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پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 99 (بهار 1396)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 99 (بهار 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/01/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • رامین ساعد موچشی*، کرامت الله زیاری، حسین حاتمی نژاد، رحمت الله فرهودی صفحات 1-18
    در پژوهش حاضر، با توجه به فرایند جهانی شدن اقتصاد و ضرورت های فضایی- کالبدی شهرها در این فرایند، در گام نخست ادبیات موجود در زمینه منطق استقرار فضایی کارکردهای شهری در عصر اقتصاد دانش بنیان و ساختارهای شهر چندهسته ای بررسی شده است و در گام دوم، با شناختی درباره ضرورت های پیکربندی مجدد کارکردهای شهری به عنوان بخشی از افزایش توان در عرصه رقابت جهانی، شاخص ها درمورد شهر تهران به کار گرفته و بررسی و تحلیل شده است. در این راستا، با استفاده از روش های مختلف نرم افزاری و محاسباتی (مانند AHP_Phazzy، Janks و...)، پیکربندی فعالیت های شهری در تهران مشخص شده و درنهایت با عملیات رویهم اندازی لایه ها، مقایسه ای تطبیقی از استقرار کارکردهای سنتی و برتر ارائه شده است. محدوده مورد مطالعه شهر تهران درون محدوده شهری است و جامعه آماری شامل بیش از 6500 شرکت ارائه دهنده خدمات برتر به تفکیک 7 دسته شرکتی و تمامی فعالیت ها و کارکردهای سنتی در شهر تهران می شود. نتایج پژوهش نشان دهنده پیکربندی متمرکز، تک اندامی و تک هسته ای در هر دو بخش کارکردهای منتخب و در عین حال انطباق بیش از 70 درصد حوزه استقرار کارکردهای برتر با خدمات سنتی است. همچنین انتقال هسته کانونی فعالیت از منطقه 12 به مرز مناطق 6 و 7 و همچنین بخشی از منطقه 3 به ویژه در بخش کارکردهای اداری و خدمات برتر قابل مشاهده است؛ یعنی مرکز فعالیتی شهر در عین حفظ ساختار تک هسته ای به سمت نیمه شمالی انتقال یافته است.
    کلیدواژگان: بخش خدمات برتر، شهر تهران، کارکردهای دانش بنیان، کارکردهای سنتی
  • سیدعلی علوی، مهدی پورطاهری، عبدالمطلب صابری* صفحات 19-34
    توسعه مفهومی است که اغلب به فرایند حرکت جامعه از نقطه ای به نقطه دیگر اطلاق می شود که جنبه های مختلفی از جمله رشد اقتصادی، تغییر ساختاری، صنعتی شدن، خودشکوفایی و اعتمادبه نفس فرهنگی، مذهبی و ملی و فردی را دربر می گیرد. توسعه پایدار مفهوم جدیدی از رشد اقتصادی است؛ رشدی که عدالت و امکانات زندگی را برای تمام مردم جهان- و نه تعداد اندکی- برگزیده است. دو عامل توجه به نقش و اهمیت حکومت محلی و همچنین مقوله مشارکت شهروندان در اجرای تصمیمات در نیل به توسعه ای مناسب در مقیاس محلی همواره اهمیت زیادی داشته است. هدف از انجام دادن این پژوهش سنجش میزان پایداری در محله اکباتان بوده است. روش پژوهش حاضر با توجه به موضوع تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است و داده ها و اطلاعات به صورت اسنادی و پیمایشی جمع آوری شده است. در بخش تحلیلی، به فرضیات تحقیق و بررسی روابط بین متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته در محیط نرم افزار SPSS بررسی و آزمون شده است. محله اکباتان از نظر ابعاد پایداری، در شاخص های اجتماعی- فرهنگی، زیست محیطی و کالبدی به ترتیب با میانگینی برابر 6977/3، 5166/3 و 4385/3 پایدار شناخته شده است و در بعد اقتصادی با میانگین 8241/2 ناپایدار تلقی شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اکباتان، توسعه پایدار، توسعه پایدار محله ای، محله محوری، SPSS
  • اسحاق جلالیان*، میرنجف موسوی، علی باقری کشکولی صفحات 35-53
    بسیاری از شهرهای بزرگ جهان در محیط های ساحلی واقع شده اند و همه این شهرها موقعیت های مهمی در اقتصاد، فرهنگ و کارکردهای اجتماعی دارند. با چنین شرایطی، توسعه این شهرها به سرمایه گذاری گسترده سهامداران و ذی نفعان منجر می شود و به این ترتیب ساختار فضایی سایر شهرهای غیرساحلی منطقه از این توسعه تاثیر می پذیرند. هدف از این پژوهش، تحلیلی بر ساختار فضایی شهرهای ساحلی و غیرساحلی در راستای تدوین برنامه ریزی راهبردی شهرهای استان بوشهر است. نوع پژوهش کاربردی و روش بررسی آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق 31 نقطه شهری ساحلی و غیرساحلی استان بوشهر در سال 1390 است. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات در این تحقیق از روش کتابخانه ای (اسنادی) استفاده شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از مدل های برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای (رتبه– اندازه شهری، نخست شهری، ضریب کشش پذیری و مدل برنامه ریزی راهبردی SWOT) و به منظور بررسی ارتباط بین متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته و تجزیه و تحلیل استنباطی داده ها از آزمون های آمار استنباطی و مدل های پیشرفته آماری مانند ضریب رگرسیون چندمتغیره، تحلیل واریانس، برازش رگرسیون و آزمون T-text استفاده شده است. یافته های تحلیلی استفاده از مدل رگرسیونی چندگانه توام نشان می دهد شهرهای ساحلی که میدان های نفتی و گازی عظیمی دارند، سطح توسعه فضایی بسیار بالاتری نیز دارند؛ به طوری که به ازای یک واحد تغییر در اثر انحراف معیار کارکرد اقتصادی ساحل 814/0 واحد تغییر در ساختار فضایی شهرهای ساحلی ایجاد می شود. همچنین، نتایج ضریب اسپیرمن برابر با 865/0 است که این مقدار نشان می دهد ارتباط خیلی مثبت و قوی بین توزیع جمعیت و رشد و توسعه کارکردهای اقتصادی، فرهنگی، زیربنایی و حمل ونقل بین شهرهای ساحلی و غیرساحلی استان بوشهر وجود دارد. درنهایت، با مقایسه شهرهای ساحلی و غیرساحلی به لحاظ شاخص های مختلف مورد مطالعه براساس آزمون T-test می توان گفت از آنجاکه میانگین شهرهای ساحلی در شاخص های اقتصادی، بهداشتی- درمانی و زیربنایی و حمل ونقل بیشتر است، توسعه ساختار فضایی شهرهای ساحلی بیشتر از شهرهای غیرساحلی است.
    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی راهبردی، ساختار فضایی، شهرهای استان بوشهر، شهرهای ساحلی و غیرساحلی
  • واراز مرادی مسیحی، مانی طالبی* صفحات 55-68
    در پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل فضایی محرومیت های توسعه یافتگی با مطالعه شهرستان های استان گیلان صورت گرفته است. براین اساس، از پنج معیار (فعالیت و سرمایه گذاری های صنعتی، نابرابری های اجتماعی- اقتصادی، جمعیت، راه و ارتباطات و بهداشت و درمان) و نوزده زیرمعیار استفاده شد. همچنین شهرستان های استان گیلان از طریق مدل تاپسیس و وزن دهی با شیوه AHP از منظر خبرگان در دو سطح حجم نمونه استادان دانشگاهی و مسئولان امر رتبه بندی و سطح بندی شده اند. در راستای تحلیل فضایی محرومیت ها، پس از ارزش گذاری زیرمعیارهای پژوهش از طریق سنجش میزان همبستگی، مهم ترین عامل، میزان نرخ بیکاری شناخته شده است. سپس با استفاده از روش دلفی راهکارهای موثر بر کاهش محرومیت های توسعه یافتگی از سوی کارشناسان شناسایی شده اند و از طریق مدل AHP میزان اهمیت عوامل مورد نظر اولویت بندی شده اند. مهم ترین راهکارها «بازشناسی فرصت های اشتغال از منطقه آزاد تجاری- صنعتی انزلی» و «فراهم آوردن فرصت های سرمایه گذاری بخش خصوصی» معرفی شده اند، اما تعامل دانشگاه و بخش صنعت از طریق پارک های علم و فناوری و رویکرد به شکل گیری خوشه های صنعتی به هدایت منطقه آزاد انزلی، موجب توسعه متوازن و ساماندهی فعالیت شهرک ها و نواحی صنعتی شهرستان های استان گیلان می شود و فرصت های اشتغال را بدون مهاجرت در شهرستان های استان فراهم می آورد تا از این طریق محرومیت توسعه یافتگی استان نیز کاهش یابد. مهم ترین موانع پیش روی توسعه متوازن شهرک های صنعتی استان گیلان نیز کمبود نقدینگی، تهیه مواد اولیه و ماشین آلات تاثیرگذار بوده است. در این پژوهش، شهرستان های شفت، فومن، رضوان شهر، ماسال و صومعه سرا شهرستان های محروم ناحیه غرب و شهرستان املش در ناحیه شرق استان گیلان شناخته شده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه یافتگی، تحلیل فضایی، شهرستان های استان گیلان، محرومیت های فضایی
  • حسین خادمی، فاطمه زارع پور* صفحات 69-80
    نقاط روستایی نقش بسیار مهمی در توسعه و پیشرفت کشورها دارند. اگر نقاط روستایی با اجرای برنامه ریزی دقیق و متناسب با ویژگی های روستاهای آن منطقه توسعه یابند، بی شک در توسعه ملی نقش اساسی ایفا می کنند. نقاط روستایی شهرستان نی ریز واقع در استان فارس به منظور رفع نابرابری ها در توزیع امکانات و خدمات روستاها به یک برنامه ریزی صحیح با مدنظر قراردادن ظرفیت ها و توانمندی های بالقوه و بالفعل نقاط روستایی نیاز دارد. در این پژوهش، به منظور سنجش درجه توسعه یافتگی و تعیین شکاف بین دهستان ها و همچنین نقش فاصله دهستان ها تا مرکز شهرستان و تاثیر وجود امکانات و خدمات و توزیع آن ها بر توسعه یافتگی دهستان ها، 64 شاخص اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی برای سال 1390 انتخاب شد و با استفاده از روش آنالیز تاکسونومی عددی دهستان های شهرستان نی ریز بررسی شد. نتایج نشان می دهد دهستان ریزآب از نظر شاخص های جمعیتی، عمرانی، زیربنایی و مراکز خدماتی در رتبه اول قرار دارد و به دلیل داشتن جمعیت و وسعت زیاد نسبت به سایر دهستان ها، توسعه یافته ترین دهستان محسوب می شود. همچنین دهستان هرگان با وجود اینکه فاصله اندکی با مرکز شهرستان نی ریز دارد، به دلیل جمعیت کم و پراکندگی نقاط روستایی و همچنین کوهستانی بودن، توسعه نیافته ترین دهستان شهرستان به شمار می رود. از نظر سطح توسعه یافتگی از میان نه دهستان شهرستان، دهستان های ریزآب، آباده طشک، رستاق در گروه دهستان های برخوردار، دهستان های بختگان، حنا، دهچاه، مشکان، قطرویه در گروه دهستان های نیمه برخوردار و دهستان هرگان در گروه محروم ترین دهستان طبقه بندی شده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: تاکسونومی، توسعه یافتگی، دهستان، شاخص های توسعه سنجش، عددی
  • سید اسکندر صیدایی، سیده سمیه حسینی * صفحات 81-94
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی و تعیین اولویت پهنه های مستعد گردشگری در استان اصفهان انجام گرفته است. با توجه به مولفه های مورد بررسی، نوع تحقیق کاربردی- توسعه ای است و روش تحقیق توصیفی- پیمایشی و براساس تجزیه و تحلیل سیستمی است. در این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی براساس تعداد جاذبه، سطوح عملکرد (ملی، محلی، بین المللی) و سطوح دسترسی (پیاده، سواره) نسبت به جاذبه های گردشگری امتیاز داده شده است. پژوهش صورت گرفته در ظرفیت سنجی استان اصفهان به دلیل توسعه گردشگری نشان می دهد عمده ترین پتانسیل های موجود گردشگری انسان ساخت در شهرهای اصفهان و مبارکه است. طبق امتیازات داده شده 32 و 66/14 درصد پتانسیل های گردشگری انسان ساخت مربوط به این دو شهرستان است و از این جهت موقعیت خوبی در سطح استان دارند. در ارزیابی ظرفیت گردشگری تاریخی– فرهنگی استان مشاهده شد بیشترین ظرفیت در مرکز به مرکزیت شهر اصفهان و در شمال شرق به مرکزیت شهر کاشان است. تقریبا 07/34 و 55/22 درصد جاذبه های گردشگری تاریخی- فرهنگی منطقه براساس امتیازات داده شده متعلق به این دو شهرستان است که 49/76 درصد از جاذبه های تاریخی– فرهنگی شهرستان اصفهان متعلق به شهر اصفهان است. بیشترین ظرفیت گردشگری طبیعی استان اصفهان در دو پهنه جنوب و غرب استان است که براساس امتیازات داده شده به پنج گروه طبقه بندی شده اند و بیشترین امتیازات به شهرستان های سمیرم و فریدون شهر مربوط است و این مناطق برای توسعه گردشگری طبیعت محور مناسب اند.
