been concern from the planners is the quality of life of citizens. Quality of life encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects, such as distribution of material and the distribution of goods and services and mental aspects of quality of life such as social relationships, life satisfaction, participation and sense of social solidarity, and spiritual needs of all people.
In this study, the role of social capital is investigated as one of the most important factors on citizen’s quality of life. District number 9 as one of the 22 districts of Tehran municipality, both in terms of quality of life and social capital has unique conditions; because both physical and environmental quality of the area is not in a good condition and also in terms of social capital is not a desirable situation because the this region is the host of immigrants. Hence this region due to high immigrant has different ethnic groups that have imbalanced conditions in terms of quality of life and social capital.
The population of the study area is the 9th Tehran and two quarters of this region, Dastgheib and Hooshyar quarters was selected. Total population of the these two districts is 35,851 people at the 1385 Census, so according to Cochran formula, 380 questionnaires were considered for the study field. But in order to increase accuracy and reduce error 400 questionnaires were distributed in the neighborhood.
Quality of life indicators in this research includes, quality of residential units, quality of traffic and transportation, quality of leisure facilities, mental aspects of quality of life, quality of access to the business facilities, quality of satisfaction with health care facilities, satisfaction with quality of administrative facilities, quality of education facilities, quality of social and cultural facilities, quality of municipal facilities, quality of health status, quality of safety and security, and quality of the neighborhood relations. The social capital indicators include: personal trust, impersonal trust, social cohesion and social participation.
The questionnaires were distributed in the neighborhood; the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software. According to the assessment questions and items, Pearson correlation is used for statistical analysis. Also, the multiple regression analysis is used to determine the role of each of the indicators of social capital (independent variable) on changes in quality of life indicators (dependent variables).
The highest quality of life is related to the quality of access to commercial facilities. After the quality of commercial facilities, quality of social and cultural facilities is more appropriate. Lowest mean is related to health-related quality due to high levels of deteriorated fabrics.
Four indexes are used to measuring the social capital. Among the four investigated indexes, personal trust has the highest mean and social cohesion has the lowest mean. A high level of self trust indicates that the trust only among the family members is very high level. Range of trust to other members of community is too low. Also, low level of social cohesion is a sign of a non-homogeneous of population in terms of respondents. Analytical results of the study show that there is a significant correlation between four indexes of social capital and satisfaction of quality of life. It means that with increasing on levels of social capital the people satisfaction quality of life will be increase. Also after the combination of the four index of social capital, in the general case the relationship between social capital and satisfaction with quality of life is assessed. In the general case, there is a positive correlation between social capital and satisfaction with quality of life. The multivariate regression analysis shows that the regression model consisting of 4 independent variables and a dependent variable in the study is a good model and the set of independent variables are able to explain the change of the dependent variable (satisfaction with quality of life).
The results indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between social capital and satisfaction of people's quality of life in this study. In other words, with increasing on levels of social capital the quality of life will be increase. According to the research results, we can say that the social capital can be used as an important element to analyses of citizen's satisfaction with quality of life in urban regions. Hence, efforts to increase the level of citizens social capital is essential. With this way we can increase the satisfaction of quality of life that is the main goal of most urban development programs.

The Jame mosque in the past was the most important mosque in the Islamic cities, because it was the place of holding Friday prayer, and this prayer was one of the most important activity from social and religious aspect. Other daily prayers were held in the same mosque, and some other social and religious activity were held in the Jame mosque such as some educational and judgement activity in a limited conditions, and in this situations, the jame mosque was the most important building in Islamic cities.
The first Jame mosque in the new Islamic cities were built near the governmental building (Daralemareh), but in the later centuries in some big cities and capitals, they were built in bazaars and the governmental building were built in the citadels. The situation of the Jame mosque in the city and the other important buildings and spaces in the city is the main question of this research.
e main objective of this research is recognition the situation of Jame mosque in Islamic historical cities. The main data, at first are based upon the plans that were drawn by architects or historians, and the second level, the data are based upon the historical reports that were written by historians and the others. Methodology of this research has been based upon deseriptive and analytical methods, and at the same time the historical - interpretation method is used, because the research is about the historical buildings in the past periods.
