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پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 103 (بهار 1397)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 103 (بهار 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/02/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
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  • مقاله علمی پژوهشی
  • اکبر محمدی *، مهدی قرخلو، کرامت الله زیاری، احمد پور احمد صفحات 1-16
    امروزه کیفیت هوای شهرهای بزرگ یکی از معضلات و چالش های اساسی کشورهای توسعه یافته و درحال توسعه است. در این بین، پیدایش و شدت پدیده آلودگی در شهرها از عوامل گوناگونی مانند منابع آلودگی، عوامل هواشناسی و واکنش های شیمیایی بین آلاینده ها تاثیر می پذیرد. برای مدل سازی تمرکز آلاینده ها در محیط های شهری مدل های متفاوتی وجود دارد که در دو گروه مدل های بر پایه متد پخش و مدل های رگرسیون کاربری اراضی (LUR) طبقه بندی می شود. هدف این تحقیق پیش بینی تمرکز آلاینده های NO2، PM10 و CO در تهران با استفاده از روش رگرسیون کاربری اراضی در سال 2010 است. در پژوهش حاضر از متغیرهای مستقلی مثل مساحت کاربری اراضی، طول شبکه معابر و متغیرهای هواشناسی برای پیش بینی و مدل سازی آلاینده های فوق استفاده، و نتایج چشمگیری ارائه شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشانگر دقت زیاد این مدل در پیش بینی سه آلاینده مورد نظر، به ویژه در فصول گرم است.
    کلیدواژگان: آلودگی هوا، ایستگاه های سنجش کیفیت هوا، تهران، مدل رگرسیون کاربری اراضی (LUR)
  • مرجان محمد حسنی زاده*، حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار، سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی صفحات 17-34
    به تازگی رفتارگرایان ذهن محققان را در توسعه گردشگری بیش از پیش به شناخت ویژگی های فردی شهروندان سوق داده اند؛ زیرا کاربری های گردشگری به شدت از الگوهای رفتاری جوامع تاثیر می پذیرد. در این بین، درک بهتر الگوهای رفتاری گردشگران به ارائه مبنایی علمی در گردشگری برای مدیریت جاذبه، نوسازی محصول و بازاریابی جاذبه می انجامد. جغرافیای زمان مکان هاگراستراند چارچوب مفید و مفهومی را برای مطالعه الگوهای فعالیت فردی در حوزه فضایی-زمانی پیشنهاد می کند. مسیر فضا-زمان هسته اصلی جغرافیای زمان است که با استفاده از آن، امکان دریافت و تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات رفتار زمانی و مکانی گردشگران وجود دارد و سبب پیشبرد درک ما از رفتار گردشگران در هر دو بعد تئوری و عملی می شود. این پژوهش بر خصوصیات فضایی-زمانی رفتار گردشگران در مجموعه سعدآباد تمرکز دارد و سعی می کند الگوهای ساختاری رفتار آن ها را تشخیص دهد و به دنبال پاسخ گویی به این پرسش است که الگوی فضایی-زمانی رفتار بازدیدکنندگان سعدآباد چگونه است و از چه عواملی تاثیر می پذیرد؟ پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش اکتشافی توصیفی است. در این پژوهش با تمرکز بر مفاهیم جغرافیای زمان، برای جمع آوری داده ها از روش مطالعه خاطرات فعالیت فضایی-زمانی بازدیدکنندگان، و در تجزیه وتحلیل برای ساختارسازی داده ها از روش استخراج روابط مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر مبنای تئوری گراف استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق از مجموعه سعدآباد 9 خوشه الگوهای فضایی-زمانی رفتار را نشان می دهد که عوامل فضایی رفتار بزرگ ترین سهم را در تجزیه وتحلیل خوشه دارد و برای ترسیم الگوهای رفتاری شناسایی شده، نتایج سطح آلفا 25/0 مناسب تر تشخیص داده شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: الگوهای فضایی-زمانی رفتار گردشگران، تحلیل اکتشافی، جغرافیای زمان، مسیر فضا-زمان، مجموعه فرهنگی-تاریخی سعدآباد
  • حسن محمودزاده*، امیر مسعود رنجبر نوازی صفحات 35-53