    کلیدواژگان: استان اصفهان، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیا، گردشگری انسان ساخت، گردشگری تاریخی فرهنگی، گردشگری طبیعی
  • سیمین تولایی، محمد سلیمانی، رحمان جهانی دولت آباد*، اسماعیل جهانی دولت آباد صفحات 95-113
    غفلت از جوامع محلی در فعالیت های صنعت گردشگری خلایی اساسی در برنامه ریزی مشارکتی به منظور دستیابی به توسعه پایدار گردشگری محسوب می شود. الگوی توسعه گردشگری جامعه محور می کوشد بخشی از این خلا اساسی را پر کند. تحقیق حاضر با محوریت الگوی توسعه گردشگری جامعه محور به دنبال تعیین وضعیت مشارکت ساکنان محلی سرعین در زمینه گردشگری پایدار و همچنین معرفی رویکرد مشارکتی به عنوان راهبردی برای توسعه پایدار گردشگری در منطقه مورد مطالعه بوده است. روش این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و برای تبیین و تشریح موضوع مورد نظر از دو روش اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شده است. در این زمینه، مطالعه پیمایشی با استفاده از نرم افزار Spss و بهره گیری از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون چندگانه و تحلیل مسیر انجام گرفته است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد سازوکار صنعت گردشگری در سرعین به گونه ای است که بیشتر ساکنان بومی در آن نقشی ندارند و مشارکتی عینی در فعالیت های گردشگری ندارند. با این همه، پتانسیل مشارکتی در آن به منظور دستیابی به توسعه پایدار گردشگری به ترتیب اولویت از طریق ملاحظات اجتماعی- فرهنگی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی گردشگری قابل حصول است. موارد اخیر به ترتیب با ضرایب بتای 611/0، 198/0 و 118/0 و مجموع همبستگی 683/0 و ضریب تعیین 467/0 نقش موثری در توسعه پایدار گردشگری سرعین داشته اند. بدین ترتیب، مشارکت اقتصادی در درجه اول و مشارکت زیست محیطی در درجه دوم از طریق تاثیرگذاری بر مشارکت اجتماعی- فرهنگی ساکنان، زمینه توسعه پایدار گردشگری را در سرعین فراهم می سازند.
    کلیدواژگان: جوامع محلی، سرعین، صنعت گردشگری پایدار، گردشگری جامعه محور، مشارکت
  • محمدرضا حافظ نیا، زهرا احمدی پور، سپنتا مجتهدزاده، حسن پیردشتی* صفحات 115-131
    دریای خزر یک دریای بسته است و طبق کنوانسیون حقوق دریاها تعیین رژیم حقوقی آن باید با توافق کشورهای ساحلی صورت گیرد و کشورهای دیگر حق دخالت در مسائل مربوط به آن را ندارند. یکی از مهم ترین مشکلات این دریاها، تعیین رژیم حقوقی آن هاست. تعیین رژیم حقوقی این پهنه آبی پس از فروپاشی شوروی مطرح شد، اما هنوز پس از گذشت چندین سال از این موضوع، بین کشورهای ساحلی درمورد چگونگی استقرار رژیم حقوقی آن توافقی صورت نگرفته است. این مسئله دلایل زیادی دارد؛ برای مثال می توان به نقش عوامل ژئومورفولوژیکی در تعیین رژیم حقوقی این دریا اشاره کرد. در پژوهش حاضر، شرایط ژئومورفولوژیکی به عنوان یکی از عوامل جغرافیایی تاثیرگذار بر استقرار رژیم حقوقی دریای خزر بررسی می شود و همچنین از منظر جغرافیای سیاسی دریاها، نقش عوامل ژئومورفولوژیکی در استقرار رژیم حقوقی دریای خزر جست وجو می شود. روش این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی و براساس مطالعات کتابخانه ای است. این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به پرسش اصلی تحقیق است اینکه آیا مولفه های ژئومورفولوژیکی بر استقرار رژیم حقوقی در خزر و افراز مرزهای دریایی موثرند. این مولفه ها شامل صخره ها، برآمدگی های جزری، شکل ساحل، خورها و خلیج ها، جزایر، فلات قاره و دهانه رودها هستند که مطابق با کنوانسیون 1982 و همچنین با توجه به شرایط جغرافیایی دریای خزر ارزیابی شدند. براساس نتایج، کشورهای قزاقستان، روسیه، ترکمنستان و آذربایجان به ترتیب بهترین شرایط ژئومورفولوژیکی را برای تعیین رژیم حقوقی دارند. در این میان، ایران نامطلوب ترین موقعیت را دارد و نیازمند اتخاذ سیاست های بهینه در راستای بهبود شرایط موجود است.
    کلیدواژگان: دریای خزر، رژیم حقوقی، شرایط ژئومورفولوژیکی، عوامل جغرافیایی، کنوانسیون 1982
  • علی مصیب زاده، حامد حسنی بخشکندی*، میلاد محمودی شیخ سرمست صفحات 133-149
    وقوع بلایای طبیعی مانند زلزله همواره در قرون متمادی زندگی جوامع انسانی را تهدید کرده است و سبب بی خانمانی و آوارگی ناگهانی بسیاری از انسان ها شده است. سازمان های مسئول در زمینه مدیریت بحران در مراحل اولیه مواجهه با چنین شرایطی، به مکان یابی بهینه به منظور اسکان موقت و ساماندهی آسیب دیدگان و بازماندگان حادثه در کنار رسیدگی به امور آن ها توجه دارند. البته به دلیل وضعیت اضطراری حادثه، بیشتر مکان یابی ها و اسکان آسیب دیدگان پشتوانه علمی لازم را ندارد و به این ترتیب هزینه هنگفتی را به مدیریت شهری تحمیل می کند. با توجه به قرارگیری کشور روی کمربند زلزله، پژوهش حاضر شهر ارومیه را به واسطه ویژگی های طبیعی و خطر لرزه خیزی متوسط توام با شرایط خاص شهرسازی، به عنوان الگوی تهیه پایگاه داده مکانی با هدف مکان یابی اسکان موقت پس از زلزله بررسی کرده است. روش این تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی است و پژوهش با استفاده از مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای (ANP) و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) با ماهیت کاربردی صورت گرفته است. بدین منظور، معیارها و عوامل موثر در مکان یابی اسکان موقت شامل ویژگی های طبیعی، شبکه ارتباطی، کاربری های سازگار و ناسازگار به چندین زیرمعیار تقسیم شد. با توجه به وابستگی متقابل معیارها براساس یافته های تحقیق، آن ها پس از وزن دهی با استفاده از مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای، در محیط GIS تلفیق شدند و ضمن تطبیق با استانداردهای بین المللی برای یک سوم جمعیت شهری، مکان های اسکان موقت شهر ارومیه با اولویت بندی سه گانه براساس ظرفیت ها و پتانسیل های بالفعل و بالقوه مدیریت شهری انتخاب شد.
