فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 98 (زمستان 1395)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 98 (زمستان 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/11/04
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • مهدی حسام، محمدرضا رضوانی، حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، سوسن باستانی صفحات 603-616
    یکی از ابعاد بسیار مهم نظریه های توسعه پایدار روستایی، توسعه اقتصادی در کنار توسعه اجتماعی و اکولوژیک است. در این میان، گردشگری در جوامع روستایی، نقش بسیار مهمی در توسعه اقتصادی آن ها دارد. یکی از مهم ترین عوامل توسعه گردشگری در روستاها، توجه به کارآفرینی گردشگری است. بدین صورت که کارآفرینی گردشگری، با ایجاد اشتغال، بهبود کیفیت زندگی، توزیع مناسب درآمد و بهره برداری بهینه از منابع، نقش مهمی در رشد اقتصادی روستاها و درنتیجه در توسعه روستایی دارد. متنوع سازی اقتصاد روستایی، تنها با القا از بیرون محقق نمی شود. کارآفرینان محیط های روستایی باید خود فرصت ها و منابع بالقوه و بالفعل را بشناسند و با استفاده بهینه از آن ها تنوع اشتغال و اقتصاد را برای محیط روستایی به ارمغان بیاورند. از این رو، این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی توسعه کارآفرینی در بحث گردشگری روستایی انجام گرفته است. محدوده مورد مطالعه شامل روستاهای بخش لاریجان شهرستان آمل در استان مازندران است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه مورد مطالعه، شامل مشارکت کنندگان در فعالیت های گردشگری منطقه است که از میان آن ها 80 نفر به عنوان نمونه به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. مطابق نتایج، شاخص های دسترسی به زیرساخت های فیزیکی، فضای اجتماعی و میزان اعتمادبه نفس، مطلوبیت بالایی در روستاهای مورد مطالعه دارند، اما شاخص های دسترسی به آموزش، مشاوره و تجربیات، مهارت و دانش، دسترسی به سرمایه، نوآوری و خلاقیت، آینده نگری، تولید، فروش و بازاریابی تولیدات، در وضعیت مناسبی نیستند.
    کلیدواژگان: بخش لاریجان، توسعه روستایی، توسعه کارآفرینی، گردشگری روستایی
  • ابوالفضل مشکینی، محمد علی خلیجی صفحات 617-629
    برنامه ریزی های نامطلوب و توزیع ناعادلانه منابع مالی و انسانی، مسائل عمده ای را با ابعاد گوناگون و پیچیده، در روند توسعه یافتگی شهرها به خصوص شهرهای کوچک ایجاد کرده است. مسکن به عنوان موضوعی چندبعدی، تاثیر بسزایی بر توسعه یافتگی شهرها دارد و از مهم ترین نیازهای انسان به شمار می رود. در ارزیابی توسعه یافتگی شهرها در بخش مسکن، گام نخست شناخت وضع مسکن در شهرهاست. این امر، زمینه مناسب برای ارائه راهبردها و به کارگیری برنامه های مناسب توسعه مسکن و نیز توسعه یکپارچه ناحیه ای و تحلیل وابستگی سکونتگاه های انسانی را در نواحی فراهم می آورد. براین اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل شاخص ها و تعیین عوامل موثر بر توسعه محله های شهر بناب و سطح بندی هریک از محله هاست. بدین منظور، بررسی شاخص های کمی، جمعیتی و کالبدی مسکن انجام گرفت و اطلاعات مربوط به آن ها برای شانزده محله شهر بناب جمع آوری شد. پژوهش به روش تحلیل خوشه ایبا استفاده از تکنیک های آماری SPSS انجام گرفت. مطابق نتایج، بیشتر محله ها در خوشه اول (محله های توسعه یافته) هستند؛ یعنی بالاترین مطلوبیت مسکن را دارند. محله های 2، 14 و 15 در خوشه دوم وضعیت نسبتا مطلوب، محله 4 در خوشه سوم وضعیت نسبتا نامطلوب و محله 8 در خوشه چهارم وضعیت نامطلوب دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: بناب، تحلیل خوشه ای، کاربری اراضی، محله ها، مسکن
  • سمیره صی محمدی، کیومرث زرافشانی، امیرحسین علی بیگی صفحات 631-643
    امروزه یکی از راهبردهای توسعه روستایی، راه اندازی صنایع فرآوری محصولات کشاورزی و نیز کشت وصنعت ها در مناطق روستایی است.اگرچه این کارخانه ها با هدف بهبود زندگی مردم در مناطق روستایی احداث می شوند، نباید پیامدهای اجتماعی- اقتصادی آن ها را نادیده گرفت.در زمینه ارزیابی پیامدهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی احداث کارخانه ها، مطالعات محدودی صورت گرفته است. هدف از این پژوهش کیفی، بررسی پیامدهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی شرکت کشت وصنعت روژین تاک در شهرستان کرمانشاه است. با توجه به ماهیت موضوعی مطالعه (ارزیابی پیامد)، بسیاری از پژوهشگران پیامدسنجی معتقدند که رویکرد مناسب برای چنین مطالعاتی روش کیفی است؛ بنابراین، این مطالعه با روش تحقیق کیفی به اجرا درآمده است. جامعه مورد مطالعه این پژوهش شامل کشاورزان بالای 30 سال روستاهای تازه آباد، نظام آباد، توللی، احمدوند، تپه افشار و سرابله در مناطق الهیارخانی و میان دربند است. به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات، از تکنیک های مصاحبه انفرادی و گروه متمرکز بهره گرفته شد. داده ها با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل محتوا تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد تغییرات اقتصادی شرکت کشت وصنعت روژین تاک در منطقه مورد مطالعه شامل ترویج کشت گوجه فرنگی، توسعه اشتغال کشاورزی و غیرکشاورزی، کاهش هزینه حمل ونقل محصول و افزایش قیمت زمین است و پیامدهای اقتصادی شامل بهبود وضع اقتصادی و تغییر الگوی کشت می شود. تغییرات زیست محیطی که به بروز پیامد اجتماعی منجر شده اند، عبارت اند از افزایش ترافیک و آلودگی صوتی. از پیامدهای اجتماعی می توان به مواردی مانند افزایش تصادفات، سیر صعودی مهاجرت معکوس، تقویت انسجام گروهی، بهبود رفاه اجتماعی- اقتصادی و میل به تحصیل اشاره کرد. به منظور اعتباربخشی به یافته های تحقیق، نتایج مطالعه به مسئولان شرکت روژین تاک ارائه و به بحث گذاشته شد. سیاست گذاران توسعه روستایی استان می توانند نتایج این مطالعه را مبنایی برای سنجش ریسک در برنامه ریزی صنایع روستایی آینده قرار دهند.
    کلیدواژگان: پیامدهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی، پیامدسنجی، تغییرات اجتماعی-اقتصادی، سنجش ریسک، کشت وصنعت
  • شیرکو احمدی، مرتضی توکلی صفحات 645-659
    کشاورزی یکی از مهم ترین بخش های اقتصادی است که از جهت تولید مواد غذایی و محصولات کشاورزی صنعتی، نقش بسیار مهمی در توسعه اقتصادی ایفا می کند. در این راستا نقش نیروی انسانی اهمیت بسیار دارد؛ به طوری که تغییرات کمی و کیفی نیروی انسانی و سرمایه انسانی، به تغییرات عمده در تولید محصولات کشاورزی منجر می شود و بر بهره وری کشاورزی کاملا اثرگذار است. این پژوهش، با رویکردی توصیفی- تحلیلی است و با مطالعات اسنادی و نیز برداشت های میدانی و پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل 169 روستای بخش مرکزی شهرستان سردشت است که به روش خوشه ایمکانی و به شیوه تصادفی ساده، از میان آن ها 32 روستا به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS انجام گرفت. مطابق نتایج، مهاجرت مهم ترین عامل تغییر جمعیت است که آثار آن به صورت تغییر ساختار شغلی در بخش کشاورزی نمایان می شود. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد در دوره مورد مطالعه، میزان اشتغال در بخش کشاورزی کاهش یافته و در دیگر بخش های اقتصادی افزایش یافته است. نتایج آزمون تی نیز نشانگر آن است که تغییرات جمعیتی منطقه، در میان ساختارهای کشاورزی، بیشترین تاثیر را بر ساختار شغلی بخش کشاورزی ایجاد کرده است. بررسی ارتباط میان مهاجرت و نهاده های کشاورزی نیز نشان می دهد افزایش سرمایه، نیروی کار و سطح سواد موجب کاهش مهاجرت و افزایش سطح زیر کشت و افزایش ماشین آلات سبب افزایش مهاجرت می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: بخش مرکزی، جمعیت، ساختار کشاورزی، شهرستان سردشت، مهاجرت
  • مهدی مدیری صفحات 661-672
    نقشه، تصویر کوچک شده و قراردادی تمام کره زمین یا بخشی از آن است که به روش هندسی، روی سطحی مستوی به نمایش درمی آید. با توجه به محدودیت فضای نقشه، انتخاب و طراحی عناصر نمایش اطلاعات زمین، نیازمند فرایندی انتخابی، متناسب با اهداف تهیه است تا به کاهش سیستماتیک اطلاعات جغرافیایی پردازد. نقشه ، عوارض زمینی را در مقیاسی کوچک تر از شکل حقیقی اش به نمایش می گذارد. هرچه عدد مقیاس بزرگ تر باشد، جزئیات کمتری از عوارض قابل نمایش است. با تغییر عدد مقیاس باید ارتباط منطقی میان عوارض و ابعاد نقشه حفظ شود؛ بنابراین، عوارض باید به گونه ای حذف شوند که این رابطه منطقی از بین نرود. همچنین یک نقشه کامل در مقیاس جدید با توجه به نیازمندی های کاربران و اصول و قواعد کارتوگرافی حاصل شود. جنرالیزاسیون به عنوان یک فرایند کوچک سازی و تولید نقشه در مقیاس کوچک تر، همیشه مورد توجه بوده است. با توجه به مشکلات پیش روی روند تولید نقشه های کوچک مقیاس و نیاز صرف زمان و هزینه زیاد برای گویاسازی و گستره عملیات میدانی، امروزه این روش به عنوان یک راهکار اجرایی ضرورت یافته است. به طورکلی، جنرالیزاسیون در دو بخش عمده برای عوارض مسطحاتی و ارتفاعی انجام می شود. در این مقاله، به بررسی جنرالیزاسیون عوارض ارتفاعی به صورت اتوماتیک، شامل نقاط ارتفاعی و منحنی میزان ها پرداخته می شود. جنرالیزه منحنی میزان ها، به دو روش استفاده مستقیم از نقشه مبنا یا تولید DEM انجام می شود. سپس با توجه به عبور عوارض هیدرولوژیکی مانند آبریزها، منحنی ها تصحیح می شوند. در جنرالیزاسیون، نقاط ارتفاعی نیز نقاط براساس اهمیت و ارتفاع، انتخاب یا حذف می شوند. درنهایت، عوارض ارتفاعی نقشه هایی با مقیاس 100.000/1، 250.000/1 و 500.000/1- که به روش اتوماتیک جنرالیزه شده اند- نمایش و تجزیه و تحلیل می شوند.