    رشد سریع شهرنشینی فشارهای سنگینی بر سرزمین و منابع اطراف آن ها وارد کرده و موجب کاهش پوشش گیاهی، کاهش فضاهای باز و مشکلات جدی اجتماعی و زیست محیطی شده است. هدف از این مطالعه، درک عوامل موثر در روند توسعه فیزیکی شهر ایلخچی با عنایت به توسعه فضایی پایدار شهری از بعد اکولوژیکی و حفظ شرایط زیست محیطی آن در دو دهه آتی است؛ بدین منظور با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای چندزمانه لندست 5 و فنون پردازش شیء گرا، تغییرات کاربری اراضی در مقطع زمانی 1360-1390 با تاکید بر گسترش افقی شهر ایلخچی ارزیابی شده است. براساس نتایج، مقدار مساحت شهر ایلخچی از 59/94 هکتار در سال 1363 به 57/438 هکتار در سال 1390 رسیده و 84/195 هکتار از توسعه ذکرشده بر روی اراضی باغی و زراعی صورت گرفته است که لزوم مدیریت توسعه آتی مبتنی بر اصول توسعه پایدار می طلبد. گفتنی است عوامل موثر بر توسعه فیزیکی شهر ایلخچی براساس پیشینه تحقیق، در قالب دوازده شاخص شناسایی، و با استفاده از روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی نقشه احتمال توسعه شهری تهیه شده است. پس از پیش بینی الگوی آتی توسعه شهری در شهر ایلخچی با استفاده از راهبرد حفاظت از باغ ها و فضاهای سبز در فرایند توسعه شهری با بلوک بندی نقشه احتمال توسعه شهری، عواملی چون دادن فضای لازم برای توسعه، استخراج کمربند سبز طبیعی شرقی-غربی به طول پنج کیلومتر، اعمال ممنوعیت توسعه در اطراف کمربند سبز پیشنهادی و حفظ ذخایر اکولوژیک شهر ایلخچی با کاهش تخریب اراضی باغی عملیاتی شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات کاربری اراضی، رشد پراکنده، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، شهر ایلخچی، طبقه بندی شیءگرا
  • احسان لشگری تفرشی * صفحات 55-72
    در مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی، همواره به کارکرد محیط طبیعی به مثابه یکی از ابعاد و بنیادهای مهم تکوین نظام حکمرانی توجه شده است؛ به بیان دیگر ظهور برخی ویژگی ها، فرایندها و نمادهای سیاسی از ویژگی های طبیعی و فیزیکی ظرف جغرافیایی خود متاثر است. در علوم انسانی مدرن نگاه بین رشته ای اهمیت فراوانی دارد و در مقابل، نگاه تک عاملی که نماینده اندیشه جبر جغرافیایی است در تاریخ علم جغرافیا اهمیت خود را از دست داده است، اما مطالعه اثرگذاری محیط طبیعی در سیاست نمایانگر اهمیت فزاینده آن در ایجاد کنش های جمعی هماهنگ در قالب کارکردهای سیاست و نظام حکمرانی و سیر تکامل آن هاست. در این راستا بررسی تاثیرات ویژگی های طبیعی فلات ایران بر ویژگی ها و نمادهای سیاسی، از جمله نوع نظام حکمرانی، چگونگی شکل گیری نهادهای قدرت، فرهنگ سیاسی و... از موضوعات مهم مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی ایران است. در این مقاله با اتکا به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، چگونگی ظهور ویژگی ها و خصوصیات نظام حکمرانی در ایران در ارتباط با ویژگی های طبیعی محیط جغرافیایی در سده بیستم بررسی می شود. یافته های پژوهش نمایانگر این است که عوارض طبیعی نظیر رشته کوه ها، بیابان ها و موقعیت جغرافیایی سرزمین ایران نقشی مهم در ظهور ویژگی های نظام حکمرانی- از حیث ساختی و کارکردی- دارد؛ به طوری که یکی از علل ساختاری طی این فرایند تکاملی در نظام سیاسی ایران از اثرگذاری شرایط طبیعی کشور ناشی می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، تکامل، محیط طبیعی، نظام حکمرانی
  • سیروس قنبری، جواد بذرافشان، مهرشاد طولابی نژاد*، میثم طولابی نژاد صفحات 73-92
    آشنایی با تصمیم کشاورزان در به کارگیری شیوه های حفاظت از منابع آب وخاک امری ضروری در توسعه روستایی و ابزار، و سیاستی برای دستیابی به اهداف حفاظتی از این منابع است که درنهایت سبب حفاظت منابع آب وخاک، سیاست های زیست محیطی و دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار می شود. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی عوامل موثر بر تصمیم کشاورزان درمورد استفاده از شیوه های حفاظت از منابع آب وخاک در مناطق دشتی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری شامل خانوارهای کشاورز دشت جایدر است (1031N=) که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 120 خانوار به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده است. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسش نامه است و برای شناسایی عوامل موثر بر تصمیم گیری کشاورزان از آزمون های t تک نمونه ای، کای دو و مدل لجستیک استفاده شده است. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد بین متغیرهای مورد نظر با تصمیم کشاورزان در به کارگیری شیوه های حفاظت این منابع ارتباط معنا داری وجود دارد. متغیرهای نیروی کار خانواده، فاصله محل سکونت تا مزرعه، اندازه مزرعه و شیب به طور چشمگیری بر تصمیم کشاورز در این زمینه تاثیرگذارتر بوده اند. به جز متغیر فاصله از مزرعه (اثر منفی و معنادار) اثر سایر متغیرها مثبت و تعیین کننده بوده است. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهد عوامل اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فیزیکی نقش بیشتری در تصمیم کشاورزان در اتخاذ شیوه های مناسب برای حفاظت از آب وخاک داشته اند؛ بنابراین، می توان گفت بهترین راه حفاظت از منابع، توجه به نیازهای زیست محیطی محلی و عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی کشاورزان است که در کاهش تخریب محیط زیست و افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی موثر است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، دشت جایدر، فرسایش خاک، کشاورزی پایدار، مدل لجستیک
  • سیدعلی علوی، سارا فخیم جو *، اکبر پرهیزکار صفحات 93-108
    در عصر حاضر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات به صورت نیرویی فراگیر بر ابعاد مختلف زندگی انسان ها تاثیر گذاشته است و یکی از جلوه های اصلی فناوری نوین طراحی و استقرار دولت الکترونیکی به شمار می آید، دولت الکترونیک نیز از نظر ساختاری و ماهیتی، پدیده ای مدرن محسوب می شود و براساس تعامل متقابل میان دولت با شهروندان برپا شده است. این پژوهش در دو بخش توصیفی و تحلیلی انجام شده که در بخش توصیفی، داده های تحقیق با روش های اسنادی و کتابخانه ای و برداشت های میدانی با استفاده از پرسشنامه گردآوری شده است. در بخش تحلیلی نیز ابتدا جامعه هدف، یعنی شهروندان منطقه 5 تهران و دفاتر خدمات الکترونیک تعیین شده اند سپس حجم نمونه برطبق آزمون کوکران تعیین و داده های استخراج شده براساس فنون آماری تجزیه وتحلیل شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد براساس آزمون t تک نمونه ای، مقدار آماره t با 82/3 برابر است که در سطح (000/0 sig) 95 درصد اطمینان معنا دار تایید شده است، همچنین از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، 464/0- در سطح (000/0 sig) 99 درصد (01/0>P) رابطه ای منفی و معنا دار بین دو متغیر مشاهده می شود؛ یعنی با ارائه خدمات دولت الکترونیک و افزایش آن، ترددهای شهری به طور معنا داری کاهش پیدا کرده است که برطبق نتایج، نقش دفاتر خدمات الکترونیک را در کاهش سفرهای درون شهری تبیین می کند، همچنین با توجه به مقدار t که برابر با 89/17 در سطح معنا داری 000/0 sig به دست آمده، می توان گفت این دفاتر نقش موثری در رفع مشکلات و ارائه خدمات رسانی بهتر و آسان تر در محدوده مورد مطالعه دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: تردد، دفاتر خدمات الکترونیک، سفرهای درون شهری، شهر تهران، فضای شهری
  • هاشم داداش پور *، مهدی علی دادی صفحات 109-125
    ساختار فضایی آیین عملکرد فضایی مناطق است؛ به طورکلی اجزای سه گانه جمعیت، فعالیت و نواحی ساخته شده که از سه عامل مرکز شهر، شبکه های ارتباطی و زیرمراکز فعالیتی متاثر است، این ساختار را جایی بین تک مرکزی تا چندمرکزی قرار می دهد؛ از این رو، هدف اصلی این پژوهش تحلیل کمی توزیع جمعیت منطقه کلان شهری تهران براساس عوامل سه گانه فوق برای درک ساختار فضایی و الگوی فضایی حاکم بر آن است. روش تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت ترکیبی از روش های کمی و فضایی است که در قالب روش تحلیل رگرسیونی استفاده شده است. داده های مورد نیاز این پژوهش نیز شامل جمعیت، اشتغال مراکز و شبکه های ارتباطی است که براساس سرشماری سال 1390 به تفکیک شهرها و دهستان ها از مرکز آمار ایران دریافت شده است. نتایج مدل تک مرکزی نشان می دهد که بین توزیع جمعیت و مرکز شهر رابطه بسیار ضعیفی وجود دارد، اما شبکه های ارتباطی توضیح دهندگی بیشتری ارائه می شود. علاوه بر این، رابطه توزیع جمعیت با زیرمراکز فعالیتی در منطقه کلان شهری تهران، 50 درصد از تغییرات تراکم جمعیت را از طریق این مراکز توضیح می دهد. تحلیل یکپارچه مدل نیز نشان می دهد از بین عوامل سنجش شده، شبکه های ارتباطی یکی از اصلی ترین عوامل شکل دهنده ساختار فضایی در منطقه بوده است و ظهور و اثرگذاری زیرمراکز فعالیتی، شکل گیری الگوی فضایی چندمرکزی را در منطقه کلان شهری تهران نوید می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: تهران، جمعیت، ریخت شناسی، ساختار فضایی، منطقه کلان شهری