The samples are chosen from some cities in the Islamic world. Many of documents are gathered in documentary method and simultaneously some data were gathered by field study as the situation of Jame mosque in cities such as Naeen, Tehran, Qazvin and Isfahan, and Jame mosque in Dephi. Independent Variable is the culture and the characteristics of eities, and the dependent variable is the situation of Jame mosque and the relation of it with the other buildings and important spaces in a city.
is obvious that some relations between Jame mosque and other important spaces such as bazzar (Market) are seen in many historical cities that we can see them at present, and in the other hand there are some exceptions that it is seemed that the location of Jame mosque in these cities are shaped accidentally, but it is difficult to imagine that one of the most important space in Islamic cities – Jame mosque-, could be located accidentally in urban fabric, but results of this research shows that there are several patterns and relations between Friday mosque and the other important urban elements that were dependent to some factors such as the political situation of a city, the historical period that Friday mosque was built, and the characteristic pattern and elements of a city and the other conditions.
Therefore there werent only one pattern for location of a Jame mosque in historical cities, and there were also several patterns in the relations between the physical environment of a mosque and buildings adjacent it with the mosque.
The survey shows that there was a relative clear pattern about the shaping and locating Jame mosque in relation with the other important elements and buildings in a city, specially in the new first cities that the most of them had a military function, such as Kofe, Basreh, and Cairo. In these cities the Jame mosque was built near the governmental buildings that it was called, Daralemareh, because there was a strong relation between governmental affairs and religious activity, and the rulers wanted to show this relation very much in the first decades and centuries, but for a few reasons at the later centuries, some governmental centers were built in a citadel that sometimes was far from the city centre and Friday mosque
he situation and level of the Friday mosque in relation to its surrounding areas were different. The most of mosques were at the same level that the other buildings were in the urban texture, while in some periods and in a few countries, the important mosques were built in a higher platform. The Jame Mosque of Delhi, that was built by Shah Jahan ,is located in a level that is higher than adjacent environment. It seems this pattern were used in India because there were some separated and distinct buildings that were located in the middle of a vast and large site .These kind of buildings were seen from surrounding areas and environs, and on the other hand somebody can say that people from these buildings can see the surrounding ereas ,as every body in the Jame mosque of Delhi can see the site and buildings located surrounding the mosque.The Jame mosque of Delhi has three entrance in the middle of each side and they are seen from adjacent site and the plan of these mosques were regular and the outer surface were, but in some mosques as Jame mosque or Friday mosque in the Isfahan that were located in the middle of an urban fabric ,had not an pretty outer facades, because it located in the middle of an urban texture, and their facades can not be seen from distance, and only they have a pretty portal gate and some important elements.
We can say that the situation of a mosque in relation with the adjacent buildings and site can effected on the general form and style of mosque .
Many of mosques were adhere to buildings that were beside them, while in some others, there were a distance between mosque and the other buildings.

Establishing of liberal state democratic structure in the Middle East had been faced with up and down in this area during recent decades and century. This issue consistently had been come up with serious discussion about probability democratic system accomplishment in this region. In this regard, some of political expert believe that democratic thoughts could be spread in the entire world and sates of Middle East should consistently joint to this ruling system. Because democratic ideas have efficiency global performance in all of the world and in all of societies. Another group of political sciences believe that democratic system accomplishment in Middle East could not be installed. Because ruling thoughts and dominant doctrines in this region is obstacle for establishing democratic system. In other word, human situations of this region does not prepare for democratic state. From other side, in political geography this issue could was checked form point view of political geography? Other group of political sciences believe that democratic system accomplishment in Middle East could not be installed. Because ruling thoughts and dominant doctrines in this region is obstacle for establishing democratic system. In other word, human situations of this region does not prepare for democratic state. From other side, in political geography this issue could was checked form point view of political geography?