    کلیدواژگان: اسکان موقت، زلزله، شهر ارومیه، فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای (ANP)، مکان گزینی
  • رضا مستوفی الممالکی*، نعمت شاه کرمی، مجتبی فتایی صفحات 151-166
    در حال حاضر، یکی از چالش های اساسی دولت ها به ویژه در کشورهای درحال توسعه، سازمان دهی ساختار فضایی ملی مطلوب در جریان شهرنشینی درحال دگرگون است. چنین ساختاری امکان تقسیم کارکرد اقتصادی، اجتماعی متعادلی را در سلسله مراتب شهری و منطقه ای فراهم می کند.در اغلب استان ها و نواحی ایران نیز سلسله مراتب شهری کاملا به هم ریخته و بی قاعده شکل گرفته است که موجب مشکلات متعددی شده است. در این تحقیق، بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل سلسله مراتب شهری استان لرستان از سال 1365 تا 1390 صورت گرفته است. روش اصلی تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر نوع تحقیق کاربردی- توسعه ای است. آمار و اطلاعات مورد نیاز به روش اسنادی- کتابخانه ای گردآوری شده است. هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی تحولات سلسله مراتب شهری استان لرستان از سال 1365 تا 1390 است. در راستای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از مدل آنتروپی، قانون رتبه- اندازه شهر، مدل حد اختلاف طبقه ای و نزدیک ترین همسایگی استفاده شده است. نتایج و یافته های این تحقیق نشان می دهد شبکه شهری استان لرستان در سال های 1365 و 1375 از لحاظ توزیع فضایی شهرها تقریبا حالت متعادلی داشته است، ولی در سال های 1385 و 1390 این حالت تعادل به هم خورده است و توزیع فضایی شهرها نامتعادل شده است که از دلایل عمده آن می توان به پیدایش شهرهای بسیار کوچک (روستا- شهرها) اشاره کرد. همچنین از لحاظ توزیع جمعیتی شهرها براساس مدل حد اختلاف طبقه ای ناهماهنگی و گسیختگی آماری فاحشی در دوره های مورد بررسی در شهرهای استان وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: استان لرستان، توزیع فضایی، رتبه - اندازه، سلسله مراتب شهری، مدل آنتروپی
  • طاهره صادقلو *، لیلا جوهری صفحات 167-183
    افزایش کیفیت محیط شهری گامی بلند به سوی ارتقای رضایت شهروندان است. یکی از ابعاد شایان توجه در افزایش کیفیت محیطی ارتقای آسایش بصری است. آسایش بصری بازتابی از کیفیت زندگی، آرامش و رفاه شهروندی است؛ بنابراین، هدف این تحقیق سنجش عملکرد مولفه های آسایش بصری در ارتقای کیفیت محیط شهری کلان شهر مشهد است که در این زمینه 14 مولفه کیفیت محیطی و 4 مولفه آسایش بصری، ارتباط این دو دسته متغیرها و وضعیت آن ها در سطح مناطق سیزده گانه مشهد ارزیابی شده است. روش تحقیق توصیفی- پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری شامل تمام شهروندان مناطق 13 گانه مشهد می شود که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 383 پرسشنامه به نسبت جمعیت مناطق توزیع شده است. پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و شامل 40 پرسش کیفیت محیط شهری و 40 پرسش آسایش بصری است. به منظور تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS و برای رتبه بندی مناطق از تکنیک رتبه بندی وایکور استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر وجود تفاوت معنی دار بین مولفه های آسایش بصری و کیفیت محیط شهری در سطح مناطق سیزده گانه است. علاوه براین، نتایج رتبه بندی مناطق نشان می دهد اغلب مناطقی که سطح آسایش بصری پایین دارند (مناطق 13، 4، 5)، کیفیت محیطی کمتر و درنتیجه رفاه شهری کمتری دارند. همچنین مناطق 1 و 9 و 8 با هم پوشانی بسیار بالا در بهترین وضعیت از منظر کیفیت محیط شهری و آسایش بصری قرار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسایش بصری، تکنیک وایکور، کلان شهر مشهد، کیفیت محیطی، مدل های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره
  • مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی، رسول افضلی، علی امیری* صفحات 185-202
    شناخت و فهم ماهیت و معنای بسیاری از پدیده ها، نیازمند گذر از معنای ظاهری و غور در اعماق معنایی آن هاست تا شناخت و درک انسان از آن ها تکمیل شود و به شناخت واقعی تری از آن ها نزدیک شود. یکی از روش های شناخت، استفاده از روش های فرا اثبات گرایانه است. امروزه یکی از روش های درک و فهم امور و پدیده ها، استفاده از رویکرد «قدرت/ دانش» است که میشل فوکو، اندیشمند فرانسوی، متفکر مطرح در این حوزه شناخته می شود. وی رابطه قدرت و دانش و تاثیرات دوجانبه آن ها را در ارتباط با پدیده ها و مفاهیم واکاوی می کند. «نقشه» از پدیده هایی است که شناخت واقعی آن به درک عناصر و عوامل بسیاری نیاز دارد. در نگاه نخست، نقشه به عنوان یک پدیده، بخشی از یک حوزه جغرافیایی یا کل کره زمین را ترسیم می کند، اما این تمام معنای نقشه نیست و با واقعیت فاصله دارد. درنتیجه، در این پژوهش برای نخستین بار از دریچه «قدرت/ دانش» با تاکید بر آرای فوکو، به معنای نقشه نگاه می شود و رابطه قدرت و نقشه با «روش شناسی کیفی» بررسی می شود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد نقشه، نه تنها ابزار حکومت برای اعمال قدرت و سلطه است، بلکه به عنوان «بازوی قدرت» به «القا» و «اعمال» قدرت کمک می کند. نقشه در چرخه تولید قدرت قرار می گیرد و به همان صورتی که خود تولید و ساخته قدرت است، در بازسازی و تصویرسازی نظام فکری، قدرت تولید واقعیت دارد و فرد به سهولت اطلاعات مندرج در آن را به عنوان واقعیت های بازنمایی شده باور می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: دانش، قدرت، کارتوگرافی، میشل فوکو، نقشه
  • بهادر زارعی، کیومرث یزدان پناه درو*، سیدمهدی موسوی شهیدی صفحات 203-225
    بی شک جغرافیا و نفت در منطقه خلیج فارس مهم ترین عامل شکل گیری و تداوم حکومت های دیکتاتوری و رانتی بوده است. جغرافیا و مولفه های برآمده از آن در منطقه خلیج فارس مانند موقعیت، آب وهوا، ریزش های جوی و اقتصاد کشاورزی و دامی متاثر از ویژگی های جغرافیایی این منطقه تا حد زیادی در ایجاد بستر اقتصادی و نظام اجتماعی قبیله ای و عصبیت عربی و درنهایت در ساخت نظام حکومت های دیکتاتوری این منطقه نقش آفرین بوده است. پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، علاوه بر عوامل جغرافیایی سازنده حکومت های دیکتاتوری، عامل نفت موجب ایجاد حکومت های رانتیر در منطقه شد. نفت در عین حال سیاسی ترین کالای اقتصادی جهان امروز به شمار می رود. پژوهشگران و اندیشمندان سیاسی و جامعه به پدیده رانت و حکومت رانتیر یا دولت تحصیل دار به ویژه با مطرح شدن نفت به عنوان عامل ایجاد حکومت های رانتیر توجه کردند. رانت درآمدی محسوب می شود که برخلاف سود و مزد که نتیجه فعالیت های اقتصادی است، بدون تلاش به دست می آید و حکومت رانتیر حکومتی است که بیش از 42 درصد از درآمدهای آن از رانت خارجی حاصل می شود. از این رو، بیشتر کشورهای حوزه خلیج فارس به واسطه موقعیت جغرافیایی خود در طول چند دهه گذشته اقتصاد تک پایه مبتنی بر تولید و فروش نفت را تجربه کرده اند که این امر موجب شکل گیری حکومت های رانتیر در کشورهای منطقه شده است. پژوهش حاضر درصدد نشان دادن عوامل جغرافیایی تاثیرگذار بر شکل گیری حکومت های دیکتاتوری در منطقه و در پی تداوم حکومت های رانتیر متکی به نفت بر وضعیت جغرافیای سیاسی منطقه بوده است. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، بستر جغرافیایی منطقه خلیج فارس در طول حیات سیاسی خود زمینه ساز ساخت حکومت های دیکتاتوری قبل از کشف نفت شده است و پس از کشف نفت، علاوه بر عوامل ذکرشده، منابع سرشار نفت و گاز و عمر طولانی استفاده از این منابع به استقلال حکومت از ملت در راستای تامین نیازهای مالی خود و تداوم رویه های دیکتاتوری منجر شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: جغرافیا، جغرافیای سیاسی، حکومت رانتیر، خلیج فارس، رانت
  • سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی*، حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، مجتبی قدیری معصوم، زهرا بخشی صفحات 227-242
    هرگونه مطالعه و برنامه ریزی در نواحی روستایی به منظور تغییر و تحول برای پایداری، مستلزم بررسی دقیق و دستیابی به شناخت صحیح از نحوه استقرار و پراکندگی سکونتگاه های روستایی است. اگر سکونتگاه های روستایی در بستر طبیعی مناسبی شکل نگرفته باشند، بی شک در جریان رخدادهای طبیعی هزینه های گزافی متحمل می شوند و از مولفه های پایداری فاصله می گیرند. با توجه به ناهمسانی پراکنش فضایی سکونتگاه های روستایی از نظر تعداد و حجم جمعیت و توزیع گروه های سنی در روستاها، نابرابری در میزان و سطح تولیدات کشاورزی، خطرپذیری متعدد از حوادث طبیعی و... در سطح منطقه سبزوار- نیشابور، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش منابع اکولوژیکی (اقلیم، توپوگرافی، زمین شناختی و خاک) در پراکنش سکونتگاه های روستایی منطقه یادشده انجام گرفته است. برای دستیابی به این هدف با به کارگیری مدل اکولوژیکی توسعه شهری، روستایی و صنعتی و تطبیق آن با شرایط منطقه و نیز با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و آنالیز فضایی اطلاعات در محیط GIS، پراکنش فضایی 925 آبادی دارای سکنه در زمینه منابع اکولوژیکی بررسی شد. نتایج نشان می دهد عوامل اکولوژیکی بیشترین توزیع را در دو طبقه I (مناسب) و II (نسبتا نامناسب) دارند، اما عناصر اقلیمی بارش و رطوبت، علی رغم نقش مهم و تعیین کننده در اقلیم، کشاورزی و سکونت، از دامنه طبقه مناسب بسیار فاصله دارند. در نتایج پهنه بندی سه گانه نهایی، پهنه مناسب 32 درصد، پهنه نسبتا مناسب 58 درصد و پهنه نامناسب 10 درصد سطح منطقه را پوشش داده اند و 51 درصد سکونتگاه ها در پهنه مناسب، 45 درصد در پهنه متوسط و 4 درصد در پهنه نامناسب مستقر بوده اند.
    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل فضایی، سکونتگاه روستایی، منابع اکولوژیکی، منطقه سبزوار - نیشابور
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  • Ramin Saed Mocheshi *, Keramatollah Zyari, Hosein Hataminejad, Rahmatollah Farhodi Pages 1-18
    The Research a head with dedication to the process of economic globalization and its spatial_ physical Necessity in Cities, in the first step, address to review the existing literature on the logic of spatial scateration of urban functions in the era of Knowledge base economy and structure of polycentric cities, and in the second step, with recognition to the restructuring necessity of the urban functions- as a part of power increase in global competition-, address to the review and analysis of this process and indexes in the city of Tehran. In this case, by using different software and Computational methods (such as: Janks, AHP_Phazzy), identified the formation of urban functions in Tehran and, comparative locate study of traditional and Knowledge base functions with the overlay operation. The case study, is the metropolitan area of Tehran's and statistical society, more than 6,500 companies offering advanced producer services in 7 levels and all of the traditional functions in the city. The result of research focused on centralize structure and, mono_centric in both of selection functions and, also powerful adaptation(more than 70 per), in this tow group locating. Also, it can be seen the transferring function core from region 12 to the boundary of the 6 , 7 and, part of region 3. This means a transport of the functional hub toward the northern half of the city despite maintaining a centralized structure.
    Keywords: Knowledge Base Functions, Advanced Producer Services(APS), Traditional Functions, The City of Tehran
  • Seyyed Ali Alavi, Mehdi Pourtaheri, Abdolmotalleb Saberi * Pages 19-34
    Development, a concept that is called often to process of moving from point to another that covers various aspects such as economic growth, structural change, industrialization, self-actualization and cultural, religious, national and individual self-reliance. A sustainable development is a new concept of economic growth. A growth that is as justice and opportunity for all people that living in the world; and not for a few selected individuals. Sustainability, in its vast sense, applied to the ability of ecosystems or any current system to continue function has been an indefinite future. Today unveiling poor results of government-oriented solutions of urban development plans, government consideration focused due to lower levels of urban and management and to the tangible dimension of urban life. Two important factors to achieve the appropriate development in local scale are; attention to role and importance of local governance and another is citizen’s participation in the decision-making. Therefore local communities in the cities are best center and workshop of management and participatory planning and there have the greatest social and spatial cohesion between other groups in spatial organization of the city. This research seeks to answer to this question: How the stability condition of the case study neighborhood? The aim of this research was to measurement of the stability of the Ekbatan neighborhood. In this study according to the research topic, the research method was been descriptive-analytic. Data and information collection method was documentary and survival. In the analytical part, discussed to review and test hypotheses, and examine relationships between independent and dependent variables in SPSS software. To test this hypothesis, was used the non-parametric binomial test. Statistical analysis has shown that, Ekbatan neighborhood in terms of community sustainability, according to sustainable development indicators, had high neighborhood stability and resulting Ekbatan neighborhood is considered as a sustainable neighborhood. The Ekbatan neighborhood in terms of sustainability, in the socio-cultural, environmental and physical indicators respectively with mean equal to 3/6977, 3/5166 and 3/4385 are stable and in the economic dimension, with mean 2/8241 are unsustainable. But in terms of overall sustainability the Ekbatan neighborhood with the 3/5286 average, was above from the average of Likert scale that is 3; and according to the overall sustainability significant level smaller than the 0/05, while reject the H0 hypothesis, the research hypothesis was confirmed and have been identified as a sustainable neighborhood that has a high stability.