  • حجت شیخی * صفحات 127-144
    یکی از مشکلات عمده در برنامه ریزی شهری با توجه به رشد جمعیت و کمبود مکان های مناسب برای رشد شهری، تعیین اراضی مناسب برای گسترش کالبدی شهر است. توسعه کالبدی شهر فرایندی اجتناب ناپذیر و ناشی از عوامل و اثرات متعدد است که پیامد آن در جهات و نقاط مختلف وجود دارد. به منظور جلوگیری از مشکلات و پیامدهای حاصل از توسعه کالبدی شهر ضروری است روند گسترش و توسعه شهر به صورت کنترل شده و براساس قوانین و اصول علمی انجام شود. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل توان های محیطی و تعیین روند مناسب توسعه فضایی شهر ایلام با استفاده از AHP و GIS است. روش تحقیق مبتنی بر کارهای میدانی، توصیفی و تحلیلی است. برای دستیابی به هدف، معیارهای شیب، جهت شیب، توپوگرافی، کاربری اراضی، زمین شناسی، فاصله از آبراهه و جاده بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد که شیب، هیپسومتری و لیتولوژی در مقایسه با دیگر معیارها وزن بیشتری دارند. همچنین 4/735 هکتار (5/24 درصد) از مساحت محدوده مورد مطالعه برای توسعه شهری در کلاس مناسب و بسیار مناسب، و اغلب در شیب های متوسط و در کاربری جنگل و بایر و در جهت های جغرافیایی جنوب و غرب قرار دارد. در این بین، اراضی نامناسب و بسیار نامناسب به طور عمده در شیب های زیاد، سازند سست شیل و لایه های رس ریزدانه و در ارتفاع بین 1550-1250 متر قرار گرفته اند. گفتنی است امکان توسعه فضایی شهر به دلیل وجود ارتفاع و شیب زیاد، وجود سازندهای فرسایش پذیر (شیل، مارن، آهک) و... جز در نواحی محدود که در جنوب و غرب شهر قرار دارد، در محدوده مورد مطالعه وجود ندارد.
    کلیدواژگان: توان محیطی، توسعه فضایی، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، شهر ایلام، شهرنشینی
  • علیرضا محمدی*، سپیده نوری صفحات 145-162
    توزیع فضای ناعادلانه و ناهمگن فعالیت های صنعتی از مهم ترین مسائل منطقه ای در کشورهای درحال توسعه از جمله ایران است؛ بنابراین، ضروری است تا این بی تعادلی در سطح مناطق با استفاده از روش های علمی سنجیده شود. هدف اینپژوهشسنجشتوزیع فضاهای صنعتی و وضعیت توسعه یافتگی شهرستان هایاستان اردبیل از نظر توزیع صنایع است. داده های پژوهش ازگزارش های بخش صنعت و معدن، سالنامه های آماری استان،داده های سرشماری هایجمعیتیشهرستان ها و گزارش های آمار صنعتیمرکزآمار کشور و داده های سازمان صنایع کوچک و شهرک های صنعتی ایران و استان اردبیلجمع آوریشده است. برای تحلیل های فضایی از روش های آمار فضایی همانند تحلیل لکه های داغ، رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی و سایر روش ها، از نرم افزارهای GIS استفاده شده است، همچنین برای تحلیل توزیع شاخص ها، از روش C.V و برای رتبه بندی شهرستان ها ازنظر توزیع شاخص ها از روش تصمیم گیری الکتره استفاده شده است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که الگوی توزیع جغرافیایی شاخص های توسعه صنعتی در استان معنا دار است و شهرستان اردبیل کانون انباشت و قطب تمرکز فضایی فعالیت های صنعتی به شمار می آید، همچنین بین متغیرهای جمعیت، مهاجرپذیری و میزان شهرنشینی با توسعه یافتگی صنعتی شهرستان ها رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. رتبه بندی شهرستان ها بر مبنای شاخص ها به روش الکتره نشان می دهد که توزیع فضایی توسعه صنعتی شهرستان های استان اردبیل نامتعادل است و این شهرها با امتیاز نهایی 7 بسیار قطبی است. از این میان، شهرستان بیله سوار با امتیاز 9- کاملا از داشتن فرصت های توسعه صنعتی محروم است. درنتیجه، در توسعه صنعتی شهرستان های استان عدالت فضایی وجود ندارد.