    کلیدواژگان: جنرالیزاسیون، عوارض هیدرولوژی، منحنی میزان، نقشه پایه، نقطه ارتفاعی
  • حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، سعید آزادی قطار، سید کاظم علوی پناه، احمد پوراحمد صفحات 673-696
    یکی از مهم ترین و کلیدی ترین موارد برای تصمیم گیری، برنامه ریزی و مدیریت شهری یکپارچه، وجود اطلاعات مکانی جامع است. پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی و ظرفیت سنجی شهرداری بابلسر از نظر پیاده سازی و توسعه زیرساخت داده های مکانی (SDI) انجام شده است. این پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر مصاحبه و به لحاظ هدف کاربردی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، شامل کارکنان شهرداری بابلسر است و نمونه های آماری آن از واحدهای کلیدی موثر در SDI بخشی شهرداری انتخاب شده اند. به منظور مطالعه و ارزیابی شهرداری بابلسر از نظر پیاده سازی و توسعه SDI، از مدل مفهومی توسعه SDI ملی ایران استفاده شد. مطابق نتایج، بعضی از چالش های مهم در زمینه پیاده سازی SDI شهرداری بابلسر عبارت اند از: پایین بودن آگاهی، فرهنگ و ادراک متولیان اصلی تولید و به کارگیری داده های مکانی، نبود سیاست ها و دستورالعمل های مشخص برای تولید داده ها و فراداده های مربوط به آن و استانداردسازی و به روزرسانی داده و فراداده های مربوط، ذخیره سازی و تهیه نسخه پشتیبان، نحوه نمایش به اشتراک گذاری و تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و نیز دستورالعمل های کنترل کیفیت داده ها، و نبود منابع مالی و بودجه های تعریف شده در برنامه های بلندمدت و میان مدت شهرداری. بااین حال، وجود انگیزه بالا در سیاست گذاران شهرداری و کارشناسان بعضی از واحدها برای فراهم کردن امکان استفاده از سیستم GIS در واحدهای مختلف شهرداری و وجود شرایط فنی لازم و بسترهای مخابراتی به منظور برقراری ارتباط میان همه واحدهای موثر در فعالیت SDI، از قوت های بسیار مهم در راستای پیاده سازی SDI بخشی شهرداری مورد مطالعه هستند.
    کلیدواژگان: بابلسر، زیرساخت داده های مکانی (SDI)، شهرداری، مدیریت اطلاعات
  • عمران راستی صفحات 697-715
    قدمت واژه ژئوپلیتیک و دانش آن به خصوص در بعد نظری، اندکی فراتر از یازده دهه است، اما ریشه اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی، به قلمروخواهی، قلمروسازی، قلمروداری و قلمروگستری انسان و جست وجوی وی برای تامین امنیت خود و قلمروش برمی گردد. بیشتر صاحب نظران جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، بر تاریخی بودن اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی اذعان دارند، اما اتفاق نظری در تعریف ژئوپلیتیک و دوره بندی های انجام گرفته از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی وجود ندارد. در این پژوهش، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مقایسه ای، به بررسی انتقادی این دوره بندی ها پرداخته می شود. با بررسی این دوره بندی ها و با توجه به نقاط عطف و فصول افتراق آن ها، تمامی دوره بندی ها در دو دسته کلی گنجانده شدند: 1. دوره بندی های تاریخی از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی و 2. دوره بندی های معطوف به تاریخچه علم ژئوپلیتیک. مهم ترین ضعف این دوره بندی ها، نقص و نارسایی آن ها در پوششی کامل و تاریخی از اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی در دوره های مختلف است. البته بعضی از این دوره بندی ها نیز منحصر به یک بعد ژئوپلیتیک (عمدتا بعد نظری) یا تاریخ علم ژئوپلیتیک هستند. با واکاوی این دوره بندی ها و بررسی قوت ها و ضعف های آن ها، یک دوره بندی جدید ارائه شد که ضمن جامعیت برای دربرگرفتن تمامی دوره بندی های قبلی، ابعاد مختلف ژئوپلیتیک را نیز دربرگیرد. در دوره بندی پیشنهادی، اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی به سه دوره پیشامدرن، مدرن و پسامدرن تقسیم شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اندیشه و عمل ژئوپلیتیکی، دانش ژئوپلیتیک، دوره بندی جدید، دوره بندی ژئوپلیتیکی، ژئوپلیتیک
  • محمد شیخی، رضا ویسی صفحات 717-732
    سلسله مراتب شهری در کشورهای جهان سوم، نشانگر نبود تعادل در توزیع جمعیت بین شهرهای آن کشورهاست و این نبود تعادل، در سال های اخیر شدت بیشتری یافته است. در ایران نیز به تبعیت از تحولات شهرنشینی، سلسله مراتب شهری دچار تغییراتی شده است که این تغییرات بیشتر درجهت ازبین رفتن تعادل شبکه شهری در مناطق مختلف کشور است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی سلسله مراتب شهری در استان گیلان، طی سال های 1345- 1390 است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی با تکیه بر بعضی از مدل های برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای است. مطابق یافته ها، سلسله مراتب شهری در استان تعادل ندارد و تعادل آن به تدریج کاهش می یابد. در این پژوهش، با تاکید بر مدل های حد اختلاف طبقه ای، ضریب آنتروپی، قانون رتبه و اندازه، شاخص نخست شهری، شاخص دوشهر یا جفرسون، شاخص چهارشهر یا کینزبرگ، شاخص چهارشهر مهتا و شاخص موماو مشخص شد که سلسله مراتب شهری در استان بدون تعادل است. همچنین شبکه شهری استان طی 50 سال گذشته با پدیده نخست شهری مواجه بوده و در سال های اخیر شدت آن افزایش یافته است. برای رسیدن به تعادل در سلسله مراتب شهری استان گیلان، تمرکززدایی از کلان شهر رشت، بهبود وضعیت زیست در سکونتگاه های روستایی استان گیلان، حمایت از اشتغال روستایی از جمله بخش کشاورزی و تشویق سرمایه گذاری در شهرهای کوچک و مناطق روستایی استان گیلان ضروری است.
    کلیدواژگان: استان گیلان، سلسله مراتب شهری، مدل آنتروپی، مدل رتبه، اندازه، نخست شهری
  • آزیتا رجبی، نوبخت سبحانی صفحات 733-749
    برای توسعه پایدار منطقه ای، فرمول واحدی برای تمام کشورها به دست نیامده است و در هر کشور باید با توجه به شرایط اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی و شرایط اکولوژیکی، معیارهای خاص توسعه پایدار را شناسایی کرد. شناخت مولفه ها، شاخص ها و نماگرهای برخورداری، در گرو شناخت هرچه بهتر شاخص های توسعه است؛ زیرا شاخص ها نه تنها ابزاری برای اندازه گیری هستند، بلکه راهنمایی برای چگونگی درک مفهوم توسعه پایدار نیز قلمداد می شوند و انتخاب و تعیین دقیق آن ها در امر توسعه و محرومیت و اینکه آیا وضعیت توسعه یافتگی پایدار یا ناپایدار است، یکی از مراحل اساسی در برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری است؛ بنابراین، شاخص ها یکی از اجزای ضروری برای ارزیابی کلی میزان پیشرفت به سوی توسعه پایدار به شمار می روند. پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از 32 شاخص، توسعه پایدار را در میان کشورهای آسیایی تحلیل می کند. روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است و در آن، از تکنیک چندمعیاره (تاپسیس) برای سطح بندی کشورهای آسیایی مورد مطالعه استفاده شده است. نتایج به کارگیری تکنیک تاپسیس نشان می دهد در بین سال های 1385، 1387، 1389 و 1391 کشورهای نپال، کامبوج و بوتان در رتبه های نخست قرار دارند و در همین سال ها، کشورهایی مانند ترکمنستان، عراق، فلسطین اشغالی، اردن و سوریه، ناپایدار به شمار می روند. در حالت کلی طی سال های مورد ارزیابی برخورداری کشورها از لحاظ شاخص های مورد سنجش محسوس بوده و تغییر خاصی در آن ها از سال 1385 تا 1391صورت نگرفته است و بیانگر ناپداری نسبتا بالای کشورها از بعد شاخص پایداری می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیا، توسعه، توسعه پایدار، شاخص
  • احمد خادم الحسینی، صفر قائدرحمتی، زهرا جمشیدی صفحات 751-763
    قرارگرفتن در فضای مدرن، افزایش جمعیت و رشد شهرنشینی، شهرها را به کانون تجمع های زیستی و فعالیت های مختلف تبدیل کرده و آن ها را با کمبود فضاهای سبز عمومی روبه رو ساخته است. از سوی دیگر، گذر از مدرنیته و قرارگرفتن در جهان پسامدرن و نیز به وجودآمدن حس نوستالژیک در این فضا، نیاز شهروندان برای گذران اوقات فراغت را افزایش داده و سبب گرایش به بازگشت به فضاهای سبز در شهرهای مدرن شده است که این خود آثار اجتماعی، روانی و فرهنگی زیادی را شهرنشینان این فضاها دارد. اهمیت فضاهای سبز شهری تا حدی است که امروزه وجود این کاربری، یکی از شاخص های توسعه یافتگی جوامع به شمار می آید. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی فضاهای سبز درجهت رسیدن به استانداردها و وضعیت مطلوب و نیز ارزیابی پایداری شهری از منظر پارک ها و فضاهای سبز عمومی در شهر اصفهان است و در آن، به صورت تطبیقی، مناطق پانزده گانه کلان شهر اصفهان بررسی شده است. پژوهش، اسنادی- تحلیلی است و جمع بندی داده های کمی در قالب مدل ضریب پراکندگی، نتیجه نهایی تحقیق را به دست داده است. یافته ها در زمینه چگونگی توزیع فضاهای سبز شهری در مناطق پانزده گانه اصفهان نشانگر آن است که توزیع فضاهای سبز شهری در شهر اصفهان، متعادل است؛ به نحوی که از این منظر، مناطق شهری 2، 4، 5 و 6 در شرایط پایدار، مناطق 7، 9، 12 و 13 در شرایط نیمه پایدار و سایر مناطق در شرایط ناپایدار به سر می برند.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی پایداری، شهر اصفهان، فضای سبز شهری
  • عیسی پوررمضان صفحات 765-782
    دهیاری ها به عنوان بازوی اجرایی شورا در روستاها، از مهم ترین نهادهای مردمی و محلی در ایران هستند که در تامین منابع مالی مورد نیاز فعالیت هایی که به موجب قانون برعهده آن ها گذاشته شده، همواره با دشواری هایی مواجهند و این دشواری ها توانایی آن ها را در ارائه خدمات به جامعه روستایی به چالش می کشد. پژوهش حاضر، این مسئله را بررسی می کند و راهکارهایی علمی و عملی به منظور تامین منابع مالی پایدار برای دهیاری های استان گیلان با محوریت دهیاری گیلاکجان ارائه می دهد. این پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر هدف کاربردی است. داده های مورد نیاز تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه مقایسه های زوجی، در میان گروهی از خبرگان روستایی و کارشناسان مرتبط با موضوع تحقیق گردآوری شدند. سپس تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار Expert Choice انجام گرفت و منابع درآمدی برحسب درجه اولویت پیشنهاد شد. در این پژوهش، برای تدوین بسته ای اولویت بندی شده از منابع درآمدی جدید، از روش های دلفی و فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) استفاده شد. براین اساس، مدل سازی مسئله تحقیق، با شناسایی منابع درآمدی جدید، مبتنی بر ویژگی های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی و توانمندی های موجود در روستای گیلاکجان در قالب روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی انجام گرفت که شامل اصلاح طرح هادی (0716/0)، ایجاد اقامتگاه و کمپینگ (0491/0) و پرورش گل و گیاه (0487/0) و به ترتیب، دارای اولویت های اول تا سوم برای کسب درآمد هستند. پرورش ماهی (0351/0)، کشت دوم (0344/0)، ایجاد بازارچه ساحلی (0317/0) و استعلام نقل وانتقال اسناد رسمی از دهیاری (0270/0) نیز به ترتیب در درجه اهمیت چهارم تا هفتم قرار دارند. دریافت عوارض از اراضی بایر (0259/0) دارای اولویت هشتم، دریافت عوارض از واگذاری انشعاب آب و امتیاز برق و تلفن (0230/0) دارای اولویت نهم، دریافت عوارض بیمه اجتماعی و بیمه اراضی و املاک (0201/0) دارای اولویت دهم و احداث سردخانه (0126/0) دارای اولویت یازدهم است.