This paper seeks to answer the question: “what human and physical geographical factors is obstacle for progressive democratic states in the middle east?” To answer this question, has used descriptive –analytical methods and with refer to valid bibliography, were struggled that geographical factors extracted as basics source of this issues. In other word, in this paper has been attempted for answering to this problem that why centralization structure of state were developed in this region. So, with acceptation the contradiction between Middle East political cultures and democratic thoughts as hypothesis in this article, was struggled that this topic checked from geographical approach. For description of this issues, have been studied the human and natural geographical conditions of Middle East and have been posed new outlooks for causing this issue. In this paper main question is that” is there any related between geographical situations in the Middle East with progress democracy?”
Result and In overview, the main constraints of democracy making and important factors of centralization and totalities in the Middle East are following:1- Ethnic diversity in the state of this region is very high. So, there has been much potential for conflict and confrontation in the region's countries over the past decade. Obviously totalitarian regimes are better able for overcoming to ethnic divisions.so, this ensures that the desire of concentration of power increase in these areas. From other side, Biological Foundations of scattering in this region is not fair. Therefore centralized state only can provide equitable access for all people fairly. In other words, natural resources and fossil fuels there are not equal in across the country.
3- In this region, one of the crucial elements influencing the political features of the state and society are religion. Obviously, since the advent of Islam in the Middle East has been profound impact on the objective features of the government, and society in this region. Obviously Islam is less adapted with the principles of democracy and liberalism. So this issue is another human obstacle of democratic state emergence in this region. In this region, one of the crucial elements influencing the political features of the state and society are religion. Obviously, since the advent of Islam in the Middle East has been profound impact on the objective features of the government, and society in this region. Obviously Islam is less adapted with the principles of democracy and liberalism. So this issue is another human obstacle of democratic state emergence in this region. So it is clear that Islamic thought does not really match with democracy. In a democracy, all citizens should have equal rights with together, while in Islam between men and women, scholars and imitators, and between Muslims and non-Muslims there are not equal rights.
4- In most development countries, the bulk of tax revenue comes from the state budget. In some countries, even in the top 80 percent revenue earn from taxes. But in most state in the Middle Easter, more than 50 percent of government revenue earns directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-product. But in most state in the Middle Easter, more than 50 percent of government revenue earns directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-product. So states having relatively large revenues from the sale of fossil fuels and single-product, determine its own national strategic objective, develop and implement
As mentioned, human and physical geographical structures and infrastructure have very effective role on and political idea in any state in this region. Because democratic ideas have efficiency global performance in all of the world and in all of societies. Another group of political sciences believe that democratic system accomplishment in Middle East could not be installed. Finding research reveal that determinate human and natural geographical condition in this region is biggest obstacle for establishing democratic system.
Thus, in the Middle Easter, there are many historical evidences indicate a large influence of geographical environment on the structure and functions of state and the government particularly in this region. The bulk of tax revenue comes from the state budget. In some countries, even in the top 80 percent revenue earn from taxes. But in most state in the Middle Easter, more than 50 percent of government revenue earns directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-product. So states having relatively large revenues from the sale of fossil fuels and single-product, determine its own national strategic objective, develop and implement.