    کلیدواژگان: استان اردبیل، تحلیل فضایی، توسعه یافتگی صنعتی، رتبه بندی، شهرستان ها، عدالت
  • طاهره صادقلو*، مرضیه سجاسی قیداری صفحات 163-180
    با وجود پیشرفت های جهانی وجود فقر اقتصادی و به تناسب آن شکاف های اجتماعی، به ویژه در جوامع روستایی از چالش های اساسی برنامه ریزان و مدیران توسعه است. بر اساس این، در سال های اخیر دولت ها تلاش کرده اند تا از طریق هدفمندسازی پرداخت یارانه های نقدی، زمینه های توانمندسازی گروه های هدف و روستاییان نیازمند را فراهم کنند؛ از این رو هدف مطالعه حاضر، بررسی میزان تاثیرگذاری پرداخت یارانه های نقدی بر توانمندسازی گروه های هدف در روستاهاست. روش شناسی تحقیق از نوع تحلیلی- تبیینی و جمع آوری داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه براساس شاخص های شانزده گانه صورت گرفته است. برای این منظور، 365 خانوار روستایی عضو کمیته امداد و بهزیستی شهرستان خدابنده به عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه از طریق فرمول کوکران انتخاب شدند. یافته ها نشان می دهد که در اغلب موارد میانگین شاخص ها و گویه های مطالعه شده، پایین تر از حد متوسط نظری است. براساس آزمون کای دو، بیشترین تاثیرگذاری یارانه های دریافتی، به ترتیب به شاخص بهبود دسترسی بهداشتی و درمانی، شاخص تنوع بخشی رژیم غذایی، و افزایش توان و قدرت خرید تعلق دارد. بررسی همبستگی بین متغیر وابسته و مستقل نیز گویای وجود رابطه همبستگی بین آن هاست، اما نکته مهم این است که میزان رابطه بین آن ها شدت و ضعف های متفاوتی دارد. نتایج آزمون رگرسیون بیانگر تاثیر زیاد یارانه نقدی بر شاخص های افزایش ریسک پذیری اقتصادی (با ضریب بتای 184/0)، تنوع بخشی رژیم غذایی (با ضریب بتای 181/0) و افزایش توان و قدرت خرید (با ضریب بتای 169/0) است.
    کلیدواژگان: یارانه، توانمندسازی، توسعه، جامعه روستایی، فقر
  • مسعود الهی، سید عبدالهادی دانش پور*، مصطفی عباس زادگان صفحات 181-197
    بررسی رابطه میان فضاهای شهری و حرکت های اجتماعی همواره یکی از دل مشغولی های اصلی نظریه پردازان حوزه مطالعات شهری و جامعه شناسی شهری بوده است. هدف اصلی این مقاله فهم جنبه های کالبدی فرم شهری و تبیین ارتباط آن با حرکت های اجتماعی سال های اخیر در شهرهای قاهره، صنعا و منامه در خاورمیانه است. این مقاله با بازخوانی نظرات متاخر اندیشمندان جامعه شناسی در گرایش تئوری اجتماعی، به صورت اجمالی به تبیین رابطه میان فضاهای شهری و حرکت های اجتماعی از این دیدگاه می پردازد. این پژوهش در قالب سه مقوله موقعیت جغرافیایی، گونه شناسی فضاهای مستعد و آرایش اقشار اجتماعی، به معرفی فضاهای مستعد میزبانی حرکت های اجتماعی پرداخته است و با استفاده از دو رویکرد کمی و کیفی، سعی در تبیین ویژگی های مشترک فضاهای میزبان حرکت های اجتماعی دارد. در این مطالعه سه شهر قاهره، صنعا و منامه به عنوان نمونه های موردی انتخاب، و سعی شده است با بررسی و تحلیل پیکربندی فضایی آن ها و بررسی موقعیت فضاهای میزبان و نیروهای اجتماعی محرک حرکت های اجتماعی در این شهرها، ویژگی های مشترک این حرکت ها شناسایی شود. گفتنی است پیکربندی فضایی نمونه های موردی مطالعه، از طریق تهیه نقشه خطی و تحلیل آن از طریق فن چیدمان فضا صورت می گیرد. یافته های پژوهش در فضاهای موردی مورد مطالعه حاکی از وجود رابطه مستقیم میان خاستگاه حرکت های اجتماعی با موقعیت استقرار و فعالیت گروه های مشارکت کننده است. بررسی های نمونه های موردی نشان می دهد درصورتی که حرکت اجتماعی از بطن اکثریت جامعه برگرفته باشد، فضاهای مرکزی گونه میدان در مقایسه با سایر گونه های فضاهای شهری، اولویت بیشتری در جذب جمعیت میزبان دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: حرکت اجتماعی، فضای عمومی، قاهره، صنعا، منامه
  • سید عباس احمدی، محمدرضا حافظ نیا، مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی، طهمورث حیدری موصلو* صفحات 199-216
    مفهوم رقابت در جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، یکی از بنیادهای اساسی این دانش است که پویایی و تحرک ژئوپلیتیک با توجه به این مفهوم خواست های متفاوت و متعارضی را نمایش می دهد. به نظر می رسد خواسته ها و نیازهای انسان سیری ناپذیر است؛ بنابراین، برای تامین قدرت و منزلت ژئوپلیتیکی به اقدامات رقابتی دست می زند؛ همچنان که فلسفه قانون رقابت، استیلا، برتری و دست یابی به فرصت هاست. رقابت که مقیاس های متفاوتی از محلی، ملی، منطقه ای و جهانی به خود می گیرد، سبب دسترسی حکومت ها و گروه ها به منابع فضایی (اعم از مادی و معنوی) می شود. از سوی دیگر، منافع مشترک مادی و معنوی در رقابت ژئوپلیتیک جای خود را به منافع تقابلی می دهد. همانطور که از منافع مشترک، همکاری، پیمان و ژئوپلیتیک صلح حاصل می شود، اما از منافع تقابلی، رقابت، منازعه و جنگ شکل می گیرد. این پژوهش با رویکرد تفسیری- تحلیلی به دنبال تبیین بنیادهای نظری مفهوم پایه ای رقابت در جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک است. بنیاد پژوهش کنونی بر این پایه قرار گرفته است که عوامل مفهومی (بسترهای) موثر در شکل گیری رقابت های ژئوپلیتیک کدام اند؟ فرضیه ای که به ذهن متبادر می شود این است که هرچند رقابت بین دولت ها در امتداد ابعاد زمان و موقعیت جغرافیایی شکل های متفاوتی به خود می گیرد، اما مسائلی از قبیل مسائل سرزمینی، تغییر ساختار ژئوپلیتیکی، آمادگی های نظامی، پیمان ها و راهبرد کلان می تواند بسترساز رقابت، و پایداری رقابت های ژئوپلیتیکی شود.