    کلیدواژگان: دهیاری، دهیاری گیلاکجان، دهیاری های استان گیلان، راهکارها، منابع درآمدی پایدار
  • علی شماعی، فرزانه ساسان پور، محمد سلیمانی، محسن احدنژاد روشتی، تقی حیدری صفحات 783-799
    شهر زیست پذیر، طیف کاملی از فضاها و فعالیت های اجتماعی و اقتصادی جذاب و پرمعنا دارد. چنین شهری، مکانی مطلوب برای کار و زندگی به شمار می رود. رویکردهای گوناگونی درباره زیست پذیری شهری مطرح شده است، مانند رویکرد تجربی، رویکرد ادراک های فردی و رویکرد کیفیت زندگی. این پژوهش، با رویکرد کیفیت زندگی، به مطالعه بافت های فرسوده شهری زنجان می پردازد. هدف این پژوهش، شناخت وضعیت زیست پذیری بافت فرسوده شهر زنجان و عوامل موثر بر آن است. برای دستیابی به این هدف، با بهره گیری از روش های توصیفی- تحلیلی و پیمایشی و با بهره گیری از ابزار پرسشنامه، 381 نفر از ساکنان بافت فرسوده، به روش نمونه گیری احتمالی ارزیابی شدند و اطلاعات گردآوری شده با به کارگیری تحلیل های عاملی، رگرسیون و تحلیل مسیر در محیط نرم افزار spss از لحاظ آماری تجزیه و تحلیل شد. مطابق نتایج تحلیل عاملی، زیرشاخص های مدیریتی (982/0= Ex) سهم بیشتری در تاثیرگذاری بر میزان زیست پذیری بافت فرسوده شهر زنجان دارد. همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیونی زیست پذیری بافت فرسوده شهر زنجان نشان می دهد در میان عوامل، زیست پذیری بافت فرسوده شهر زنجان، بیشترین مقدار همبستگی را با شاخص اجتماعی (645/0= R2) دارد و به تحولات و توسعه مناسبات اجتماعی بسیار وابسته است؛ چنانکه تحلیل مسیر نیز نشانگر آن است که شاخص اجتماعی (622/0= β) در میان سایر عوامل، به طور مستقیم بیشترین اثر را بر زیست پذیری داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: بافت فرسوده، زیست پذیری، شاخص های زیست پذیری، شهر زنجان، کیفیت زندگی
  • مهدی کروبی، شیما بذرافشان صفحات 801-813
    مشارکت و همکاری ساکنان، تضمین کننده موفقیت اجرای برنامه های گردشگری پایدار است و نبود این مشارکت موجب شکست اجرای آن ها می شود. به همین سبب، سنجش نگرش ساکنان به توسعه گردشگری پایدار، اهمیت بسیار دارد. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی این موضوع می پردازد و میزان حمایت ساکنان از توسعه گردشگری پایدار را نیز در شهر بابلسر مطالعه می کند. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی نگرش ذی نفعان گردشگری به فعالیت های پایدار و طبقه بندی آن ها براساس نگرش هایشان به فعالیت های مربوط به توسعه گردشگری پایدار و نیز بررسی ویژگی های جمعیت شناختی هر طبقه است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل خانوارهای شهر بابلسر (درمجموع، 13،486 خانوار) است. بنابر جدول مورگان، از میان آن ها 380 نمونه به روش نمونه گیری قضاوتی انتخاب شدند. برای سنجش نگرش ساکنان، از مقیاس SUS-TAS استفاده شد. تحلیل داده ها در سه مرحله انجام گرفت. در مرحله نخست، برای تعیین روایی سازه پرسشنامه، از تحلیل عاملی تاییدی با استفاده از نرم افزار Lisrel استفاده شد و تایید روایی پرسشنامه صورت گرفت. در مرحله دوم، برای تقسیم نمونه ها به گروه های متجانس براساس نگرش آن ها به فعالیت های پایدار در توسعه گردشگری، از تحلیل خوشه ایبا استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد و نمونه ها به سه گروه تقسیم شدند: بدبینان، حامیان متوسط و حامیان سرسخت. در مرحله سوم، برای مشخص کردن تفاوت های جمعیت شناختی خاص هر طبقه، برحسب مقیاس متغیرهای مورد مقایسه، از آزمون های تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه (ANOVA) و کروسکال- والیس استفاده شد. مطابق نتایج این آزمون، گروه ها از نظر توزیع متغیرهای مدت سکونت در منطقه و وضعیت تاهل همگون اند و از نظر متغیرهای سن، جنس، سطح تحصیلات، میزان درآمد ماهیانه و ارتباط شغل با گردشگری تفاوت معنادار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه، ذی نفعان گردشگری، گردشگری پایدار، مقیاس SUS-TAS، نگرش
  • اسماعیل علمدار، عمران راستی، سید عباس احمدی صفحات 815-829
    مشارکت ملی افراد جامعه در زمینه های سیاسی، اقتصادی و... ، اساس مشروعیت نظام های سیاسی است. در این میان، نهاد انتخابات، مهم ترین ابزار تحقق مشارکت سیاسی برای شکل گیری مردم سالاری در حکومت های ملی است.انتخابات، یکی از مسائل مطرح در جغرافیای سیاسی است که با عنوان جغرافیای انتخابات بررسی می شود. با پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی، زمینه مشارکت مردم در سرنوشت سیاسی کشور بیش ازپیش فراهم شد. انتخابات ریاست جمهوری در کشور ما، با توجه به نقش دولت در زندگی مردم، جزء مهم ترین انتخابات ها به شمار می آید. در این پژوهش، با رویکردی توصیفی- تحلیلی، میزان مشارکت استان خراسان جنوبی در مقایسه با کل کشور، طی یازده دوره انتخابات ریاست جمهوری بررسی می شود و سپس به تحلیل فضایی انتخابات دوره های دهم و یازدهم، به تفکیک آرای کاندیداها، در سطح شهرستان ها پرداخته می شود. این پژوهش به این سوال اساسی پاسخ می دهد که روند مشارکت در این استان طی دوره های انتخاباتی (به ویژه از سال 1383 پس از تقسیم خراسان بزرگ به سه استان) با توجه به موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی آن در نوار مرزی شرق کشور، چگونه بوده است. مطابق نتایج، علی رغم اینکه خراسان جنوبی یک استان مرزنشین است، روند مشارکت بالایی را در دوره های انتخابات ریاست جمهوری داشته است؛ به گونه ای که در یازدهمین دوره انتخابات ریاست جمهوری، با 93 درصد شرکت در انتخابات، بیشترین مشارکت را در سطح کشور به خود اختصاص داده است.
    کلیدواژگان: استان خراسان جنوبی، الگوی فضایی مشارکت، بررسی تطبیقی، جغرافیای انتخابات، دهمین و یازدهمین دوره انتخابات ریاست جمهوری
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  • Pages 603-616
    Introduction
    tourism as one of the most important factors in the development of learning communities are. Achieving the 20 million tourists and generating employment for about 6/5 million people 20 years of consistent vision and perspective Iran 1404, subject to the use of all aspects of the tourist attractions of the country, including in rural areas. Rural tourism as a form of tourism Considering the characteristics, needs, and issues of social, cultural and economic development of local communities, along with tourists called to account, is properly planned and organized, able a major part of economic problems such as unemployment and poverty, reduce rural areas of the country. now tourism have a special place in the economy and an active and effective role in the promotion of economic, social and cultural development, especially in developing countries. In the meantime, today people have become commuter villages to the center of the city to escape the tumultuous life and the life of the car, take a trip to the countryside. In the meantime, today people have become commuter villages to the center of the city to escape the tumultuous life and the life of the car, take a trip to the countryside. Accordingly entrepreneurship in tourism can increase income and employment in rural areas, to prevent migration and rural development. The obvious positive effects of tourism in rural areas can be seen in the increase in business and entrepreneurship. In recent years tourism in rural areas, has spread to many part city of Amol, in Mazandaran province is larijan. In this section, given the proximity to population centers such as Tehran, Mazandaran, Alborz. . . Also located on busy Route Dieters and natural attractions abound, is the destination of many tourists. Therefore, this study sought to assess the state of entrepreneurship in ruralre larijan.
    Materials And Methods
    One of the key areas of research papers, research method research approach that is decisive. This descriptive - analytic survey was conducted. Research is a two part documentary and in the documentary through a library of literature were collected. Little that is included in the field survey to collect data, a questionnaire is. Based on the variables described for measuring the breakdown of rural entrepreneurship concepts defining the scale and source of data collection and data collection questionnaires that participants used tourism activities. Accordingly, the number of 80 villagers were randomly selected to implement the questionnaire.
    Results And Discussion
    Analysis of the mean values of the nine indicators of entrepreneurial climate index indicates low access to education, advice and expertise, skill, knowledge, access to capital, innovation and creativity, foresight, production, sale and marketing of products and high indicators of access to physical infrastructure, social climate, the level of confidence of compliance is tested numerically. According to t-test, one-sample and calculating the amplitude range of between 1 to 5, based on Likert scale fluctuate, the rate for the six indicators mentioned below average condition (3) and 3 index higher than the average is evaluated . The total space of entrepreneurship in rural areas in an acceptable condition is studied. The difference in the level of alpha 0/01 and the difference is significant utility in the form of numerical evaluation and assessment is negative.