In a general division “knowledge” can be considered in the broadest sense and specifically. Knowledge in general means consisting of a set of data and information, regardless of the subject, content and methodology, and is comprised of all information. In English language it is called knowledge. In a certain sense, the knowledge is said to the knowledge that it has experimentally testable characteristics, and it called by the word “science”. Based on the principles of openness, many sciences such as philosophy, mathematics, literature, poetry, theology, logic, and so it will be out of the realm of scientific knowledge. According to the positivists and philosophers of science and based on criteria of "meaning" experimental science is based on observation and testing. And it has the ability of proven and experience. Therefore any testable knowledge is included in and proven scientific knowledge are included in experiment knowledge and the knowledge with out these characteristics of the test, mainly is not be considered scientific knowledge. According to the philosophy of science, empirical knowledge is contained the following characteristics:1. Empirical knowledge is based on observation and tests (test of knowledge and experience)
2. Empirical research has provided the assumptions.
3-scientific explanations are always based on scientific theories and laws.
4. Theories and scientific laws are generally indicative of a stable order of objects.
5. Empirical knowledge is both proved and falsifiable.
6. The method of experimental science is selective.
Knowledge of geography and its branches geopolitics described the systematic relations between humans (policy) and geographical environment. Therefore, its history is related to the long life of the old man on the ground. The main question that arises here is: "Can we considered the political geography as an empirical knowledge among the experimental sciences?”
According to the hypothesis of this paper geopolitical because of having the characteristics of the six empirical knowledges it is regarded among empirical knowledge.
Methods The "hypothetical judgment" based on the method of "induction" and "deduction" is in both the And using textbooks and library resources and development of basic research is theoretical.
In this regard, we see that all empirical science is evident in political geography, we can take geopolitics into account an experimental science, since any research in the field of political geography of countries contained objective and previous experience, and provide the a legal framework to predict the future and its stable and arena.
It does not mean that all the time we talk about past but to study and achieve a predictable outcome of the general law and practice should be have a root in the past. However, may be some reason found in the present. But we should used the past experience in order to analysis, reach a result and general law, generally we cannot be regardless to the past and everything has roots in the past. However, the causes will be variable during the times. Geopolitical events are based on this theory, too. And the destiny of today and tomorrow people of every country are combined with their past. And to achieve success must learn from past experiences and mistakes.
The researcher examined the nature of geopolitics in this paper this study found that geopolitics are the current politic. The only difference with political science is emphasize and the attention to the consequences of geography and applying the techniques of spatial analysis. Political geography as an academic discipline, keep up alongside other disciplines in science. In the case that in every debate about the politic of countries, political geography presented itself generally and specifically.
To provide any definition of geopolitics and utter anything about it, whether domestic or foreign, it should be analysis a series of concepts and elements related to this notion, and perceive that without them there would be no political geography. In fact we can use these concepts as elements of geopolitical component. But according to the material presented in this study can be emphasize the fact that the political geography has evolved over times and it regarded as an experiment science in scientific circles, and they called geopolitical as knowledge and an empirical science with ancient roots. Because of the above mentioned matters we concluded that geopolitics is an empirical science. And its dominated method is inductive method. However, in some cases also used a deductive method and it has a supporting role. And the explanations are performed causal and teleological with a specific purpose.
In a certain sense, the knowledge is said to the knowledge that it has experimentally testable characteristics, and it called by the word “science”. Based on the principles of openness, many sciences such as philosophy, mathematics, literature, poetry, theology, logic, and so it will be out of the realm of scientific knowledge. According to the positivists and philosophers of science and based on criteria of "meaning" experimental science is based on observation and testing. And it has the ability of proven and experience. Therefore any testable knowledge is included in and proven scientific knowledge are included in experiment knowledge and the knowledge with out these characteristics of the test, mainly is not be considered scientific knowledge
Knowledge of geography and its branches geopolitics described the systematic relations between humans (policy) and geographical environment. Therefore, its history is related to the long life of the old man on the ground. The main question that arises here is: "Can we considered the political geography as an empirical knowledge among the experimental sciences?”According to the hypothesis of this paper geopolitical because of having the characteristics of the six empirical knowledges it is regarded among empirical knowledge.Therefore any testable knowledge is included in and proven scientific knowledge are included in experiment knowledge and the knowledge with out these characteristics of the test, mainly is not be considered scientific knowledge