    کلیدواژگان: استراتژی کلان، پیمان، رقابت، ژئوپلیتیک، ساختار ژئوپلیتیک، مسائل سرزمینی و مرزی
  • نورالدین میثاق*، نجمه نیسانی سامانی، آرا تومانیان صفحات 217-231
    امروزه شهرهای کشورهای درحال توسعه و توسعه یافته، به طور هم زمان در حال تجربه تغییرات سریع و رشد در مساحت و جمعیت هستند. لازمه مدیریت رشد شهری پایدار و برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری، درک الگوهای صحیح رشد شهری است. در این تحقیق سعی شده تا روند گسترش مناطق شهری تبریز با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای از سال 1372 تا 1392 برآورد، و نقشه رشد شهری سال 1407 با استفاده از مدل ترکیبی مارکوف- سلول های خودکار (CA-Markov) شبیه سازی شود. نتایج نشان می دهد در این مدت مناطق شهری در سال 1372 از 70 هزار و 90 به 11 هزار و 697 هکتار در سال 1392 افزایش داشته است که 98/64 درصد رشد را نشان می دهد، همچنین با استفاده از مدل CA-Markov با دقت کلی 91 درصد می توان گفت این افزایش در پانزده سال آینده، یعنی تا سال 1407 نیز ادامه خواهد داشت و با رشد 25 درصدی در مقایسه با سال 1392 به 14 هزار و 690 هکتار خواهد رسید، با توجه به این مسئله نیاز به برنامه ریزی مناسب به منظور کاهش آسیب های ناشی از رشد شهری به دیگر ابعاد شهری احساس می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: تبریز، رشد شهری، سنجش ازدور، CA-Markov، AHP
  • محمدرضا جلوخانی نیارکی*، فخرالدین حاجیلو، رامین بسطامی مفرد صفحات 233-247
    وقوع جرائم یکی از معضلات روزافزون در جوامع امروزی، به خصوص در کلان شهرهاست و پیشگیری و کنترل جرائم در این شهرها به بهره گیری درست و بهینه از توان ها و استعدادهای شهروندان در قالب برنامه های مشارکتی نیازمند است. امروزه با توسعه وب 2.0 به عنوان رویکردی نو با امکان تعامل و مشارکت بیشتر، اتصال به شبکه های گسترده تر و کانال های ارتباطی متعدد، زمینه مشارکت شهروندان در امر پایش، تحلیل و تصمیم گیری در حوزه جرائم شهری فراهم شده است. بهره گیری از سیستم های اطلاعات مکانی (GIS) شهروند-محور در بستر وب سبب سهولت دسترسی به اطلاعات مکانی به هنگام جرائم می شود و زمینه حضور هرچه بیشتر شهروندان در حوزه پیشگیری و کنترل جرائم را فراهم می کند. با استفاده از سیستم مذکور، مردم جامعه به پایشگران فعال جرائم تبدیل می شوند و می توانند به منزله حسگرهای فعال، تحلیل گر، هوشمند، مسئولیت پذیر، محیط-آگاه، سیار، توزیع یافته و تعامل پذیر جرائم پیرامون خود را رصد کنند و گزارش دهند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف توسعه سیستم پایش شهروند-محور جرائم مبتنی بر وب GIS صورت گرفته است. ابزارهای پیاده سازی شده در این سیستم شامل ارسال اطلاعات دقیق مکانی، نوع، تاریخ و ساعت وقوع جرائم شهروندان، مشاهده جرائم گزارش شده و تجزیه وتحلیل این اطلاعات است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد این سیستم ابزار مناسبی برای پایش جرائم است و سبب سهولت مشارکت شهروندان به منظور جمع آوری، تحلیل و تصمیم گیری برای پیشگیری و کنترل جرائم می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: اطلاعات مکانی، پایش شهروند، محور، جرم، مشارکت شهروندی، وب GIS
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  • Mehdi Gharakhloo, Keramatollah Ziari, Ahmad Pourahmad, Akbar Mohamadi * Pages 1-16
    Introduction
    Air quality in large cities is one of the major problems and challenges in developed and developing countries today. Occurrence and intensity of air Pollution in cities influence by various factors such as pollution Sources, meteorological factors and chemical reactions between pollutants. There are different models for predict air pollution concentrations in cities that classified in the two groups: models based on dispersion method and land use regression models (LUR). The first research on LUR model was Introduced by SAVIAH project that sponsored by the European Union,. This study was a multicenter project that is included Huddersfield and London (UK), Bilthoven (Netherlands), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). SAVIAH study aimed to develop and validate methods for analyzing the relationship between air pollution and health on a small scale. After this research, several studies use the application of this model for modeling urban air quality.