    The results show that the Friedman test , the mean index for the analysis of alpha level of entrepreneurship in 0/01, there is a significant difference . However, the highest average rank on the availability of physical infrastructure and the lowest available index, education , advice and experiences are. One of the main causes of low dispersion indices such as experience or capital to tourism businesses .  fragmented nature of the tourism sector has been discussed in the academic literature
    Conclusion
    Tourism growth entrepreneurs and new demands of different types of tourism depends. Rural tourism activities primarily of small businesses. Small companies can often give quick response to the needs of new markets and the introduction of a variety of innovations to be. Characterized small entrepreneurs to fill the gaps. Entrepreneurship in rural tourism rural tourism villages in the north of the country, especially in recent years, can increase employment and income to the rural development. Study area due to its geographical location and proximity to large population centers, and natural properties of rural tourism destinations in the country has become important. Hence this study was to review the status of entrepreneurship. The results show that the index is low access to education and counseling. However, this index is especially important in entrepreneurship, particularly in the tourism sector. The standards of knowledge and skills, access to capital, innovation and creativity in villages than in cities studied, due to lower levels of education, income and capital scarce, so start lower and therefore have to be fit. In this context, support entrepreneurs by providing motivational factors such as financial incentives or support , education and training should be considered . These factors can create entrepreneurs in the early stages of their activities as well as a unique tourism and sustainable tourism can help . However, measures such as access to physical infrastructure , environment and social . . . Live in better conditions . The most favorable situation for rural larijan These measures can be put in a position of strategic relevance to the north of the capital , close to Jmty centers , rural exchanges with surrounding cities , expanded second home tourism is often upper-class are cited. According to the presentation, briefly entrepreneurship in tourism can be said about the origin and nature of entrepreneurship in tourism, entrepreneurship and other economic sectors is different, but in fact necessary for the development of entrepreneurship, such as capital, management training and technology in other industries, the tourism industry can be found more easily. In fact, in today's world, entrepreneurship is one of the most important aspects of tourism which will be increasingly important.
    Keywords: rural development, entrepreneurship development, rural tourism, larijan
  • Pages 617-629
    Introduction
    Housing is more than a mere physical shelter and be included all public facilities and services necessary to live better human being and be sure to provide a relatively long tenure. In Persian Housing means place of peace and quiet. Residential space in underlying a safe and healthy family environment. Today, despite the development of technology and communication, environmental and climatic conditions in human are effective to create the proper environment and affordable housing. Housing is considered as the most basic human needs of the smallest settlements and leading constituent element of geographic phenomena. The Rapid process of urbanization in developing countries and the housing crisis in cities cuse the spreading slums and informal settlements in most of these cities. Currently providing adequate shelter, services and municipal facilities are the major problems of the urban population that is increasing in countries. The more extensive housing are studied the plan has caused from different perspectives including architecture, construction techniques, residential facilities, buildings, land and building costs, housing credits, etc.
    Iran's policy is planned based on two factors: demand and supply of housing. Countries that are faced with housing shortages public housing units in terms of quantity and quality are very important. But gradually the housing problem is reduced. Private ownership of manufactured housing by the private sector is flourishing. Therefore, the main residential use of space to provide the most basic needs of the people that have varying the human In the Urban Spaces. For more than a sense of public space transfer the social and economic dimensions. Thus the main problem that Bonab is facing with, Underdevelopment of quality and quantity of housing. The purpose present study is analysis of indicators, factors causing. Thus the development of Bonab and grading of each of the districts has been done.
    Methodology
    This research is applied research in which the researcher observed and analysis the districts in different ways along with the identification of capacity development of constraints or obstacles as well as it looks. In the meantime to achieve the necessary information for housing needs study and review of documents and information in relevant organizations such as Municipality, the Roads and urbanism organization and Statistical centers is paid. In this paper, cluster analysis is used to evaluate studies. Cluster analysis is a statistical method to identify homogeneous groups or clusters and includes an extensive set of techniques is designed to find a group of similar items in the data set. Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). It is a main task of exploratory data mining, and a common technique for statistical data analysis, used in many fields, including machine learning, pattern recognition, image analysis, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. Cluster analysis itself is not one specific algorithm, but the general task to be solved. It can be achieved by various algorithms that differ significantly in their notion of what constitutes a cluster and how to efficiently find them. Popular notions of clusters include groups with small distances among the cluster members, dense areas of the data space, intervals or particular statistical distributions.
    Results And Discussion
    It can be seen that the land allocations hasty in recent decades in Bonab. Loss of management in land allocations has caused vast dimensions of urban land in the marginal zone, which entrusted to various species. In addition to ensuring the exploitation of urban land, followed a lot of targets. Based on this inconsistency today are seeing the development of city with surrounding villages which results in many problems in the housing sector In new towns and neighborhoods. The housing sector in Bonab has numerous weaknesses and shortcomings, that both related the quantity and the quality. What is certain the housing situation in our country due to urban development in the last century. Wrong policies Planning, Liquidation shortages, Unwillingness of the private sector In financing for housing low-income groups, Lack of policies and laws limiting recurrent transactions of land and housing, High percentage of low-quality housing and standard cause and difficulties in this section. Therefore, planning should be done in such a way that these threats can be turned into opportunities.
    Conclusion
    What results from this analysis are based on cluster analysis revealed in assessing housing conditions in Bonab several significant point is very impressive:The first: Maintain the social context and of features rural and urban In terms of ethnic proximity and family ties in the neighborhood, Where most houses have been constructed as a single unit.
    Second: The growth and development by increasing the number of residential units to be connected in the same situation occurs.
    Third: Environmental factors, natural and unnatural elements in BONAB particularly, access and communication status as a focal point at the junction of North West Tabriz At the entrance of the provincial capital. With creating interest in the field of housing for residents in parts of low slope and plain to the East and North, it has been effective. Calculating the area of each residential neighborhoods and prioritize them based on cluster analysis was attempted. The analysis results indicate that most neighborhoods in the first cluster housing have the highest status utility (developed), quarters of 2, 14 and 15 in the rankings heading the second the relatively favorable relatively poor in the third and fourth quarters cluster, quarters 8 in the fourth are relatively poor. Also the quarter 4 and 8 are not in good condition, this can cause the development of Bonab from the north to Tabriz, in recent decades due to uneven expansion and sprawl of Bonab neighborhoods are not in good condition
    Keywords: Land use, housing, Districts, cluster analysis, Bonab
  • Pages 631-643
    Introduction
    One of the major strategies in rural development is agro-processing and agri-industrial plantations. The puprose of these agro-industrial establishments is to utilize indigenous resources and to bring equilibrium in rural life. Moreover, meeting rural population needs, enhancement of rural welfare, and creating employment opportunities are the focus of such interventions. It aslo believed that without such interventions, human resource capabilities and employment opportunities is not recognized and thus migration among rural population is invetible. Although these agri-industrial factories are established to improve the quality of life among rural residents, their socio-economic impacts shoud not be overlooked. Literature review reveals that the majority of studies have focused on economic impact of agro-industrial factories with less attention to social impact of these interventions. Moreover, methodological aspect of previous studies are not rigorious enough. In other words, the complexities of socio-economic impacts require that researchers use appropriate methodology to understand the direct and indirest impact of agro-industrial factories. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the socio-economic impact of Rojeentak tomato processing plant in Kermanshah Township
    2.
    Methodology
    This study used qualitative research paradigm to assess socio-economic impact of Roujeen-tak food processing plant. The participants included farmers who lived in the nearby area for the past 30 years. This allowed farmers to have a clear picture about the area before Roujeen-tak was brought in the area. Farmers from the following villages were interviewed: Tapeafshar, Ahmanvand, Tazeabad, Tavalali, Sarable, and Nezamabad. Using purposful sampling, 120 farmers from villages participated in the study. snowball sampling continued until sampling saturation. Deep interview and focus group discussion was used to collect data.
    3.
    Discussion
    Results revealed that Rojeentak tomato processing company has brought economic changes and impacts. For example, extensive tomato cultivation in the area coupled with agricultural and non-agricultural businesses which in turn created job opportunities. More economic changes such as reduced harvest handling and increased farm and residential property prices are evident. Higher income, economic wellbeing, a change in crop pattern, and adoption of new cultivation practices were among the economic impacts. A major social change caused by Rojeentak tomato processing factory was heavy traffic and audio pollution. Finally, social impacts included significant car accidents, increased reversed migration, higher collective action, enhanced socio-economic wellbeing, and more interest in education. In order to cross check the findings, a non-formal meeting was arranged with the factory supervisors. All findings were validated through cross examination.
    4.
    Conclusion
    Results shows that Rojeen-tak factory had an influence in rural employmant. Since agriculture has a major role in the region, and tomatoe planting requires extensive labor work, rural farmers are main source of labor. This in turn, increased the rate of employment. The factory has been helpful in marketing tomatoes and therefore there is a garantee that tomatoe growers sell their products on time. This garantee is provided by Roujeen-tak company. In oher words, farmers deliever their products to the company and receive a fair price for their goods. Employment opportunities in one hand and increased income has helped rural villagers to make better living standards. Other social impact are increased welfair and intention to continue education among young population. The increase in farmers’ income, young individuals are finding themselves in better position to continue their education. A negative impact of Rojeen-tak factory is increased traffick load which created accidents in the villages. Perhaps , this traffic load is caused by incoming trucks carrying tomatoes from other provinces. The result of this study has implications for rural development practitioners in that they can use it as a risk assessment tool for future rural interventions. Rural development practitioners can use the result of this study as a risk assessment tool to plan for future agro-industrial plants in the region
    Keywords: Socio-economic change, socio-economic impact, impact assessment, agro-industrial plants, Risk Assessment
  • Pages 645-659
    Agriculture is considered as one of the important sectors of economic. That in the production of food and industrial crops may play an important role in economic development. In this regard human resource is very important. So that quantitative and qualitative changes in the human resources can lead to major changes in agricultural production and it influences completely agricultural productivity. This research has done by descriptive analytical approach and according to documentary Studies and survey and field studies. The population of the research is 169 villages in central part of city Sardasht. That among them 32 villages as statistical sample was selected randomly and by spatial clustering method. And the data were analyzed by SPSS/forWin19.0 software. The results showed that migration is a major factor in population changes that has effects on changes in the structure of employment in agriculture. Also results showed that in the section under study the rate of employment in the agriculture section was reduced and in the other economic sections is increased in the under studying region.
    Also the results of T-test showed that population changes in the region had create the most changes on job structures of agriculture .the review between the relationship between migration and agricultural inputs showed that capital increasing, labor force and literacy causes to reduce migration and elements such as increasing the area under cultivation and machines lead to migration increase.
    Introduction
    Each country's economic status depends on the performance of economic sectors such as agriculture, industry and services. Appropriate performance is archived in light of the optimal combination of productive resources and increased productivity. One of the main causes of population change is migration. And it can create the rapid and short-term effects in the number and structure of population in addition long term changes and causes to balance and imbalance in community population structure.
    Human resource development is closely related to population changes. In other words migration is like double-edged sword and can improve the micro and macro levels of society if moves in the proper way otherwise has adverse impacts to society. Population changes that is measured by indexes of population growth, pure rate of migration and mortality rates whilst itself plays an important role in sustainable development it effects on process of human capital accumulation and sustainable development of agriculture by factors such as change in family income and possibility of migration and education caused by surplus income or other factors. That among these factors migration plays an important role and is very tangible. According to above material the current study is looking for this answer: Changes in the rural population, especially immigrants, what effect it will have on the agricultural sector?
    Methodology
    The kind of the current study is development studies that is using from descriptive analytic method. The review of field studies has been done through a survey research method in sample villages. The data population of the research consists of 169 villages in the villages of the central division. And in the sample volume of this research 32 villages were selected randomly and by cluster sampling method. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics and regression coefficient were used a data analyzing. The main variables in this study are demographic changes in immigration as independent variable and agricultural components as dependent variable were tested. In this research also has used of different models to migration and employment estimates.