    Keywords: Sustainable development, community-based, community sustainable development, SPSS, Ekbatan
  • Eshagh Jalalian *, Mir Najaf Mousavi, Ali Bagheri Kashkoli Pages 35-53
    Introduction
    Today, large number of world’s major cities is located in coastal environments these towns have and all important positions in the economic, cultural and social functions. Coastal areas and the cities located in they are economically very important in terms of the environment, sensitive to many of factors influencing and physically, against a variety of natural hazards and human made disasters are very vulnerable. Development of this cities leads to massive investments by shareholders and stakeholders and to create such conditions, the spatial structure non-coastal other cities are also affected by this development. So that grows The participation of a wide range of stakeholders and interested investors to invest in such cities And simultaneously With this growth process, arise complex needs who Favorable Supply these needs will help to sustainability physical, social, economic of these cities. Today's coastal cities are considered to be as a vital source of income for the national economy. These resources are also essential to strengthen their economies of the coastal cities. So that the the dynamics of these cities are largely determined by the axes of development and exploitation of economic activity and tourism. The purpose of this research is to explore and identify and analyze the spatial structure coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province.
    Methodology
    Type research is applied and its methods Descriptive and analytic. Statistical population studied in this research is 31 points coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province in the year 2011. To collect information this research was used method libraries (Documents). To analysis of data to analyze the spatial structure of coastal and Non-Coastal cities used of urban and regional planning models include coefficient of Variation, rate of population growth, Model Rating – size urban, model of urban Prime (First city, two city, four cities, Mehta four city, Herfindal concentration, MoMA and Alvsaby, Mousavi urban dominance, Entropy model, Dispersion coefficient, Hierarchical cluster analysis. To investigate relationship between the independent and dependent variables and inferential analysis of data s has also been used advanced dedicational statistical and statistical models, the coefficient of correlation, regression; test T-Test, ANOVA and multivariate.
    Results And Discussion
    Results of studies show that Process urban growth in coastal cities has increased during 1986 to 2006 of about 17.3 percent that the main reason for this has been an increasing number of coastal cities and the growing trend of migration to cities of this province. Also Population growth in coastal cities is substantially higher than non coastal cities. Reviews Process rate of population growth in coastal cities of the years 1986- 2011 indicate a sharp growth rate of population growth. Of course, this is also true for non coastal cities and total population of province's cities. Well as results of the analysis of Cities Bushehr province hierarchy Using the Zypf theory indicates that Population of Bushehr city As the first city is 2 Equal Second city (Borazjan), 3 equal city third and fourth (Kangan and Ganaveh) and 90 equal city last or 32 city (Kalame). In relation to position of cities in combined index, located at very top level of development coastal cities of Bushehr and Kangan with 271,551 inhabitants, namely 38/2 percent the total population of Province citites and at this level of development, are located well as non coastal cities Borazjan and jam with 111,762 inhabitants. Based on this, we can say that there are in some of the coastal cities of Bushehr oil and gas fields like coastal city Asaluye and Non-Coastal city Jam have unique characteristics and because of easy access to oil and gas resources, has an many opportunity in order to economic development, available city manager for development of this cities and Well as development of other cities.
    Conclusion
    Analytical findings by using simultaneous multiple regression models show that coastal cities have huge oil and gas fields have a much higher level of spatial development. So that the in lieu a units change In effect Standard deviation of economic function Coast Is created 0/814 change units in spatial structure of coastal cities. Results also obtained by Spearman coefficient is equal to 0/865 That this amount reflects the fact that there is a very strong positive correlation between the distribution of population and growth and development of economic, cultural, transportation and infrastructure functions between coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province. Finally compared coastal cities and Non coastal to terms of indicators studied Based on The test T-test, we can say since the is more index economic, health – care, transportation and infrastructure in coastal cities, As a result, Development of Space structure in Coastal cities is more of Non-Coastal cities. Accordingly, in development of the coastal cities should be used of all economic capacity Order to economic flourished. In other words we can say that sustainable economic development of the coastal cities in Bushehr Besides the benefit of oil and gas resources and also benefit from the business and jobs service is needs to Development of marine economy And Growth and development of fisheries. Nevertheless Based on the research findings to develop desirable coastal and non-coastal can be stated as follows: Strengthening and welfare infrastructure, sociology-economic in urban centers, especially in small cities and promote levels health, education in small cities like Shanbe, Kaki, Anarstan, Riz, Kalame, Kharg, Banak as well as favorable development of balance and justice access of services in major cities such of Bushehr, Borazjan, Dylam, Kangan, Ganaveh and Jam; Development and equipping ports infrastructure in coastal cities. Making bed for suitable for increased economic participation of women in the development of coastal and non coastal cities; Prevent of Conversion rural centers to small cities and change role of these cities; Development of Practical and technical training tailored to the capabilities of employment in small cities; Development sites and installations and equipment recreational for the purpose the welfare of domestic and foreign tourism.
    Keywords: Spatial Structure, Sustainable development, Coastal, non-coastal cities, strategic planning, Bushehr Province Cities
  • Varaz Moradi Masihi, Mani Talebi * Pages 55-68
    Introduction
    The spatial inequality can be unequal distribution of opportunities and social position in the spatial. Activities of economic and political importance are often concentrated in urban centers. These centers also benefit from a constant inflow of new material, financial and human resources from the peripheries. Government policies can also be biased towards these areas. As a result of this, and the constant leakage of resources to the central regions, peripheral areas often have difficulty in self-sus. The spatial dimension of exclusion cannot be entirely separated from its resource and identity dimensions since it is usually culturally and economically marginalised groups that inhabit physically deprived spatial. Spatial Inequality has been considered with disparities between rural and urban areas, also between geographically advantaged and disadvantaged regions. In many countries such disparities are increasing, partly as a consequence of the uneven impact of trade openness and globalization. While there are efficiency gains from the concentration of economic activity in urban centers and in coastal districts, the associated regional inequalities are a major contributor to overall inequality. They are particularly worrying if they align with political or ethnic divisions. The broad outline of appropriate policy for managing high and rising spatial disparities is also clear. This study grades levels of development Guilan counties based on five criteria (Investment and Industrial Activity, Social Inequality - Economic, Population, Roads and Communications, Health and Treatment) and 19 under the relevant criteria. For spatial analysis of exclusions, the following criteria values to the most important factors of spatial exclusion will be determine and analyze. It is the main question that what are the major contributors for spatial analysis of exclusions and basic solution in order to solve this problem, what can be offered?
    Methodology
    For Spatial analysis of development exclusions of Guilan province , Statistical population includes the counties of Guilan province and the sample consisted is university professors of geography and regional planning and experts in management and planning organization of Guilan province.According to the subject , this paper is qualitative - quantitative and functional (the result) , exploring (in terms of goals and how to collect data and production data), description (in terms of explaining the features) and analytical (in terms of relations between variables). For ranking the Guilan counties, first use the (Topsis) model and weighted by AHP approach with questionnaires, then has classified counties of Guilan in three levels (Deprived, Semi- deprived, welfare) with cluster analysis and software (spss). Ultimate Spatial analysis of exclusion development , the following criteria have been rating that for it five quality options ( ineffective , low impact , effective , high- impact impression and very much) , the corresponding numbers ( 0 to 4 ), the coefficient of correlation , positive correlation between the amount of the data is determined by experts . Using Delphi, strategies has been required and for reducing the exclusion of development based on factors that were positively identified and eventually using the AHP strategies were prioritized.
    Results And Discussion
    The main reason for the deprivation of development is the disruption of balance needed in relationship between the factors of shaping the spatial, namely human, activities and settlements and in the scope of agriculture, rural-urban migration issue to be addressed.Population distribution in urban and rural areas of the Guilan province has a special heterogeneity. On the one hand the services sector in the economy of the province and its trend is not meaning of development in Guilan, Because of the service sectors, the highest contribution rate in contrast, the low share of agriculture and industry trend indicates that the Guilan economy is ailing economy. So, seasonality of agricultural activities is the most important factor in the problem of immigration and unemployment and destroying the balance of the spatial and due to the natural abilities of the province that can be the highest sustainable production capabilities exist. In this regard, more efficient interaction between agriculture and industries sector based on agricultural potential of counties and approach to the second crop for sustain this activity may be assessed. This requires establishing the suitability between supply and demand, production and consumption for all counties of province till distributing industrial investment in an interactive perspective at the agricultural sector to be more equitable that it tends to define opportunities greater job, loss and permanent migration and more spatial balance in the Guilan province. Several factors could explain the high rate of unemployment in the region (Guilan), but in the interaction between the private sector and the government to provide opportunities for private-sector investment is the most important issue. By comparing the scattering coefficient Criteria can be concluded the degree of inequality in selection the criteria are different from each others. So, all of the following criteria in order to analyze the spatial exclusion of development from the perspective of experts has been valuated that four criteria were positive correlation. Therefore the maximum value, belongs to: 1) the unemployment, 2) investment in the industrial sector , 3) Rural migration control, 4) a four-lane main road, wide and regular .
    Conclusion
    In this study,the counties of the Shaft, Rezvanshahr, Masal, Soumesara and Fooman in the west and Amlash in the east of Guilan province be identified as the deprivation counties.
    But the most important solutions to reduce spatial deprivation the Guilan province include, "Recognition the employment opportunities of Anzali Free Zone industrial trade", "to provide opportunities for private sector investment" and "the policy of freedom from dependence on a single product economy rice". Interaction between academia and industry through science and technology parks and enabling industrial towns with the counties approach to the formation of industrial clusters to conduct Anzali Free Zone industrial trade can develop a balanced and organized activities through counties and industrial areas of the counties of the Guilan and employment opportunities without migration the counties through spatial exclusion also reduced. The main barriers for the development of unbalanced industrial towns of the Guilan that is the lack of liquidity and supply of raw materials and machinery affected
    Keywords: spatial, development, Exclusions, Guilan, Counties
  • Hossein Khademi, Fatemeh Zarepour * Pages 69-80
    Introduction
    Rural areas have an important role in the development of countries. While rural areas by implementing a detailed plan developed in accordance with the characteristics of the villages in the area certainly play a pivotal role in national development if required. This small rural city located in Fars province to eliminate inequalities in the distribution of resources and services to the villages of proper planning by considering the potential capacity Vtvanmndy and balfl needs of rural areas. This study aimed to assess the degree of development and the gap between rural villages as well as the distance to the city center And the effects of distribution facilities and services and the development of rural areas, and Sixty-four indicators of economic, social and cultural for 1390 selected by using numerical taxonomy analysis studied the tiny villages of this city. The results show that the district Ryzab indicators (population, development, infrastructure and service centers) in the first place due to the large size of population than any other county is the most developed, Village Horgan However, the short distance to the city center in a small straw has a low population and distribution of the mountain as well as undeveloped rural areas of the district is the city.