    The purpose this research is forecasting the concentration of NO2, PM10 and CO in Tehran city Using land use regression in 2010. The independent variables such as land area, road network and meteorological variables used for predicting and modeling these pollutants. Although 16 cases air quality monitoring stations (AQMs) are located Tehran city limits monitored concentration of pollutants are different because of changes in traffic, land use, elevation and .... surrounding environment of air quality monitoring stations.
    Methodology
    Land-use areas and Length of urban roads around 16 AQMs to measure with GIS techniques and used as input variables in land-use regression (LUR) models to explain pollution concentrations over space and time. These variables and meteorological variables (surface and upper) are calculated and used as explanatory variables. Pollution concentrations monitored at each AQM are used as the dependent variables.
    The areas of five land uses -residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and vegetative - are calculated using a land use map of Tehran that reached from Tehran municipality. These explanatory variables are measured over 4 buffers and 16 sectors, and wind-direction (WD) frequencies are used to calculate WD weighted urban road's length (WURL) and land uses (WLU).meteorological factors induce chemical and physical reactions, leading to the creation, destruction, and dispersion of pollutants. Hourly measured temperature, humidity, and wind speed are seasonally summarized and included the panel regression models to investigate these impacts.
    Eleven circular buffers, with radii varying from 500 to 2000 meters, and sixteen sectors are delineated around each AQM. URLs for entire transportation links are calculated and then apportioned to each buffer and sector. WD frequencies are used to calculate WD-weighted URL (WURL). The same process applies to the five land uses (WLU).
    A panel data set is created by the pooling of time-series and cross-sectional observations. It is also called as pooled dataset, time-series cross-sectional dataset, or longitudinal dataset. Regression models based on such data are called panel data regression models. Traffic flows are a key determinant of the concentrations of directly emitted and secondary pollutants. Since concentrations and traffic flows vary over space and time, it is proposed here to measure the spatiotemporal variations of the dependent and independent variables across geographical locations (AQMs) and hours of the day in a given region and period (season). As a reasonable proxy for traffic emissions, URL is calculated to each buffer (ring and sector). Pollution concentrations display important differences between the four seasons. In order to compare the difference impacts of the explanatory variables on pollution concentrations across the four seasons, hourly concentrations are averaged over each season, generating four seasonal hourly panel data sets, each with 384 observations (16 AQMs × 24 hours.
    Four regression models are formulated and their estimates are compared. Wind-direction-weighted URLs and land-use variables are recomputed for each season, then the best-radius-buffer for a variable is used. The proposed panel regression model is expressed as:Where the indices and variables are defined as follows:p: Pollutant (PM10, NO2, CO)
    i: Cross-sectional observation (1 → 16 AQMs)
    t: Time-series observation (1 → 24 hours)
    C: Pollution concentration
    X: Explanatory variables (for URL, four land uses, and four meteorological factors)
    Uit : Error term for AQM i and hour t.
    Results And Discussion
    Results of research show difference relation among dependent and independent variables for each pollutant. Major urban road's length in four seasons has a positive impact on concentration of three pollutants but impacts of land uses and meteorological factors are different in seasons. For example
    In case CO, Residential land use area has a positive impact on concentration in four seasons that is stronger in the winter or green space area has negative impact on concentration of CO that is impressive in summer and spring.
    Impact of meteorological factors on the concentration of CO is negative for wind speed and positive for the upper air index (shelter) in four seasons. Humidity impacts on CO concentration is positive at summer and negative in other seasons.