    Results And Discussion
    According to the results the migration rate is as follows that this rate is changing from -5/68 amount for KhreAghalan village to 5/07 amount for Niskave village. According to results these villages had the most migrate sender and the most immigrant receiver respectively. So that KhreAghalan village during the study period constantly has enjoyed from reduction and descending process. The average total immigrants arrived in the village in the beginning of the period is 59/58 people that this amount has reached to 61/5 people in the years of ending period. Also coefficient of variability of the villages at the beginning of period is 0/87 percent and in the end of the period the number of entered immigrants is 0/98. The average total out-migrants in each village until the beginning of the study period is 37/37 people. That this amount has reached to 61/87 in the final years of the period. In the begging years of the period coefficient of variation is 0/87 percent and in the end of the period the number of migrants logged, is 0/98.also it can be concluded from data analyzing about agriculture that firstly increased employment in the agricultural sector in rural areas is low at the end of the period and due to expansion of services the agriculture section is lower. Second, the share of agricultural employment in the study area has been declining.
    Conclusion
    Migration as one of the variables of changes in agricultural structures has a meaningful relation with component of agricultural structure. The results indicate that migration has a significant positive effect on ownership change and 1% increase in migration can cause to 59% increase in ownership change. The relationship between mortality and employment in rural areas under studying has a significant and reverse relationship with -0/57.also according to the linear regression equation 1% increase in mortality can cause to 0/57 percent reduction in regional employment structure. Also T-test was used for both variable immigration and employment structure showed that regression coefficient is significant and its expected sign is negative As a result, there is a significant inverse relationship between these two variables. So that among the agriculture structures migration has the most effect on employment structure.
    The regression coefficient was calculated for it -/78 that is showing that 1% increase in migration can cause to 0/78 reduction in employment of the region.
    The review relationship between migration and agricultural employment showed that capital increase, manpower and literacy cause to reduce migration and increase cultivation and machines cause to increase migration. Therefore, it is suggested to prevent rural migration to urban areas, rural development process be accelerated.
    Keywords: Emigration, agricultural structure, Population, Sardasht city, Central part
  • Pages 661-672
    Introduction
    A map is a drawing ground features on one side of the paper. The cartographic maps are representations of the Earth upon a flat surface in the smaller scale than it’s true. Large scale maps cover relatively small regions in great detail and small scale maps cover large regions such as nations, continents and the whole globe. Logical connection between the features and scale map must be maintained by changing the scale and it is important to recognize that even the most accurate maps sacrifice a certain amount of accuracy in scale to deliver a greater visual usefulness to its user. Cartographic generalization, or map generalization, is the method whereby information is selected and represented on a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map, not necessarily preserving all intricate geographical or other cartographic details. Cartographer is given license to adjust the content within their maps to create a suitable and useful map that conveys geospatial information, while striking the right balance between the map's purpose and actuality of the subject being mapped. Scaling hierarchy or far more small things than large ones is found to be a universal rule for cartographic generalization. Well generalized maps are those that emphasize the most important map elements while still representing the world in the most faithful and recognizable way. The level of detail and importance in what is remaining on the map must outweigh the insignificance of items that were generalized, as to preserve the distinguishing characteristics of what makes the map useful and important. Due to the problems facing small-scale map production process and the need to spend time and money for surveying, today’s generalization is used as executive approach. Selection, simplification, combination, smoothing and enhancement are some generalization methods that can be applied by cartographer. Automatic generalization methods have been considered recent years. Accordingly several Conceptual, theoretical and operations have been obtained. One of the biggest obstacles is the lack of standards on spatial data and the lack of a comprehensive approach to automate the process. Also there wasn’t full understanding of the generalized maps and cartographic rules which cartographers traditionally have used them for years and never found a good solution for computer automation. So far, there is no comprehensive answer for this problem until now and different organizations that produce maps are doing based on their needs and ability in this area. Generalization generally performed in two main parts for planimetric and altimetry features.
    Methodology
    This paper investigates altimetry features that include points and contours. In most generalization projects in the past, contours were processed as independent features and their relation to other side features were not considered. This causes confusion and mistake in generalized maps. In this study, we try to maintain topological relations between different features as roads, rivers, contours and so on.
    Direct methods of base map and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) are used for contour production in generalization process. In direct method, contours are extracted from base map and then they smoothed according to the hydrological structures as rivers. The second method is mostly used in the contours that there isn’t on base maps and they should be extracted by interpolation. For example, 50 meter contours extraction from 1:50,000 map with 20 meter contours. After production of the contours both ways, their topology and accuracy is checked that including the following: 1) Control the contours at the junction points, 2) Softness of contours, 3) control elevation points by contours and 4) remove small contours.
    The number of elevation points are transferred from base map to final maps several times higher than the number of points is required. Selection of appropriate points by computer process requires analysis each one of them by contours and other features and the observed density in different situations Map. Finally, the best point is selected and will be remain in generalized map. In this article a circle with a certain radius used to examine the elevation points and the best points are selected on this circle. The following points should be considered in the selection: Higher elevations are considered on military plans and it’s better to have more elevation points at mountainous than flat area. Elevation points on roads, near villages and strategic location are more important. Selected points should be as representative a certain height of the peaks, hills, pits and trenches.
    Implementation and
    Results
    At implementation stage, contours at final product and then summarizing the elevation points, again in terms of topological relationships is controlled and monitored by the Cartographer, then they are corrected automatically or conversational.
    By applying the algorithm presented in this paper on the altimetry features on 1:50000 base map, contours and elevation points generalized and maps with various scales as 1:100,000, 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 are produced automatically. By applying this method automatically, maps by different scales are produced and time and money are saved.
    Conclusion
    Update Land Cover maps at the various small scale are regional foundation of planning, natural resource management, and land use planning schemes and defensive project and so on. For years, the absence of these information resources is a tangible and necessary. Altimetry features are one of the most important features in cartographic maps that is studied their generalization in this paper. With maps using automatic generalization, small-scale maps are produced with remarkable speed and the ability to review and update them as easily as possible. Geometric and graphic communication between maps, new production, Improve product quality, saving money and time in order to produce maps of inland and overseas with high accuracy and at various scales and update maps rapidly, are some advantage of automatic generalization plan.
    Keywords: Contours, Elevation points, Generalization, Hydrologic features
  • Pages 673-696
    Introduction
    Today is the world of information and its optimal uses (Davies, 2003). Information, doubtless, as the most important tools for managers and executive decision-makerscan play a significant role in solving the problems and meeting the needs (Warnest, 2005). Spatial data are discussed as one of the most sensitive and important factors in decision-making and planning in many organizations, particularly municipalities (Aghanejhad, 2009). Despite of the importance of management information systems (MIS) using in decision-making processes, but it is neglected in urban management of small and middle size cities in our country. Currently, the information management system in the municipalities of the mentioned cities follows from traditional system and increasingly large amounts of data are collected and stored. Applying this method not only takes many times and costs, but it is always difficult to make analyze the data and achieve the desired results (Ghadami & et al, 2013). In this regard, in recent decade’s development of SDI as a central driving force in spatial data management has been emerged. More than half the world’s countries claim that they are involved in some form of SDI development (Mansourian and et al, 2008b: 377). SDI is a framework for linking users with providers of spatial information. SDI comprises the people, policies and technologies necessary to enable the use of spatially referenced data through all levels of government, the private sector, non-profit organizations and academia (Vandenbroucke and et al, 2009& Mohammadi, 2008). Spatial data infrastructure is trying to establish an environment that in which all spatial data producers through partnership and cooperation with each other and optimum use of existing technology, produce the information layers that needed in governmental and non- governmental sectors and through sharing them, provide the accessibility and using them to a wide range of users. It is obvious that if such a mechanism is developed and implemented in cities, organizations that responsible for producing the data, act coordinated with each other, and with preventing parallel in producing the same data, cost, time and effort to develop and maintain a lot of data will be preserved (Heydary, 2009). So the aim of this paper is assessment and capacity studding of the Babolsar’s municipality from the view point of the implementation and development of local spatial data infrastructures from the technical, social and information aspects. In other words this study seeks to answer the following questions: How is the conditions for the implementation of the local Spatial Data Infrastructure in Babolsar municipality? Or what (strengths and weaknesses) does the municipality of Babolsar have in order to realize spatial data infrastructure?
    Methodology
    This paper was conducted by description– analytic research method based on using staffs interview and expert checklist. Babolsar’s municipality is the population of this research, and the Samples was selected from important units which has an effective role in the implementation and development of SDI. In this regard, also, Liberian study and investigating the existing documents has been used. In order to study and assessment of Babolsar’s municipality, from the view point of the implementation and development of local SDI, conceptual model of national SDI, which developed according to Rajabifard and Williamson’s model (2001) is used. In the process of data collection which has done through interview with staffs and experts, the item that has been investigated included in following parameters: Investigation the tasks and functions of each units, existing situation of spatial and non- spatial data in municipalities units, surveying the information flow, investigating the standards used for spatial and non-spatial data, surveying the condition of producing and using from metadata, investigating the condition of sharing the information between different units and other urban organizations, assessment of the information quality control mechanisms, network facilities, personnel capabilities, investigating the cultural issues of producing, sharing and using the information, and surveying the technology level. Finally, collected information is analyzed based on tow component: data and organization.
    Results And Discussion
    The results show, the case municipality in order to implementing and developing of the SDI is faced with very important challenges that suffers from serious weaknesses. Some of weaknesses are inflexibility, security, data processing and analysis, data management system, structure of database as well as outputs. Lack of awareness, culture and perception of the main custodians of production and use of spatial data in the municipality and the lack of specified policies and instructions of data producing and related metadata and data and metadata standardization; updating data and related metadata, storage and backup, displaying, sharing and analyzing data; also instructions for data quality control, lack of finance resource and defined budget in municipality’s mid and longtime plans are the key challenges of the Bobolar’s municipality in order to implementation and development of local spatial data infrastructure.
    However, existing the High motivation in organizational Level and some experts in a few units in order to provide take advantage of the GIS in the municipal units; existing required technical conditions and communication infrastructures and computer equipment in order to cooperation, sharing between all units that has a critical function in the SDI are the main strengths in regards to SDI’s initiation and development.
    Conclusion
    Literature findings shows that before initiation of the GIS, defining and designing of the SDI should be implemented, because continuing this process will lead to following outcomes: lack of organization efficiency, arbitrary decision makings, and lack of reliance on the present situation information in decision makings, accumulation of large amounts of raw data without any processing operations, need the more physical space to store paper based documents, the lack of information sharing between other urban organizations and municipality, shelving the municipal revenue resource. Urban management always is facing with an increasing diverse information from the city and citizenship. Except facing with serious challenges in decision-making and planning in future, a promising situation cannot be imagined by ignoring the ineffectiveness of conventional and paper-based systems of information technology in confronting with rapid global and national revolutions.
    Keywords: Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), Municipality, Information Management, GIS, Babolsar
  • Pages 697-715
    Introduction
    Geopolitics is a word that conjures up images. In one sense, the word provokes ideas of war, empire, and diplomacy: geopolitics is the practice of states controlling and competing for territory. Geopolitics had a history before the term itself came in to use in 1899 by Swede Rudolf Kjellen. It is apparent that many of great figures in the history of political thought, from the ancient Greeks Aristotle and Thucydides to the early modern Florentine Machiavelli and later writer such as Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Turgot, Madison, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx, had ideas about political territoriality and effects of Geographical location and access to resources on conflict and war that can be regarded as basic elements of Geopolitics & Political Geography.