    The level of development of the nine city districts (Ryzab, AbadehTashk, Rustaq) comprise a group of the districts and sub districts (Bakhtegan, Hanna Dehchah, Meshkani, Qtruyeh) and Village Horgan moderately enjoyed most deprived districts have been classified.
    Methodology
    To assess the degree of development of rural areas should use appropriate methods and scientific in any research to achieve the desired objectives require the use of specific tools and methods. In the present study we used analytical and numerical taxonomy analysis using Excel software with the spss statistical calculation is performed. A sample of the rural population in the city Neyriz. Data of document and library, also referred to various departments to complete the survey and the information needed has been done Then determined by numerical taxonomy and classification of rural development districts are done. The indexes presented in this study: To determine the rate of development Neyriz city municipalities, Of Sixty-four indicators relating to economic sector, productivity, health, population, education services, infrastructure, cultural, sports and religious Been Editor.
    Results
    Understanding the current status and future perspective of one of the most important steps in the development of economic, social and cultural remains. Considering the fact that about half of the population live in rural areas is needed Conducted detailed studies of the villages which the planners can do proper planning for the development of rural areas. One of the objectives of rural planning equitable distribution of facilities and services.
    In the present study, the level of development of different districts of the city Neyriz development of Sixty-four factors were evaluated by numerical taxonomy , The results show that the city's districts are homogeneous Neyriz Vazbyn nine villages that were studied in eight districts are similar progress. Vdhstan Horgan designated as deprived districts with other districts had considerable differences. They are not suitable indices of development is also significant, Horgan Rural District, which is located at a distance of Eighteen km from the city center and the near this shed is the second district, Also responsible to transfer public land for gardening and farming village residents, However, because the inhabitants of the villages where the tribes settled And the In villages with a population Limited and sporadic and more lands are a national resource, Asin is a low level of development. Balance to deprivation of villages in the district of city development should be a higher priority in the allocation of development credits and government grants given to the village. Establishment of a paved road, industrial farm complex, integrated, scattered villages and action planning.
    Conclusion
    Planning approach to rural settlement pattern in labor and activities on the basis of potential geographical areas in this regard, knowledge of the regions in terms of economic performance and social activities, especially In particular, the influence of these characteristics on the functional characteristics of rural areas in terms of development planning is very important. In recent decades, with the advancement of technology in social and economic structure of rural communities Vthvlaty occurred, these societies have undergone vast changes. Proper attitude to service and distribution facilities have the capability of each county is very important factor in the survival and development of villages.
    In this study, village city's Neiriz Sixty-four indicators of economic, social and cultural rights in 1390, using analysis of numerical taxonomy study shows. Results obtained show the village is set in terms of the development of the city, Rizab Rural District due to its large size and population, despite a distance of 110 Kylvmtrta Neiriz is more developed than in other rural areas. Basalts Abadeh village 120 kilometers to the center of the city after its fall in the latter category. In terms of the Horgan Rural District, which is near the city center after Rustaq district. (A distance of about 18 km is located Neiriz), limited population and a scattered mountain is the cause of the backwardness of the district. With the above description, operating within city Centre retardation factor can represent Horgan Rural District. Accordingly, in terms of population, Mrany- infrastructure, education, health care centers Rizab Rural District and village indices abadeh basalts, And the index for cultural, sports, religious Dehchah villages, as well as the economic and productive index ranks first in Rustaq district located. Also in terms of population and area villages Meshkani economic indicators Bakhtegan villages and fields of education, health, development Vzyrbnayy, cultural-sports -Religious, service, manufacturing, Horgan Rural District Drrtbh been late. The Village Ryzab most developed district and Hargan underdeveloped in most districts city are considered. Development of city districts nine, 33/33% in the group having the village (Ryzab, AbadehTashk, Rustaq), 55/55Drsddr group, having possession (Bakhtegan, Hanna Dehchah, Meshkani, Qtrvyh) and 11/11 percent of the excluded groups (village Horgan) are classified.
    Keywords: assessment, development, County Rural, Taxonomy, the index
  • Seyed Eskandar Seydaei, Seyed Somaye Hoseini * Pages 81-94
    Introduction
    According to Universal World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), cultural tourism refers to "the travelling of the human beings with merely cultural motivations such as academic, artistic and learning tours as well as their journeys for academic purposes, taking part in the festivals and other cultural events, visit to the sites and places, travel with an academic nature, folklore or art and pilgrimage…" Technically, cultural tourism includes the travelling of the human beings for the purpose of visiting the specific cultural attractions such as cultural heritage sites, cultural aesthetic symbols, arts and parades events which are situated outside of their ordinary living place.
    Nature-based tourism refers to a form of tourism which depends mainly on the relatively undeveloped natural environments for their attractions (Wurzinger and Johanson, 2006). It is mainly related to the direct enjoyment of the intact and unchanged phenomenon of the nature (Valentine, 1992).
    Nature-based tourism can play a positive role in the development of the local target community local economy and bring huge benefits for the host economies (Hill et al, 2006). The economic benefits resulting from nature-based tourism include: the creation of local employment opportunities, the tourism revenues, the infrastructure improvement and foreign exchange (Lai and Nepal, 2006). Nature-based tourism has been recognized as the factor linking the wildlife protection and economic development. As some authors argue, the nature-based tourism perpetuates the efficient use of all resources perpetual providing some incentives for conserving the intact natural systems especially in developing countries (Kiss, 2004). The benefits of nature-based tourism depends on the substitution of the productive activities in order to reduce the pressure placed on the resources through providing a reliable and sustainable resource (Wunder, 2000).
    Research
    Methodology
    The present study intends to determine the prioritized areas apt for tourism in Isfahan province, Iran. Considering the components under research, this study is applied-developmental in nature with its methodology being descriptive-survey based on systematic analysis. To carry out the assessment, scoring the areas has been done based on three variables, namely the number of attractions, the level of performance (national, local and international) and level of access (pedestrian or vehicle access) to the cultural-historical attraction sites) and the natural attractions and the human-made.
    Discussion and
    Results
    Based on the given scores, the highest capacity for the historical-cultural tourism of Isfahan city is centrally situated in two areas i.e. the center area with the centrality of Isfahan city and North-East area with the centrality of Kashan city and then, Natanz. Since this centrality has been determined based on the number of attractions, the level of performance and the access to the attractions, it includes a radius of 40 km from the center of Isfahan and Kashan cities, as well. Accordingly, Qohi village and Isfahan city in Isfahan town, Mashhad Ardahal, Joshaqan, Esterk, Taher Abad, Azvar, Rahq, Van, Joinan, Ravanad, qahroud villages, Natanze, Badroud cities, Abianeh and Ab senjed villages in Natanze town are located in these two areas.
    Aran o Bidgol , Noush Abad cities and Yazdel and Ali Abad villages in Aran o Bidgol town, Zavareh, Ardestan cities and Moqar village in Ardestan town, Naein city in Naein town , Kolhar, Se, Mourchekhort villages and Gaz and Borkhar city in Shahinshar town and Meimeh enjoy the highest scores as the decentralized areas.
    Based on the ratings, Isfahan province has been classified into 5 categories and the highest scores were found to be belonged to Semirom, Fereydunshahr, Freydan, Khansar, Chadegan and Dehaghan towns spread on the WestSouth and West as two concentrated points. The WesternSouth area includes Semirom Town especially Dangezlu, Noghl, Khefer, Sivar, Mandegan, Sarbaz Kifteh Guisin, Ghaleh Sangi, Roud Abad, Bibi Seidan, Ab Malakh, Ghabr Kikha, Garamuk, Agh Dash, Kezen, Cheshmeh Sard, Shams Abad villages and Semirom, Vanak and Kameh cities. The Western domain includes Fereydunshahr town and a number of its villages including Khosh Mive, Chaghirut, Sibak, Meidanak Bozorg, Surashjan, Ghahshejan, Pashandegan, Gurab Milajerd and Fereydunshahr city, the Fereydan town and Noghan Olia, its village, Ofus, Buein and Mianadasht, Daran and Damaneh, Khansar town and a number of its villages including Tidjan, Ghudjan and Hasan Abad and Lahijan as well as Khansar city.
    Based on the given scores, the highest capacity for human-made tourism is two areas Isfahan city and Mobarake.
    Conclusion
    Based on the findings of the study, there is a potential milieu for the nature-based tourism development in Isfahan Province and thus its towns and urban and rural areas. The research on the capacity analysis of Isfahan province in terms of cultural- historical tourism development shows that based on the given scores, nearly %29.51 and %19.6 of the total attractions of the province and %34.7and %22.55 of the cultural- historical tourism attractions of the region respectively belong to Isfahan and Kashan towns. In more detail, %76.49of the historical-cultural attractions of Isfahan province belong to Isfahan while the scores obtained for its different regions are as follows: %50 for region 3, %19.82 for region 1, %13.36 for region 6, %10.91for region 5.
    The research on the capacity-analysis of Isfahan Province regarding natural tourism development show that based on the assigned scores, Isfahan Province is divided into four categories with the highest scores being for Semirom, Chadegan, Fereydunshahr and Freydan towns so that they can be considered as the areas appropriate for nature-based tourism development. To explain more, based on the given scores, %92.06 and %68.18 of the tourism capacity of these two cities belong to the nature-based tourism. Hence, it has the highest frequency and a good situation across the province area in this regard. On the other hand, although Semirom and Fereydunxhahr towns both account for only %14.38 of the province area, they possess %15.18 and %11.78 of the nature-based tourism attractions in this region.
    Keywords: historical-cultural tourism, Nature tourism, human-made tourism, Geography Information System, Isfahan province
  • Simin Tavalaee, Mohammad Soleimani, Rahman Jahani Dowlatabad *, Esmaeil Jahani Dolatabad Pages 95-113
    Introduction
    Tourism is a powerful force of change in the economy in both the developed and in the least developed countries. Due to the formation of the concept of sustainable development, Tourism industry as well as like other industries has been seeking ways to further alignment with the concept. Sustainable tourism as a form of alternative tourism, is seeking to improve the quality of life for local residents, promoting tourism experiences and Environmental preservation of destination. Its therefore is linked inextricably with the people and community and participation of local communities is essential to maintain and develop the basic planning for the development and management of tourism. Necessity of attention to the concept of community participation as one of the most important components of a sustainable tourism industry requires that to know the tourism industry is using the community as a resource, selling its as a product, and ultimately affects the life of each population. The pattern seems to be optimal in this relationship and in nature is also related to the sustainable development of tourism, the pattern is a community-based tourism. This pattern requires the presence of a community significant participation in sustainable tourism. Meaning that if only the local elites or foreign individual owners and or manager of land or major industries or land industries form the major players of the industry, will defeat inevitabley any participatory towards achieving sustainable development through community based tourism. However, the pattern of community participation in tourism, particularly in developing countries such as Iran has been inactive participation. So that the exception of the formal hosts or people involved in tourism activities, Local communities should be considered as a key resource for achieving sustainable tourism, not have any formal responsibility as the host of tourism activities and are always away from the axis of vision. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of community participation of Sarein, as one of the poles of the tourism industry in Iran, in sustainable tourism and from this perspective, the introduction of participatory approaches as a strategy for sustainable development of tourism in the study area.