    Many of Geopolitics scholars believe that thought and practice of Geopolitics have a long history. However, the science of Geopolitics is relatively new, and its history from 115 years ago until now (2014) has been full of ups and downs. There is no consensus among scholars about the definition of this science although different definitions have been proposed so far. Based on these definitions, the knowledge and practice of Geopolitics have different eras.
    Methodology
    This research, which is fundamental, was done by using descriptive-analytic method. Different resources and papers related to Geopolitics were studied and different Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics were extracted and investigated. The investigation of these Periodic categorization indicated that the emergence of the word Geopolitics was a turning point that differentiated different Periodic categorization of Geopolitics: (1) Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics (2) Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences.
    Result and
    Discussion
    The term of Geopolitics was first used by the Swede Rudolf Kjellen in 1899, and The term of Political Geography was first used by the French Turgot though these have older roots. This is so despite the best efforts of international relations theorists to find it in the Greece of Thucydides or the Italy of Machiavelli. In other word The roots of thought and practice of Geopolitics was articulated by the philosopher Aristotle in ancient Greece in the third century BC. The Greek philosopher Aristotle developed his theory of the city state in about 350 BC in his book, Politics.
    different Periodic categorization have been offered from thought and practice of Geopolitics. for example Agnew shown that how three specific epochs or eras of Geopolitics developed over the period from the early nineteenth century to the 1980s: T first period the early nineteenth century(1815–75); second, (1875- 1945) and third, (1945- 1990). the three discourses or modes of representation he discusses are referred to as Civilizational Geopolitics, naturalized Geopolitics and ideological Geopolitics. other example is Modelski’s model. Modelski’s model of world leadership is dynamic. The strength of the world leader rises and falls. Over the course of centuries, the mantle of world leadership has passed from one country to another in a sequence of cycles of world leadership. Each cycle of world leadership lasts approximately 100 years. Modelski’s Cycles of world leadership consist of: Portugal 1500s; Netherlands 1600s; Great Britain 1700s; Great Britain 1800s; United States 1900s. Power, in the model, is about strength and dominance, it is about the ability to exercise military force across the globe. For people such as Martin Jones and others the history of Geopolitics and Political Geography as academic sub-discipline can be roughly divided into three eras and era of ascendancy from the late nineteenth century to the World War II; an era of marginalization from the 1940s to the 1970s; and an era of revival from the late 1970s onwards.
    The investigation of these Periodic categorization indicated that the emergence of the word Geopolitics was a turning point that differentiated different Periodic categorization of Geopolitics: (1) Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics (2) Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences. Considering the negative and positive points of different Periodic categorization, we offer a comprehensive Periodic framework of the thought and practice of Geopolitics. This framework is comprehensive and includes all previous areas and different aspects of geopolitics. In the proposed framework the thought and practice of Geopolitics have been divided into three eras: pre-modernism, modern Geopolitics, and post-modern geopolitics.
    Conclusion
    Although the word geopolitics was only coined in the early years of the twentieth century, applied geopolitics has been practiced from time immemorial by those seeking to extend their political power and influence across the globe. In other word in practical terms, Geopolitics must be as old as the quest for territory and security, as old as diplomacy, strategy, envy and fear. Alexander the great must have indulged in Geopolitical scheming so must Napoleon and many other commanders, conquerors and emperors.
    Each of two Periodic categorizations (Historical Periodic categorization of thought and practice of Geopolitics & Periodic categorizations related to the formal history of Geopolitics sciences), has negative and positive points. Also, there are many commonalities and differences among these Periodic categorizations. Considering the negative and positive points of different Periodic categorization, we offer a comprehensive Periodic framework of the thought and practice of Geopolitics. This framework is comprehensive and includes all previous areas and different aspects of geopolitics. In the proposed framework the thought and practice of Geopolitics have been divided into three eras: pre-modernism, modern Geopolitics, and post-modern geopolitics.
    Today geopolitics is no longer exclusively the preserve of a privileged male elite who used the authority of their academic position to frame policy for a particular country. Though these publications still exist (for example see the discussions of Samuel Huntington and Robert Kaplan), most academics who say they study geopolitics are describing the situation of those who are marginalized, and advocating a change in their situation. Study of the state is often critical, but it just one component of a complicated world—rather than a political unit with the freedom to act as the theory suggests it should in a simplified and understandable world.
    Keywords: Geopolitics, Thought, Practice of Geopolitics, Geopolitical Periodic, science of geopolitics, new categorization
  • Pages 717-732
    Introduction
    Population data is easily accessible and shows the relationship between city size and other socio-economic factors in the city indirectly, so many geographers using this type of data to gain an understanding of the structure of the cities network and distribution of the people in the different levels of urban hierarchy. In fact, urban hierarchy is the best way of space organization in respect to population distribution and function in the area. But the most important part of urban hierarchy is the relationship between neighbor habitats. The dynamics of urban systems could be seen from the traffic of goods, services, thoughts and population among city centers and rural areas. A structured urban hierarchy results in equal distribution of goods and services and facilities in the region. In third world countries, there is an unbalance population distribution in the urban hierarchy. Iran as a third world country is under pressure from recent rapid urbanization and subjected to changes in the urban hierarchy resulted to an inequality in its city network structure.
    Literature review: Cities could be known as a reflection of many social and economic processes thorough time that their formations, relations and interactions create a complicated system, so urban systems are known as main part of spatial structure (Rostaii, 1998: 1). Distribution of cities in urban network is called urban hierarchy (Farid, 2000: 396). There is two main interests in the study of urban hierarchy; one based on population size, economic structure and relation between cities and one based on the flow of data and information. In fact, urban hierarchy is the spatial vision of all of the small and big habitats in the national economy. In developed countries, due to existence of many functions and activities in every city and an equality in distribution of economic opportunities, the urban network is like galaxy.
    Discussion
    The economic and political concentration processes in Iran in recent decades, led to the phenomenon of prime city in the country and the dominance of Tehran over other cities in urban network. On the other hand in provinces, central cities acted as a prime city in the area and the second city usually is far from it in respect to population and function. These shows the concentration of investment and function in large cities that absorbs resources from peripheral cities to large cities and metropolises. Guialn province like other provinces in the country experienced this situation. In this province, Rasht due to its politic and economic situation, its location in the region and due to existence of required economic infrastructures for production especially in industry and service sectors, is considered as the main pole in the region. This caused the population migration to the city, even from other provinces and led that many other parts of the region remain undeveloped. So the main goal of this study is to analyze the urban hierarchy in Guilan province between 1966 – 2011.The method of the study is analytic and descriptive based on some of the urban and regional planning models.
    Results
    The results shows that the urban hierarchy in the province is unequal in the situation is getting worse. in this study using different models like differential levels, entropy coefficient, rank size rule, prime city factor, the Jefferson factor, the Kingsburge factor, Mahta factor and Momow factor, it is shown that the urban hierarchy in the province is unequal and in the recent 50 years, the urban network have faced prime city phenomenon. The results of the entropy model shows that the urban hierarchy is facing inequality. According to differential model, more than 94 percent on the cities in the province are in the first group with a low population and only 43 percent of people live in these cities. On the other hand Rasht with a population about 43 percent of the province, is the pole in the seventh group. Also based on rank size rule, it is concluded that the urban hierarchy in the province is very different from the rule. The result showed the dominance of the prime city and the increase of the small size cities and absence of middle size cities. The results of the analysis with the Jefferson factor showed the spatial inequality and the huge difference between prime city (Rasht) and second city (Bandar-e-Anzali). Also the results of the analysis with the Kingsburge factor, shows in inequality in population distribution in Guilan province. Based on the results of four city of Mahta, it can be inferred that the Guilan province faces prime city phenomenon and in the last decade faced super prime city. Analysis of the prime city phenomenon based on Momow factor was similar to other results and showed the existence of the prime city phenomenon in the Guilan province.
    Keywords: urban hierarchy, first City, Guilan Province, size grade model, entropy model
  • Pages 733-749
    Single formula for sustainable development for all countries in the region has been accomplished and each country should pay attention to the social, economic, cultural and ecological conditions, the following specific criteria for sustainable development. Undoubtedly, understanding the components, criteria and indicators have better understanding of the development is at stake. Because the parameters are not only a tool to measure, but as a guide to how the concept of sustainable development is considered to be and the determination of their exact development and underdevelopment And whether the development, stability or instability of the show, one of the essential steps in the planning of urban development. Therefore, a mandatory component of the overall assessment of progress towards sustainable development.This study analyzes the sustainability index among Asian countries with 32 indicators has been developed. Multi Criteria used by analytical techniques(TOPSIS) for Regionalization Asian countries studied have been used. Progenies of TOPSIS technique reflects the fact that in the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012 the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, and ranks first among countries are discussed In the years studied countries like Turkmenistan, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan and Syria have been part of the unstable countries. Although Turkey is ranked last in 2010 and was considered one of the unstable countries in 2012 could climb to 26th place And be in a better position compared to2010.
    Introduction
    Most generally accepted approach for measuring sustainability and sustainable development, deployment and indicators represent them. Because the index is not only a tool to measure, but as a guide to how to understand the concept of sustainable development is also considered to be. However, the code can be a powerful tool for policy and sustainability indicators provide information on the countries and organizations in the public relations executive in fields such as improving the environmental, economic, social and technological
    Methodology
    According to our research approach, research, "Application Development" and the methods employed "analytic" is. The data were collected by using a library of different sources, which includes 32 indicators (Table1) is.The population of this study, all but one of the two Asian countries Asian countries is not calculated because of incomplete information In this comparison is calculated at approximately 42 Asian countries(Figure 3). In order to assess the level of each of the countries in connection with the scales of the TOPSIS model is used. Finally, in order to map and classify each of the countries of GIS software is used.
    Results And Discussion
    TOPSIS technique results in 2006 showed that among Asian countries with a score of Cambodia (0.65722) in the first place, Nepal underprivileged (0.6535) and Bhutan in second place with a score of (0.5857) are in third place. On the other hand, Syria, Turkmenistan and Iraq, respectively, points (0.2078) (0.1986) and (0.1834), the lowest ranking among Asian countries in terms of indicators of sustainable development are.In 2008, the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, and the points (0.69035), (0.682257 and 0.613848) were in first place among countries. Countries that are in last place in terms of stability, Jordan, Iraq and Turkmenistan are as unstable countries in the world have been evaluated.Based on the results of TOPSIS technique among Asian countries in 2010, Nepal ranks first with a score of 0.7044, and 0.6228 in Cambodia and Bhutan to the points 0.0.6796 second and third.In the same year, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey to the rating 0.2079, 0.1970 and 0.1742 in last place among Asian countries. In 2012, the results based on TOPSIS technique suggests that Kambvch, Nepal and Bhutan in the first place to third allocated Among countries in terms of stability and balance among Asian countries are known.Also among the countries that are considered to be part of the unstable countries of Jordan, Iraq and Turkmenistan cited In the same year, countries such as Syria, Turkmenistan and Iraq, respectively, rated 0.2078, 0.1986 and 0.1834 have been obtained and the study done at the last rank with TOPSIS technique is supposed Cambodia, Nepal and Bhutan in 1385, first among the 42 countries studied have won
    Conclusion
    The study done using TOPSIS technique is supposed Cambodia, Nepal and Bhutan in 2006, ranks first among the 42 countries studied have earned in the same year, countries such as Syria, Turkmenistan and Iraq, respectively, rated 0.2078, 0.1986 and 0.1834 to business and were in last place. In 2008 Nepal countries with a score of (0.6903) Ranked first, Cambodia with the underprivileged (0.6822) and butane with underprivileged (0.6138) ranked first and they have been able to maintain its position among the countries considered.On the other hand countries like Jordan, Iraq and Turkmenistan are known as the most deprived countries. Therefore, the comparison between the years (2006 and 2008) can be downloaded to an improvement in the situation in these countries has been compared to 2006. The impact of indicators of sustainable development countries in 2008 show that the countries of Nepal, Cambodia and Bhutan would have been able to devote themselves to the first place and in good condition to take. While Turkey from rank 31 in 2008 to position 42 in 2010 and dropped to last place allocated And Jordan and Iraq have been in a very disadvantaged position 40 and 41 have been accounted for. In general, this year (2008) there have been certain changes compared to 2010. Finally, by looking at these countries in 2012 reflects the fact that the countries (Nepal, Cambodia and Bhutan) have won first place in the same year and be in a better relative to other countries And Jordan, Turkey and Iraq, as in previous years (2006, 2008 and 2010) in very poor condition and in a state of chaos to take their place.
    Keywords: Index, Development, Sustainable Development, Asia
  • Pages 751-763
    Introduction
    Urban green spaces play an important role in improving quality of life and sustainability in cities and require a careful empirical assessment. Several factors such as social, economic, ecological or planning aspects and several functions such as utilization, production, employment, education, regulation and preservation of urban green spaces form the basis for the determination of the criteria and indicators relevant for the assessment of urban green spaces. The city is identified as altered natural environment by excessive changes in nature and increasing presence of manmade structures. Urban green spaces are remnants of nature in this environment and play an important role in ascending the level of life quality in the city. In this study the sustainability of urban green spaces in Isfahan city were studied. The studies indicate a considerable balance and sustainability in urban green spaces with a more intensity in the Isfahan zones.
    Methodology
    The methodology of this paper is analytical and descriptive and applied in biased on goal. The results of this paper can use in programs and politics in Isfahan municipality. The scale of the research is urban green space in Isfahan city. The data and information collected from Isfahan municipality. For data analysis we use land measurement model, urban green spaces modal and D.V model for urban land diffusion.
    Result and
    Discussion
    In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks", "green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned.
    In between urban land use, green spaces are part of the frameworks of the cities, which we refer to as the animate of the framework structure of the city, and in correlation with inanimate of the city; they create the texture and appearance of it. But according to importance of expansion of green space in cities, instead of the development and expansion of these spaces in Isfahan which was someday regarded as the model of Islamic garden –city with appropriate green space, the focus in the recent years have been more on the development of framework- residential, commercial, structures and roads, parking lots etc.
    In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks", "green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned.
    In between urban land use, green spaces are part of the frameworks of the cities, which we refer to as the animate of the framework structure of the city, and in correlation with inanimate of the city; they create the texture and appearance of it. But according to importance of expansion of green space in cities, instead of the development and expansion of these spaces in Isfahan which was someday regarded as the model of Islamic garden –city with appropriate green space, the focus in the recent years have been more on the development of framework- residential, commercial, structures and roads, parking lots etc.
    In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks", "green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned.
    In between urban land use, green spaces are part of the frameworks of the cities, which we refer to as the animate of the framework structure of the city, and in correlation with inanimate of the city; they create the texture and appearance of it. But according to importance of expansion of green space in cities, instead of the development and expansion of these spaces in Isfahan which was someday regarded as the model of Islamic garden –city with appropriate green space, the focus in the recent years have been more on the development of framework- residential, commercial, structures and roads, parking lots etc.
    In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks", "green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned.
    Conclusion
    Urban green space provides recreational areas for residents and helps to enhance the beauty and environmental quality of neighborhoods. But with this broad range of recreational sites comes an equally broad range of environmental issues. Just as in any other land uses, the way parks are managed can have good or bad environmental impacts, from pesticide runoff, siltation from overused hiking and logging trails, and destruction of habitat. Lack of community and public access to safe open and green space is a critical area of concern for urban residents in Isfahan city.By allocating mainly open and undeveloped lands to green and open space development, improving average per capita green space is targeted. With considering land availability and differences in population concentration all 15 urban districts faces different limitation and therefore need to adapt different and appropriate strategies. In this paper whole of species of urban space such as parks, green belts, urban green space in street in 15 districts in Isfahan city analyzed. The results show that 4 districts of Isfahan has more urban green space and 11 districts has least urban green space
    Keywords: urban green space, sustainability assessment, Isfahan city, Iran
  • Pages 765-782
    Introduction
    Rural Administration as an executive arm of councils is of important institutions in Iran which are constantly facing difficulties providing finance for their commitments based on institutions. These difficulties chakllahnge their abilities in providing services to rural societies since the capacity of rural economy is lilmited in making income and the average incomeof rural families is in low level. On the other hand, to make new income sources based on environmental richness, there necessarily be prerequisites and socio-ecnomic readiness. Materialization of this lies in providing financial resources for implementoing the potentials. Therefore, reducing the gap in income, the Rural Administration needs to adopt new policies to solve problems facing therural societies. In addition to the knwledgeof all dimensions of these problems, these policies should aim at recognizing new fund-raisng sources regarding the hidden opportunities present in villages and presenting sustainable strategies for thesetblishment of an income system based on rural capabilities. It is quite clear that the more the income needed for executing the plans are internal and are based on internal capacities, the more opportunities the villages will have to successd in reaching their goals. If we generalize this framework to lower levels in villages, we can reason that local sovereignties like Rural Administration can have effective roles in the management system of the country and help the fedral government in achieving its goal for national development. Thus, the budget for Rural Administration should be increased so that their financial potentials can be promoted. However, the search for the sources to fulfill this goal is not feasible without precise investigation for recognizing and operationalizing them.
    Aiming at presenting scientific and practical strategies to make sustainable finance sources for Rural Administration in Guilan Province, here Gilakejan rural, the present study tries to answer the following questions:1. Which strategies are available outside and inside Gilakejan for increasing income?
    2. Regarding economic, social, enviormantal and leagal indexes to what extent can the recognized sources be reliable and operationalized?
    Methodology
    The present study is applied one based on descriptive-analytic method. The introduction of a constant and reliable income basis requires different scales to measure the degree of validity and priority of suggested income sources. Accordingly, studying various standards in each ground of earning income and because of existing statistical limitations especially in incomes, Delphi method and the Analytical Hierarchy Process are used for compiling thepackage of priorities of earning income.. Thus, modeling of research question has been done on the basis of recognizing new income sources that are based on economic, social, environmenta, and existing potentials in Gilakejan village in the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The needed data for the study have been collected through questionnaire of couple comparison from a group of village experts related to the subject of thestudy. Then, the data were analyzed using Expert Choice software and new income sources are suggested on the basis of their rank.
    Results And Discussion
    The presentstudy has been conducted to find and untroduce sustainable sources of income and to increase the income of Rural Administration in Gilakejan village.after the linbrary research was done, field studies, interview with experts and local elites, a list of suggested sources of income andcriteria for theirevaluation were provided. Next, using Delphi method, omitting and modifying the income sources suggested and the criterion scales, 11 issues (modification ofsupport plan, establishment of camping, raisng flowers and plants, establishment od a beach market, issuing of formal exchange ofdocumentts from Rural Administration getting mony over water pipe, electricity, and telephone, establishment of fridg, recieving money for insuring lands and infirtle lands, doing second plantand fish planting) were suggested to increase the income of Rural Administration Among the criterion measurement scales and the income choices, 5 criteria were left. The group members of AHP conducted scales couple of five criteria extracted through Delphi method. The normalized matrix and the priority of criteria are presented in table 7. After the estimation of the weight of the criteria and choices in comparison with goal and critera respectively, the final weight of each choice can be gained. Since the weight of criteria indicate their importance in determining the goal and the weight of each choice shows its share in related criterion, the ultimate weight of each choice is reached from the sum of multiplication of each criterion in related choice. By estimating the average weight of each choice reached by multiplication of numbers in numbers of choices, Table 8, the ultimate weight of income choices can be reached.
    Conclusion
    After modeling the research problem and making questionnaire, coupoled comparisons, decision-making group, the importance of each choice and criterion was designated in ration to each other. Finally, after the data were collected, the priority of suggested income choices was determined. Accordingly, the support plan (0.0716), estblishmant of camping (0.0491), raising flower and plant (0.0487) were ranked from first to third for income source respectively. Fish planting (0.0351), second planting (0.0344), establishing beach market (0.0317) and exchanging oficil documents in Rural Administration (0.0270) were also ranked from fourth to seventh. Receiving money from infertile land (0.0259) with eight priority, receiving money for water piping, electricity, and telephone (0.0230), with nineth priority, recieiving mony for insurance of social security, land and properties (0.0201) with tenth priority, making frige (0.0126) with eleventh priority. Also, the criteria based on which the income choices are prioritized are ranked on the basis of their degree of significance: income being high (0.2361), income being internal and based on environmental potentials (0.2195), income being costant (0.1954), income needing low investment (0.1771), income being legeally supported (0.1719). As explained earlier, to achieve the ultimate priority of choices comparative Matris was gained by merging couple comparisons of individuals with eachother, and to determine the prority of each criterion or choice the normalized matris of each matris group is measured. Then, by determining the average of each matris mentioned, the priority of each criterion in ratio to goal and of choices in ratio to criteria can be reached.
    Keywords: Rural Administration, Sustainable source of income, strategies, Administration Guilan Province, Gilakejan Administration
  • Pages 783-799
    The cities are home to half of the people who live on the planet Earth. They stimulate economic growth and cultural prosperity, but they are also the center of pollution and poverty. Therefore, the livability of cities, in particular urban distressed areas, has always been one of the issues and challenges facing thinkers in different fields of urban management. However, the planning to improve the quality of life in these textures is inevitable. This study aimed to determine the situation of viability in urban distressed areas of Zanjan and the factors affecting it. The library survey and questionnaire were used to achieve this purpose. Using probability sampling method (simple random sampling method), 381 residents living in old textures of Zanjan were selected and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using spss and factor analysis, regression, and path analysis. The results of factor load analysis showed that management sub-factors (Ex=0.982) had greater share of impact on the livability of old textures in Zanjan. The results of regression analysis indicated that among the factors, the viability of old textures in Zanjan had the highest correlation with social index (R2 = 0.645) and it was dependent on the development of social relations. The path analysis also confirmed that the social index (β=0.622), among other factors, had the greatest influence on livability directly.
    The cities are home to half of the people who live on the planet Earth. They stimulate economic growth and cultural prosperity, but they are also the center of pollution and poverty. Therefore, the livability of cities, in particular urban distressed areas, has always been one of the issues and challenges facing thinkers in different fields of urban management. However, the planning to improve the quality of life in these textures is inevitable. This study aimed to determine the situation of viability in urban distressed areas of Zanjan and the factors affecting it. The library survey and questionnaire were used to achieve this purpose. Using probability sampling method (simple random sampling method), 381 residents living in old textures of Zanjan were selected and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using spss and factor analysis, regression, and path analysis. The results of factor load analysis showed that management sub-factors (Ex=0.982) had greater share of impact on the livability of old textures in Zanjan. The results of regression analysis indicated that among the factors, the viability of old textures in Zanjan had the highest correlation with social index (R2 = 0.645) and it was dependent on the development of social relations. The path analysis also confirmed that the social index (β=0.622), among other factors, had the greatest influence on livability directly.