    Materials And Methods
    This research in terms of target is applied research and based on a nature is survey descriptive – analytical research. In order to collect data is used the combined approach, means the combination of library and field methods such as questionnaires.The statistical population based on the research questions , including all residents of Sarein who is responsible for tourism activities are not formally and directly. The sample size (353 patients) was determined according to the formula of cochran and multi-stage cluster sampling was used as the sampling method. Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In section of descriptive statistics, for describe the research variables were utilized descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions. In section of inferential statistics, bivariate relationships Has been analyzed and interpreted using pearson correlation and multivariate relationships using multiple regression and path analysis.
    Discussion
    Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze variables. The findings descriptive statistics of the study showed that the tourism industry in Sarein has not favorable conditions in different aspects of and in particular economic, social - cultural and environmental that can be cited lack of participatory mechanisms as a major factor in explaining this situation. Despite the high tendency of Sarein local residents to participate in tourism activities, The same people actual participation rates are low in tourism activities.The findings are based on inferential statistical analysis also showed that there is a positive and stronger correlation between the level of participation of local residents and sustainable tourism industry in terms of socio- cultural compared with economic and environmental dimensions. Correlation between the level of participation and sustainability of the tourism industry from the perspective of economic and environmental being next in rank order of priority. In addition to confirming of this issue, the test of path analysis determined the exact amount effects of three variables of social-cultural, economic participation and environmental participation in sustainable tourism industry. The test showed that recent variables moreover obtainning the rank of second and third according to direct impact on the sustainable development of tourism, Also has indirect effects on its. Means through creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism.
    Conclusion
    This study aims to assess the status of Sarein local community participation in activities related to sustainable tourism Based on the survey and using field data. Therefore were studied each of the participation and sustainable tourism industry variables and the relationships between each of them in particular three aspects of economic, social - cultural and environmental. Assessments made in this regard indicated that there is willing to participate in tourism activities by the local population of Sarein and the amount is also a relatively good level but not in the direction of sustainability. Because the mechanism of the tourism industry in Sarein is such that the majority of local residents do not have a role in therein and do not participate in tourism activities objectively. However, the potential of participation to achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein is attainable priority order through tourism social- cultural, economic and ecological considerations. So by creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein.
    Keywords: Participation, Local Communities, Industry of Sustainable Tourism, Community-Based Tourism, Sarein
  • Mohammad Reza Hafeznia, Zahra Ahmadipour, Sepanta Mojtahedzadeh, Hosein Pirdashti * Pages 115-131
    Introduction
    The Caspian Sea is the largest water basin which enclosed by land within Eurasia continent. The Caspian Sea is unique in many reasons: the large deposits of oil and gas, valuable fishery resources; including 90% of the world’s stock of sturgeon, important transportation routes; connecting the European part of Russia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia and significant geopolitical situation. Caspian Sea bordered by Russia in north, Iran in south, Azerbaijan in west and Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan in east. The unexampled characteristics of the Caspian Sea leads to having a problematic identity and stopped its prepared legal classification. Setting the legal regime of the Caspian Sea has begun since the collapse of Soviet Union; however there has not been any agreement over its legal regime between Caspian Sea coastal countries. This could have roots in the absence of international legal regulations in order to implement a legal regime for these types of seas in the Sea convention of 1982. Having 320 articles, this convention mentions the enclosed seas solely in articles 122 and 123. Based on the maritime law view point, the legal status of the Caspian Sea should also be determined when the coastal states factually recognized which body of law applies to delimitation of the waters and the resources of the subsoil. Besides legal problems, geographical factors play a role in determining this sea legal regime. These factors are more likely to be geomorphological, hydro-ecological, geo-biological, geo-economical, and geopolitical. Geomorphological factors are considered the most important one and had a profound role in sea convention in 1982. Many of these articles are affected by geomorphological factors, playing an undeniable role in setting the legal regime of the Caspian Sea.
    Materials And Methods
    This article is a descriptive-analytic study based on library research. In this library research documents and the analysis of their contents such as regulations and rules, maps, satellite pictures, geographical data systems, and census soft wares came to be made use.
    Results And Discussion
    One of the major problems in determining the Caspian Sea legal regime is the absence of clarified international rules in delimiting of such enclosed seas. The articles in Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 not only does not clarify the legal regime of the Caspian Sea, but suffers some inconvenient misunderstandings, leading to a misjudgment by each coastal countries for their own right. On the one hand, in order to reach an agreement for settling the legal regime, these countries have no choice but to refer to some of the articles of the Sea Convention. On the other hand, geographical factors play an important role in providing the aforementioned articles. Besides, these factors are of crucial importance, whether the convention or any other possible agreement be implemented. As it was mentioned earlier, geographical factors are more likely to be implemented in structure in convention, being the basic factor in delimitation. Besides, if the Convention or any other agreement is performed in the Caspian Sea, these factors will come to be very practical. The reason is that the coastal countries are totally different, enjoying these factors. Geomorphological factors such as the shape of the coast, its length, the shape of gulfs, islands, high tides, the rivers entrance, and natural bays have profound influence in determining the original straight line and extending sea areas of the coastal countries. In addition, sea bed shapes, its steep, ant the type of the sediments are influential in extending diffusing of sea sources. That is why the countries do not reach any solar agreement in proposing the earlier regime right. Benefiting a vast number of fossil and none-fossil sources specifically in continental shelf, The Caspian Sea is off greatest importance for the coastal countries, claiming more portions, consequently leading to disputations and controversies in setting the borders. This, in return, could damage the regime right procedure setting. Then, considering the geomorphological factors, each coastal countries limits and delimits could be clarified and a unified strategy could be achieved in order to accelerate the regime right procedure setting of the Caspian Sea for each country’s share.
    Conclusion
    The most challenging problem in setting the regime right in the Caspian sea is the absence of sufficient rules in the sea conventions for delimitating its limits which has roots in its geographical conditions (being an enclosed sea). Proposing the best solution to this is more likely to have to do with geographical, specifically geomorphological conditions. According to the convention of 1982, the countries with the most coastal length and least steep and also best morphological factors (estuary, gulf, delta, islands, underwater cliffs, and continental shelf) in determining the legal regime have a better opportunity of extending sea areas. Therefore, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan, respectively have more sea area. Iran, having the least coastal area, being convex, being more limited, having least geomorphological factors have the least chance in extending sea area. That is the reason why Iran does not agree with the convention 1982 and looks for appropriate strategies in order to improve its improper geomorphological features. So seeking a proper legal regime, all Caspian Sea coastal countries ought to agree upon a better strategy than the ordinary proposals of the convention in order to facilitate the geomorphological conditions for setting the legal regime. The last but not the least, It is to mention that setting a constant legal regime in the Caspian Sea, considering the geomorphological conditions based on convention of the year 1982 without implementing the method of proposing it, is not possible- since it lacks every countries benefits. The results showed that Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan possess optimum geomorphological condition in order, in determining the legal regime. Among all of these countries, Iran is in the worst position that demands adopting optimal policies to optimize existing conditions.
    Keywords: Caspian Sea, legal regime, geographical factors, geomorphologic conditions, the 1982 Convention
  • Ali Mosayebzadeh, Hamed Hassany Bakkhshkandy *, Milad Mahmoudi Sheykh Sarmast Pages 133-149
    The occurrence of natural disasters such as the earthquake has been threat human life and caused a great deal homelessness and displacement in the cities. In the early stages of dealing with such conditions one of the more important issues that is noticed by the responsible crisis management organizations is the optimum locating for contemporary settlement and organizing the life conditions OD sufferers and survivors and cope with their problems. In the case, with the dominant emergency situation if locating is done without considering the role of scientific criteria's and parameters, it can impose enormous costs.
    Introduction
    The main objective of this paper is the appropriate site selection and planning with respect to environmental and spatial and ... characteristics of the city regard to accomodation in order to gain the primary social and physical needs of survivors of the accident (the earthquake) and providing, maintaining and promoting the health condition of crisis so that we can multipurpose use of this places even in ordinary or emergency situations. In this regard, this paper with the respect locating different areas of Iran on the earthquake belt, due to the existence of unfit network and earthquake causing faults with the moderate risk of seismicity has investigated the city of Urmia as the model of spatial database in order to contemporary locating after earthquake. So that in the past, destructive earthquake in Salmas in 70 km from Urmia and also Tabriz in 100 km away from Urmia, make nscessity of temporary site selection and settlement in the earthquake. In terms of human factors, Other influencing factors on the vulnerability ofcity are Various parameters such as: building age(16.7% of the city context is old,including 300 hectares historical fabrics ), quality of buildings (about 56%buildings of Urmia are damaged, repairable and maintainable), Urban transportation routes, amount of traffic, population and building density, land use of different areas, type and material of different geological layers, etc that have much effection on crisis management, especially during and after the earthquake. The old fabrics of Urmia, which are generally, include of one and two-storey buildings with low and compact infrastructure that they are not according to technical standards have notenough stability against earthquakes. According to the above and importance of the issue , this paper tries to select optimal temporary sites, after the accurrence of earthquake in Urmia with the blending of natural- physical information with the use of new techniques and methods of network analysis process (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS).
    Methodology
    The methodology of research y is Descriptive – analyticwith the functionalnatureandthe methods of data collection are the library and documentary by the using of books, articles, approved urban projects, official statistics and undertaken researches related to the subject. In which is used the Super Decision software for calculations of the analysis network process model and is used the ArcGIS software for spatial modeling and region zoning.
    Results And Discussion
    Therefore, in order to express the theoretical basics, analysis networkprocess steps (ANP) and introduction of the study area, first has been investigated Effective measures of site selection of the temporary settlement that includes the natural characteristics, compatible land use, incompatible land use, and communication network, which each criterion includes several sub criteria. In the next step theclassification of sub criteria have been reviewed according to the world standards, rules of the approved urban project and the authors analyze of city properties. And then the information layers of sub criteria of each criterion individually are integrated in the GIS environment that Based on the importance coefficient is achieved by the analysis network process And again all maps of 4 main criteria will overlap based on the significance of each factor in a GIS environment and Finally, thesuitable location of the temporary settlement has been determined on the bases of global standards and urban management capacity In order to equip them for a third of the population of the city.