    The cities are home to half of the people who live on the planet Earth. They stimulate economic growth and cultural prosperity, but they are also the center of pollution and poverty. Therefore, the livability of cities, in particular urban distressed areas, has always been one of the issues and challenges facing thinkers in different fields of urban management. However, the planning to improve the quality of life in these textures is inevitable. This study aimed to determine the situation of viability in urban distressed areas of Zanjan and the factors affecting it. The library survey and questionnaire were used to achieve this purpose. Using probability sampling method (simple random sampling method), 381 residents living in old textures of Zanjan were selected and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using spss and factor analysis, regression, and path analysis. The results of factor load analysis showed that management sub-factors (Ex=0.982) had greater share of impact on the livability of old textures in Zanjan. The results of regression analysis indicated that among the factors, the viability of old textures in Zanjan had the highest correlation with social index (R2 = 0.645) and it was dependent on the development of social relations. The path analysis also confirmed that the social index (β=0.622), among other factors, had the greatest influence on livability directly.
    The cities are home to half of the people who live on the planet Earth. They stimulate economic growth and cultural prosperity, but they are also the center of pollution and poverty. Therefore, the livability of cities, in particular urban distressed areas, has always been one of the issues and challenges facing thinkers in different fields of urban management. However, the planning to improve the quality of life in these textures is inevitable. This study aimed to determine the situation of viability in urban distressed areas of Zanjan and the factors affecting it. The library survey and questionnaire were used to achieve this purpose. Using probability sampling method (simple random sampling method), 381 residents living in old textures of Zanjan were selected and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using spss and factor analysis, regression, and path analysis. The results of factor load analysis showed that management sub-factors (Ex=0.982) had greater share of impact on the livability of old textures in Zanjan. The results of regression analysis indicated that among the factors, the viability of old textures in Zanjan had the highest correlation with social index (R2 = 0.645) and it was dependent on the development of social relations. The path analysis also confirmed that the social index (β=0.622), among other factors, had the greatest influence on livability directly.
    The cities are home to half of the people who live on the planet Earth. They stimulate economic growth and cultural prosperity, but they are also the center of pollution and poverty. Therefore, the livability of cities, in particular urban distressed areas, has always been one of the issues and challenges facing thinkers in different fields of urban management. However, the planning to improve the quality of life in these textures is inevitable. This study aimed to determine the situation of viability in urban distressed areas of Zanjan and the factors affecting it.
    Keywords: livability, livability indices, quality of life, old textures, City of Zanjan
  • Pages 801-813
    Introduction
    Tourism is an important tool of development for many countries. In the past, the development of tourism insisted on maximizing the profit of business owners and little attention was paid to the natural resources and community residents. But today the new paradigm of sustainable tourism development has emerged in the tourism literature. This paradigm is trying to improve the quality of life of local residents, improving the experiences of tourists and protecting environment in the destination. Sustainable tourism development depends on the goodwill of the host community and their support is essential in the development and successful operation of sustainable tourism. For the success and sustainability of tourism in the region, positive interaction between local residents and tourists is necessary. To facilitate such positive interaction, identifying the attitudes, perceptions and satisfaction levels of residents from the tourism is very important. Community participation means that all members of society should participate in the process of tourism planning. While the public participation process is very time consuming and if not managed properly, it would be pointless. Number of stakeholders that should be involved in the tourism planning process, is high, and it is difficult and sometimes impossible to identify all of them. In addition, community member's interests, beliefs, values and attitudes about tourism Development are different and sometimes conflicting. This study intends to use the stakeholder approach as a conceptual framework, help tourism planners to identify the most important interest groups in the region and share them in homogeneous subtypes based on their attitudes to sustainable tourism development in the community and specify the demographic characteristics of each subgroup. Hence, this research seeks to answer two basic questions: are there interest groups with different attitudes to sustainable tourism development activities in the region? What are the demographic characteristics of each subgroup?
    Methodology
    The population of this research is consist of all 13486 families in the Babolsar city. Among them, 380 samples were selected by the use of Morgan table. Due to the lack of a sampling frame in this study, judgmental sampling is used. To measure the attitudes of the residents to sustainable activities in tourism development, the SUS-TAS questioner is used. This scale is consisted of 7 indicators. These indicators include: environmental sustainability (9 items), perceived social costs (8 items), perceived economic benefits (7 items), long-term planning (7 items), community-based economy (5 items), visitor satisfaction (4 items) and community involvement (4 items). To assess the validity of the Research tool, factor analysis was used. To assess the reliability of the questioner, Cronbach's alpha was used. Data analysis was performed in three steps. In the first step, Factor analysis using Lisrel software was used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire. In the second step, to determine whether similar groups based on their attitude, exists in the sample or not, the cluster analysis using SPSS software was used. In the third step, using the ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the demographic variables were compared between the clusters.
    Results And Discussion
    Lisrel software calculated a t-value for each free parameter (estimated) in the model. The ideal is that these values be higher than 1/96 to be considered significant. T value for each of the indicators of the study was higher than 1/96. Therefore there are considered to be significant at the one percent level. In factor analysis, there are several characteristics of fitness. If the amount is at an acceptable level, the implementation of the proposed model is considered appropriate. All fitness indicators in this study, demonstrated a good fit and are approved. Due to verification of all the indicators of the SUS-TAS questionnaire, they have been used for clustering residents. After determining the number of clusters, they were named based on the average privileges. Pessimistic: Cluster 1 members, had the lowest mean and it shows they had the least support from the sustainable development of the tourism and hence Cynics were named. Ardent supporters: Cluster 3 members, had the highest mean and it indicates that they support sustainable activities in tourism development more than other clusters. Medium Supporters: Cluster 2 members that have the greater average from the cluster 1 and lower average from the cluster 3 in all the indicators, were named Medium Supporters. After identifying clusters and naming them, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for each demographic variable to determine if there is significant differences between the clusters on the basis of sex, age, education, marital status, occupation related to tourism, income and duration of stay at the destination. Clusters were homogeneous at %95 level of confidence in the variables marital status and length of residence in the area. But in the variables sex, education, age, income and occupation related to tourism are different.
    Conclusion
    According to the results of this research, residents have different ideas about sustainable tourism development and cannot be considered as a homogeneous group. Since not satisfied attitudes of the third group (pessimists) can affect the success of tourism programs, they should be considered and the planners should attempt to obtain their support of sustainable tourism development at the first step. The number of this group in the sample is lower than the other two groups, hence their identification and participation in the tourism development planning will be easier. Tourism planners can identify them according to specific demographic characteristics of this group, and take the necessary steps to change their attitude. Since most of the people in this group, care about the environment and believed that its degradation is caused by tourists, it is necessary that environmental protection programs be included in tourism development plans. Tourists should also be aware of the importance of environmental protection to reduce activities incompatible with their environment. The group also complained about reduced quality of life and bustle over the area in some seasons. It is necessary therefore to increase the facilities and conveniences in the area.
    Keywords: Tourism stakeholders, attitude, Development, Sustainable Tourism, SUS-TAS scale
  • Pages 815-829
    Case study: Tenth and Eleventh of the presidential election in South Khorasan province
    Introduction
    "political participation" is one way to influence the affairs of the country. Political participation, including voluntary activities by people to influence public policy. This effect can be selected directly with a person who is a policy vote These include are, for example, contribute to a political campaign, a donation to a candidate, contact or officials, protests and ... The presence of people in general elections to elect one or several persons in order to give their own destiny to them for a certain period of time indicates the sensitivity of people to their future. The geography of elections deals with the geographic aspects of elections, referenda, their organization, and especially its results; and investigate the economic, cultural etc. conditions in various levels locally, regionally and nationally. The elections are geographically affected by different parameters, which these elements in turn, have an influence on the extent of political participation of people and their voting behavior. In the IRI regime 33 elections have been held including the constitutional referendum, the Assembly of Experts, Presidency, Islamic Consultative Assembly, and town and village councils. Iran is considered as one of the most democratic political regimes in the world system. South Khorasan province has had a high level of participation in the elections since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Although this level of participation was not very significant prior to the separation of the three provinces, the massive presence at the ballot boxes since 1383 (the division of the Great Khorasan into the three provinces) is visibly shown. In this study, the level of participation by the people of Southern Khorasan Province in eleven presidential election periods will be discussed in comparison to the whole country.
    Methodology
    This study is documentarily conducted with a descriptive – analytical method, based on data and statistics obtained from the Ministry of Interior and the governor's office that deals with the comparative study of participation level in South Khorasan province, with a national average in the eleven presidential election periods. Thus, first the level of participation by the people of the province in the 11 periods is discussed and then, the provincial and national participation level is displayed in the form of combined charts and tables. At the end, specifically the participation level in the tenth and eleventh period of the presidential elections, considering each city of the province, has been discussed and analyzed by drawing the GIS tables.
    Results And Discussion
    As an indicator of the level of citizen participation in the electoral legitimacy of the political system in many countries. Governments insist on the maximum number of people in the elections. A government that can attract maximum participation in the elections not only in domestic but also in the international arena can also have a strong position. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the people involved in the political arena through the numerous fields provided. In our country during the 33 presidential elections held in 11 election belongs. In each period, commensurate with the increase in population and the population of legal age to vote, the vote generally increased compared to the previous period. Turnout in the presidential election is more than three other elections. The problem with this analysis can be further noted that the role of the President of Parliament, the Council and the current fate of their village and experts. As a result of their participation in this type of election. Ferdows largest city in the tenth presidential election participation than any other city with 98/3 in its place. This suggests paying special attention to the fate of the people of this city and their country. On the other hand Nehbandan city with the participation of the rest of the city 81/3 percent had the lowest participation. Which can be edgy and the lowest degree of development than any other city in the province of the reasons cited lower contributions. The rate of participation in the eleventh presidential election in South Khorasan province has been very high. In the cities of Sarbishe and Khoosf maximum participation and Birjand lowest participation among in the province.
    Conclusion
    The percentage of participation in the presidential elections in Iran, and therefore in South Khorasan province is high. This indicates the confidence of the country's people to the existing governance system and hope for creating better situations in the country from different dimensions. In this study the geography of the presidential election took place in South Khorasan province, it was found that most of the studies are always political geography of the land as undeveloped, isolated and divergent mentioned in elections recent partnerships have obvious.Although the average percentage of the country's participation level in the eleventh period compared to the tenth period of presidential elections decreased by 12 percent, the political participation of people in three presidential election periods, shows a clear upward trend. So that the participation of 75.5% in the elections of the year 1384, has increased to the participation of 93 percent in the elections of the year 1392. In addition, the results of vote's examination collected by the elected in the tenth and eleventh period of the presidential elections in South Khorasan province, indicated that Mr. Ahmadinejad with 77% of the total votes in the tenth period, and Mr. Rouhani with 44.5% of the total votes in the province, were elected. Finally, it can be acknowledged that the pattern of electoral behavior in the people of the province as the country is due to the traditional views of the past including ideological values, sense of place and region and ethnicity, and is only in the metropolises.
    Keywords: Spatial pattern of participation, The geography of elections, Comparative Analysis, Tenth, Eleventh of the presidential election, South Khorasan province