    Conclusion
    this location that choice is selected with triple prioritization based on capacity and de facto and possible potential of urban management according to the type of landuse, ownership and utilization of equipment and usage. So that the first priority have been 16 places in the entire area that mainly include state, private landuse and natural resources that allocated totaling 405 hectares to itself. These places generally have been the kind of green space, farms and gardens landuse and inside green space bar the city and located near the urban facilities, But deprived of them and In terms of importance, are in the first grade. That is why the creation of the necessary infrastructure in crisis situations of them is essential. The second priority have been the 19 places in the entire area that mainly include municipal and private landuse that allocated totaling 60.6 hectares to itself. This priority is locations that has been dependent on the previous class whichhas benefited of about half of urban facilities and the creation of management and storage infrastructures in them is not required. Also, are used after the completion of the first class.the third priority have been the 28 places in the entire area that mainly include municipal and state land use that allocated totaling 95.1 hectares to itself. And this places are includes the educational, cultural, sports and religious land uses, and this places are part of the dependent areas upon two previous classes. These places do not needed any kind of infrastructure and only used when we required for temporary settlements outside of the previous two classes capacity. So urban management of Urmia can equip these three priorities and places with regard to span of the city, crowds, old texture, and lack of more access hierarchy and use them for multipurpose and can take advantage and use of them in crisis situations, in order to crisis management caused by the earthquake for the establishment.
    Keywords: Location, temporary settlement, earthquake, analytic network process (ANP), Urmia
  • Reza Mostofi Almamaleki *, Nemat Shahkarami, Mojtba Fataei Pages 151-166
    Introduction
    One of the basic challenges of governments, especially in developing countries, is to organize the desired national spatial structure in the changing urbanization. Such a structure allows us to divide economic and social functions in the urban and regional hierarchy in a balanced manner. In most provinces and territories of Iran, the urban hierarchy has formed completely cluttered and irregular, and the tasks of cities are unknown, that has led to several problems. This study examines and analyzes the urban hierarchy of Lorestan province from 1986 to 2011. The main research method is descriptive-analytical, and the research type is applied-developmental. The required data were collected with the documentary-desk method. The study aims to evaluate urban hierarchy changes in Lorestan province from 1986 to 2011. The entropy model, the rank-size rule, class difference limit model, and nearest neighbor are used for data analysis. The results indicate that the urban network of Lorestan province from 1986 to 1996 has had an almost balanced state in terms of special distribution of cities but from 2006 to 2011, this balance has disturbed and the spatial distribution of cities has become unbalanced. One of its major reasons is the emergence of very small towns (village-towns). In addition, in terms of distribution of urban population based on the class difference limit model, there is a statistically significant disharmony and disruption during the studied periods in the cities of the province.
    Methodology
    This is a descriptive-analytic research of the applied-developmental type. The required information was obtained from library sources and from collected documents. Statistics concerning the study, and related to the period from 1986 to 2011, were collected from the Office of the Governor General of Lorestan Province and from the Statistical Yearbook of the Statistics Center of Iran. The “Rank and Rate,” “Limit of Class Differences,” “Entropy Coefficients,” and “Nearest Neighbors” models were used to analyze the statistics.
    Results And Discussion
    Results obtained from the nearest neighbors model are in agreement with those found by Taleshi et al. in the study they carried out on Ardabil Province, in which it was shown that there was a balance among the cities in Ardabil Province, but do not conform with results Sadr Moosavi and Talebzadeh found in their research in 2009.
    Results obtained from the model of rank-size rule somewhat agree with those of a study Gharakhanloo et al. conducted in 2008 on the urban network of Ardabil. They found that the value of q, despite being less than one and moving towards values that indicated decentralization in the period from 1988 to 1996, suddenly increased in the period from 2006 to 2011, exceeded one, and was moving towards centralization in Ardabil Province.
    Results obtained from the model of the limit of class differences are in agreement with those Tavakkolinia and Shali obtained in their study on urban systems in West Azarbaijan Province in 2011. They found that there were great statistical discords in population distributions in the cities of the province, and that a clear disharmony and disequilibrium existed in urban population distribution in the province.
    Conclusion
    Urban hierarchy in Lorestan Province has experienced great fluctuations with respect to spatial distributions in the cities during the periods studied, and population distribution shows great variations in these periods, one of the main reasons of which is the appearance of newly founded cities during the period from 2006 to 2011. During the period from 1986 to 2006, there were 10 cities in the province, but in 2006, this number suddenly rose to 23 and reached 25 in 2011. In other words, during the span of a single decade, more than 13 cities were added to those already existing in the province. Many of these new cities were created following incorrect political and administrative decisions and because of the changes made in the Municipal Law. These new cities still possessed rural characteristics as far as economic, service provision, and cultural and social aspects were concerned, and no infrastructure had been built to cater for the needs of these new cities. In 2006, there were 12 cities with populations less than 5000, and their number rose to 13 in the year 2011, i.e., more than 50 percent of the cities of the province had populations less than 5000. This in itself confirms the sudden increase in the populations of major cities: a city like Khorramabad with a population of more than 300000 indicates there are great differences among the cities of the province with respect to their populations. In general, given the issues raised, and taking the obtained results from the models into consideration, it is quite clear that the urban network system of Lorestan Province almost, and to some extent, preserved an equilibrium state with respect to spatial distribution of cities in the period from 1986 to 1996. However, after the period from 2006 to 2011 and following the creation of new cities, this equilibrium was replaced by a state of disharmony and disequilibrium. To prevent the further worsening of this situation, it is proposed that the following steps be taken
    1. Filling the gaps, particularly the economic and service provision gaps between the larger cities of the province and the smaller ones, and planning balanced regional programs with the purpose of creating the possibility of equal growth in the cities of the province.
    2. Creating balance and harmony in the spatial organization of Lorestan Province through building appropriate transportation and service provision systems in deprived regions which have low populations.
    3. Preventing irregular migration from villages and small cities to Khorramabad by creating the necessary facilities and providing the required services in these villages and small cities.
    4. Developing and enhancing small-scale local industries and handicraft in villages and small cities with the purposes of strengthening their economy and of preventing migration of people who live in them.
    Keywords: urban hierarchy, spatial distribution, entropy model, Rank, size, Lorestan Province
  • Tahere Sadeghlo*, Leyla Jouhari Pages 167-183
    Introduction
    Urban quality of life is not a simple term that has a clear or an agreed definition but is a complex concept which might be defined by various theories. The term urban quality of life is not used to describe some physical features but to describe all the relationship, the dynamics, and the reticular relationship that exist between those physical features. there fore, the definition of urban quality of life is network and complex rather than linear and very elementary. This special keyword is resulted to urban environment quality. So the aim of this research is to analyze the relation between urban environment quality and visual comfort. The importance of urban environment issues has never been as serious as today. One of the most important subjects in urban planning is quality of environment and the satisfaction of citizens. Urban environment quality is a measurement of residential environment in which for urban life has the minimum desirability. The circumstance of the relation between humane and environment is a special condition in which make a role to evaluate the urban environment quality. On the other hand to improve and then evaluate urban environment and experience good urban quality of life visual components should be considered. Today visual comfort is a major component of urban life, especially in man-made environments. In recent decades, urban environment quality has become a specialized issue in the society. Increasing the quality of urban environment is a long step toward improving citizen’s satisfaction. One of the most rewarding aspects in order to increase environmental quality is to upgrade visual comfort. Visual comfort is a reflection of quality of life, lull and welfare of citizens. Visual comfort in a city offers architectural and portable lightening, how to play with colors and apply them according to the physical environment and the way symbols are employed or how visual form of a city can be seen. Visual comfort can be used to describe places that have more social and formal monitoring. So the other aim of this research is to investigate performance of visual comfort components to improve quality of the urban environment in Mashhad metropolitan, in which 14 indicators in environmental quality, and 4 visual comfort factors and the relation between these two categories in 13 regions of Mashhad municipality are evaluated.
    Methodology
    The research method is descriptive survey one. Population of the study consist of whole citizens in 13 regions of Mashhad municipality in which according to Cochran formula 383 questionnaires are distributed in proportion to population. The questionnaire is researcher made and consists of 40 questions about visual comfort and 40 questions about quality of urban environment. Formal validity of the questionnaire is approved by the experts and to examine the content validity, factor analysis is applied and to test Reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used. To analysis the data SPSS software is used and in addition, in order to rank the regions, VIKOR rating technique is used. This technique is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods to select the best option or to prioritize the options in a matter. In this technique to rank alternatives different criterions are used. VIKOR technique is able to give assistance to decision maker to make the final decision and often is used when the decision makers cannot submit their preferences in decision making process because of contradictory indicators.
    Results And Discussion
    Results show that there is significant difference between the components of environmental quality and visual comfort in 13 regions of Mashhad municipality. Results of ranking the regions show that regions of (13, 4, and 5) were in the worse condition of visual comfort and also have experienced less quality of urban environment and thus less urban welfare. Also regions of 1, 8 and 9 with high overlapping are in best condition in terms of quality of urban environment and visual comfort. The most remarkable part is that often areas with lower ranking level in terms of quality of urban environment (13, 5, and 4) were also lower in terms of visual comfort components. So it could be said that visual comfort not only have relation with environmental quality, but also lies at the heart of it. On the other hand weighted technique results show that, lightening has had the most weight between the visual comfort components, so the most remarkable part in the city is often good lightening, it should be equally fashionable and functional, great lightening is more than a physical object. It is beyond what the product looks like or how well it is made.
    Conclusion
    According to the results, there is a large gap between the 13 regions of Mashhad municipality, while some regions as 1, 9, and 8 are in the best situation in terms of visual comfort and environmental quality of life; some others are very poor, as 4, 5, 13, and 6. It could be concluded that the regions which have had a poor condition in terms of environmental quality of life have experienced a worse situation in availability, economic dynamism, network quality, green spaces, quality of buildings, aesthetics of buildings, architecture, management services and etc. And those regions which have had poor condition in terms of visual comfort elements(light, color, sight, symbol contamination) have experienced less quality of life, cause these two components (visual comfort and environmental quality) are significantly related to each other. Significant gap in the environmental quality of life of the citizens should not be neglected. Good urban environment is an environment in which civil justice be considered. So good urban condition for some regions and poor other areas seems sobering. Therefore urban environment cannot be built for citizens without knowledge of their opinions and also urban realities.
    Keywords: Visual Comfort, Environmental Quality, Mashhad Metropolitan, MCDM techniques, VIKOR Technique
  • Marjan Badiei Azandahi, Rasul Afzali, Ali Amiri * Pages 185-202
    Introduction
    Getting a deeper understanding of many phenomena necessitates a deeper knowledge of their hidden meaning which is the key to a perfect understanding of that particular phenomenon . No true understanding is achieved unless through a sound methodology of phenomena . Although positivism has been a dominant methodology in acquiring knowledge , but it should be noted that other methodologies shouldn’t be ignored .
    Knowledge and power are mutually connected, so far power to grow knowledge - oriented background is required . This is the case with knowledge as well. I. e it too requires a background of power. Power needs a particular knowledge to show how legitimate and scientific it is . This particular knowledge can be disseminated though power very easily . As power is significant to boost a specific epistemology and a scientific device so is knowledge in stabilizing and legitimizing power and its apparatus .
    Methodology
    Maps are scientific tools to disseminate geography as a science and a positivistic viewpoint would be of no help in understanding the impact that power has on them . Such a viewpoint represents maps as a tool to transfer information on the ground to a flat surface , but Map is a phenomenon that its understanding depends on many other factors . Maps are not concrete ontological phenomena which can be comprehended through a positivism approach . Their synthetic ontology of object and subject guide us to use Meta - positivistic methodologies to comprehend them . Although positivism has been a great help in developing science, it can be counter - effective in understanding human phenomena .
    At first glance a map might seem a simple thing which tries to show a geographical picture at a particular area or the whole earth , but this is not the whole picture and a map includes a broader significance . Different aspects with various methodologies have to be taken into account while studying maps . The relation between maps and political power has to be accounted for since power is an element of significance in assigning meaning to a map and on the other hands , maps can play a role in making the government’s illusions objective and by the same token , stabilizing their hegemony . Thus , in this study , we have tried to consider map in terms of power / knowledge and the relation between power and map through quality methodology .
    Results And Discussion
    Power / knowledge postulated by Michel Foucault , the French historian of ideas , can be an appropriate methodology in leading us towards our destination . Different methodologies are conductive to different understandings and every phenomenon requires its suitable methodology .
    The results show that a map is not only an apparatus for governments to parade their power but it is also efficient in implementing power. Maps have a place in the cycle of power and as they are a product of power , they have an undeniable role in representing a system of truth and reality of their own . By the same token people easily accept this represented world as the real one .
    It might be quite helpful in understanding the connection between power and maps to say that maps are the result of power investment . As tools to propagate science and knowledge governments feel it is absolutely necessary to attach a lot of importance to maps . It is the governments that found institutes which have the responsibility of producing maps . State - run institutions including military ones employ geographers and cartographers to produce maps . No matter where that institution belong to whether in India or a Falkland protectorate archipelago or a u. s. a based one in the military .
    The second aspect is the quintessential power existing in maps . Information there is easily acceptable and maps symbolize reality . Although they were first tools in the hands of power , here they represent science and reality and have the power of persuasion which can be termed “ the power of the maps ” . This power of persuasion is particular effective when deployed for a specific discourse , so those people who accept that specific discourse can be persuaded quite easily because to them truth is speaking . People involved in this field know how to manipulate maps to reach their goals . Using cartographic devices and techniques they produce maps which represent particular points of view .
    Conclusion
    Cartographers can produce what they want and make their case persuasive by attracting attention to what they want to convey. Maps play a big role in making citizens and their audience in believing that they are symbolic of reality . This is how maps form people’s opinions of their land and territory and this is the result of internal power of map.
    So via an appropriate methodology we can bath acquire a sounder understanding and get rid of dogmatism and help us have a more piercing look at phenomena . Power / knowledge postulated by Michel Foucault , the French historian of ideas , can be an appropriate methodology in leading us towards our destination. This methodology helps understanding of phenomena not only as positivist methodologies have represent , but also determine the internal and external power of phenomena and obtaining the original meaning of phenomena.
    Keywords: Map, Cartography, power, Knowledge, Foucault
  • Bahador Zarei, Qumars Yazdanpanah Dero*, Seyed Mahdi Mousavi Shahidi Pages 203-225
    Oil is the most political and most important good in today’s world economy undoubtedly. Rant phenomenon and rentier governments have been a subject of great interest as a reason for rentier governments between researchers. Rant can be described as an income which is earned out of economic activities including benefit of investments and wages effortlessly and a rentier government is a government that earns more than 42 percent of its income from foreign rants. On the other hand most of Persian Gulf countries have experienced a single product (oil) economy duo to their geographical positions that leads to formation of rentier governments in this area. In the present study effect of geographical factors on formation of rentier governments and influence of these governments on area political geography (area country geo-economics positions, countries competition, area convergence) were studied and finally it is concluded that although oil trade and oil sell income have led to improvement of agriculture in Persian Gulf area, geopolitical powers competitions, military activity expansion and area countries divergence have been results of this single product economy.
    Rent income or reward and habits means that the product is not productive labor, Term and rent ceiling first by an Iranian economist Hossein Mahdavi was in the 1970s. This term, however, before the 1970s, writers like Adam Smith, David Ricardo and he was saying, But the rentier state theory and functioning of the Mahdavi in political economy first and then by economists such as Hazem Bblary and Giacomo were used Lvsyany Mahdavi and ideas in the form of a reference in the field of political economy theory emerged. One of the founders and exponents of the theory of rentier state in the Middle East, beginning in August consistory that political economy and conflict in the government and people of Iran spoke of the rentier state function And the theory applied in the case of Iran, the Pahlavi era
    Generally based on the revenues from oil rentier state theory on the one hand and the government's inability fair distribution of income and obedience to democratic rule on the other hand, there are fine tools. The theory analysis and stability conditions and the ravages of oil-rich countries (especially the Persian Gulf countries) to work on the structure of government rents and shaping foreign relations of the state with focus on the classes or class structure of society . Lam and Vanchykvn from Yale University in empirical research have shown how underground resources can be established dictatorial regimes.
    In addition, William Asher and Douglas Yates also enjoying the rentier state theory argue that government officials by sales revenue rich underground resources could be some unofficial and illegitimate purposes to easily track And social and economic policy without taking into account the interests of the community in the fall. Rentier state theory also has been hypothesized Proponents of this theory works like Kieron Chaudhry, Philip Dawkins and Hazem Beblawi has been proposed.According to this theory as a rentier state in return for implicit and tacit agreement with the non-taxation of society to achieve They also regardless of representative government, or in other words, economic priorities and political priorities replacement. Beblawi as one of the rentier state theorists in this regard, believes that government control rentier policy communities will disappear and not just as a subject for serious discussion but not discussed in informal and hidden Based on what was said Persian Gulf states, despite the differences in their government by geographical factors (natural, human and political) area as a bed and basic infrastructure has been formed. Geographic factors such as geographical location, climate, soil and agricultural conditions, characteristics geopolitical and geo-economic Zhyvanrzhy dictatorships in shape and then went on rentier state's role.
    Geographic governance structure of this type of government has led to political systems in the region, particularly in Arabic countries under the command of the king with a focus on tribal, tribal, religious and government leaders, due to the specific geographical conditions and oil revenues from the orientation as the logic of politics and statecraft for their own survival and the survival of their government; This system of government is also the major interests of society or country is not considered in most cases and other layers of society participation in the political structure of this Is impossible or very limited. Meanwhile governance structure and continued access to oil revenues makes rentier political disorder, despite poor governance, inadequate distribution of power, there are internal disputes, lack of coordination in the political system, political instability and insecurity of other state characteristics in the region.
    Moreover, the strong economic ties between the countries in the region with an oil-based economy always leads to a threat to regional security with greater ease, and countries that are each considered as a serious economic rival to the Feel the need for more trans-regional threats against each other to be consistent.
    Keywords: Rant, Rentier government, political geography, Persian Gulf, geopolitics
  • Seyed Hasan Motiei Langerodo*, Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masom, Zahra Bakhshi Pages 227-242
    Introduction
    Ensuring the sustainability of rural settlements in various aspects of economic, social, cultural, political, directly or indirectly depend on how posture and spatial distribution of these settlements. In this regard, careful and thorough study and understanding of how to deploy and spatial distribution of rural settlements in discussions and programs related to sustainability of rural settlements on the other hand acts as the foundation and basis and Crucial for the sustainable development of rural programs. And the other as the need arises.Ecological resources (roughness, slope, geology, etc.) are important in spatial distribution and rural settlements. These factors also lead to the occurrence of natural events such as earthquakes, floods, storms and .... are the effects of instability in rural settlements brings.In this regard, several studies on the ecological role and importance in terms of locating and spatial distribution of rural settlements is done, and it seems that four factors Climate (Rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds), Topography (elevation, slope, landform), Soil (structure, depth, drainage, soil) and Geological (soil and geological features), the most important ecological factors involved in the distribution rural settlements are important.
    Library studies, statistical surveys and field observations about the spatial distribution of 925 villages Inhabited in Sabzevar-Neyshabur issues facing researchers, including: rural settlement area in terms of number and population density (sparsely populated and densely populated), and also heterogeneous age groups. in some regions, rural locations are very compact and in some regions are very sporadic and villages with populations of less than 250 people , also the population over 65 years in southern and western regions are less than the other areas and 8 villages more than 1000 households have scattered in east and north region as well as, Agriculture in most regions doesn’t have the same boom. In western and northern areas crop diversity was higher than the other areas.
    These issues shaping the field of study entitled "Analysis of the spatial distribution of rural settlements in Sabzevar-Neyshabur based on existing ecological resources", provided, this area has located in the west of Khorasan Razavi Province and according to the 1390 census the population is 387319 that resides in 925 villages. The Purposes of this study including: examine the spatial distribution of rural settlements in Sabzear- Nishabur regions based on ecological resources and Zoning of three ( appropriate- intermediate – inappropriate), according to factors such as: climate,topography,soil,geology. This study is going to answer the following questions:1) The share of each of the different classes I (appropriate), II (intermediate) and III (inappropriate) What is it?
    2) Whether the distribution of rural settlements affected by ecological factors available?
    3) Distribution of rural settlements in three zones suitable transitional and unsuitable to do that?
    This research through library research, field observations, collect and gather information and statistics, and the use of GIS and SPSS software, have been conducted. In this context, the region's political divisions map, geological map, topographic scale of 1: 50,000, satellite images ETM, and some climate information is required. After collecting information from various sources, and the classes I (appropriate), II (intermediate) and III (inappropriate), based on study criteria, 12 persons, layers related to these criteria in GIS software and made a lot of each layer in each class are given in the form of tables. In this study, spatial analysis tools and tool parts overlap (overlay) tools (weighted overlay), used and Criteria related to each other by equally weighting layers are combined and output as the mapping of topography, climate, geology and soil is achieved. In the final step, using the tools of spatial analysis made in the previous step In GIS, 4 layers are combined with equal weighting and zoning is obtained.
    Results And Discussion
    The results are intended to answer the research questions: The results of the distribution of four persons study (Table 6) shows that the agents in the class I (appropriate), II (intermediate) and III (inappropriate), have the same distribution, in appropriate category topography factor with 63 percent, in intermediate category climate factor with 87 percent and in inappropriate category, geology factor with 26 percent include most distribution. In response to the second question; what results have been achieved and compliance with the existing situation shows that ecological resources have a significant impact on the distribution of rural settlements. There have been settlements for the formation of the barrier height and the lowest number of villages in the mountainous regions there. The West region in terms of soil characteristics and geological conditions in such a way that no adverse human settlements in it not been formed.
    Zoning indicates that; appropriate zones (28%), intermediate zone 42% and inappropriate zone have covered 30% of the area. 44 percent of settlements in the appropriate zone, 40% in the intermediate zone and 16 percent have been deployed in unsuitable zone. Most parts of the South and South West area are located in unsuitable zone, population studies and field studies indicate scattering of rural settlements, small population, an aging population, migration and lack of agricultural development in these areas.
    Conclusion
    16% rural habitations area are located in unsuitable zone, if we want the rural settlements don’t lead to instability and we are going to facilitate the movement toward sustainability we have to use two ways:Improving human factors (infrastructure, access, services, etc.) through correct planning and providing appropriate templates and designs. And also natural limits to development be considered as an opportunity, that this also requires proper planning. Limitations of ecological factors in the region can be minimized by following
    Methods
    Using of tourism opportunities in the Highlands, protected areas, the available vegetation and also the capacities of mining sector and agricultural potential as well as improve the soil. By using these methods we well be able to reduce rural settlements instability and moved to the stability of rural settlement area.
    Keywords: Spatial analysis, Ecological resources, Rural settlements, Region Sabzevar-Neyshabur