    In case PM10, the industrial land use area has positive and other land uses not efficient impact of concentration in four seasons. Impact of meteorological factors on concentrations of PM10 is negative for temperature in winter and positive in other seasons. Wind speed has a negative impact in summer and spring and positive impact in autumn and winter.
    In case NO2, land use area such as residential, commercial, industrial and roads have positive impacts on NO2 concentrations. Through meteorological factors, wind speed has unexpected impact on the concentration of NO2. The impact of this variable in four seasons is positive because of the chemical reactions condition among NO, O3and NO2that is prepared in low wind speed.
    Evaluation of model Validity shows that is has More accurate predictions of CO and NO2 than PM10particualtly in spring and winter.
    Conclusion
    Application of land use regression model for Tehran city show the high accuracy of the model for predictions of three pollutants divided into four seasons and three pollutants . The special features of this model that to be pointed, is simplicity and Not requiring to complex data that enables using of it in Specific conditions
    Keywords: air quality, modelling, land use regression, Tehran city, main pollutant
  • Marjan Mohammad Hasanizadeh *, Hasan Ali Faraji Sabokbar, Seyd Hasan Motiee Langrudi Pages 17-34
    Introduction
    So far, tourism has been viewed from different perspectives and in different fields. Recently, the behaviorists have led tourism development researchers’ minds to identifying individual characteristics, more than ever. Because, the tourism facilities and equipment provision if not based on the understanding the environment, will not be getting much satisfaction. Accordingly, the development of tourism based on the tourists’ behavior is an effective and desirable solution. Tourism applications are strongly affected by behavioral -activation patterns of communities. Tourist behaviour always takes place in time and space, and the study of spatial temporal behaviour has become increasingly popular in recent years. Tourist behaviour has been studied by researchers from various perspectives. Describing and portraying tourist spatial-temporal behaviour patterns results in a better understanding of tourist activities. A better understanding of tourist behaviour patterns may, in turn, provide a scientific basis for industry practices, such as attraction management, product renewal and attraction marketing. This study has practical significance for the upgrading of attraction facilities and the ultimate improvement of the quality of tourist experiences. Time is considered to be one of the three main constraints on tourism demand (the other two being money and political control). Recently, tourism scholars have paid increasing attention to the effects of time factors on tourist behaviour. Time, space and context were considered to be three important domains of tourist experience. The concept of time geography was proposed and developed by the geographer Hagerstrand. Hagerstrand’s time geography offers a useful conceptual framework with which to study individual activity patterns under various constraints in a space–time context . The space–time path is the core concept of time-geography. It highlights the constraints imposed by activities that are finite in space and time, and the need to trade time for space when moving among activities. The space– time path represents the spatial movements of an individual over time, and offers an effective way of modelling the spatial-temporal characteristics of individual activities . By applying the concept of the space–time path, it is possible to capture and analyze tourist behavior information in both the temporal and spatial dimensions, which helps us to improve our understanding about tourism behavior both theoretically and practically.
    Research
    Methodology
    The aim of the present study is functional and the method is heuristic, described. This study focuses on the concepts of time geography and collecting data from Visitors of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad by diaries studying time–space activities method. In order to analysis, direct and indirect relationships based on graph theory are used for the data structuring and To depict identified behavior patterns, Alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 were assessed.
    This study focuses on tourists’ temporal-spatial behaviors, and tries to recognize tourists spatial-temporal behavior structure patterns that can use to update attractions facilities and improve the final quality of the tourist experience in The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad and similar attractions across the country. This research seeks to answer this question, how is the spatial- temporal behavior pattern of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad visitors and what factors influenced on it?
    Discussion and
    Results
    The research results obtained from The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns that the spatial behavior factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis. The most popular tourist spots of the Saadabad collection was palace of Mellat located in district C and the Green palace located in district E, that the most visitors stood for 30 minutes there, and the main activity in the collection was visiting the Palace – Museums. To depict identified behavior patterns, Alpha levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 were assessed and results of Alpha=0.25 were detected for set appropriate behavior patterns.
    Conclusion
    This study focuses on intra-attraction tourist temporal-spatial behaviour patterns, and attempts to clarify intra-attraction tourist spatial-temporal behaviour patterns using the concept of the space–time path of time geography. A case study of The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad has done. Tourist spatial-temporal behaviour can be described and clarified by temporal behaviour factors, spatial behaviour factors, activity choice factors and path characteristics factors. After a qualitative reasoning process, the results of the clustering analysis can be presented as visual images. Describing and portraying intra-attraction tourist temporal-spatial behaviour patterns can help us to better understand tourist activities and demand among attractions. The research results of the Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behaviour patterns, rather than a homogeneous social group. spatial Behavior factors made the largest contribution to the clustering analysis in this case. The results of the quantitative study suggest that a stay of at least 10 minutes and at most 45 minutes is the threshold for stay time for the identification of a stay point. The results of this study help people get a better understanding of intra-destination tourist behaviour patterns in The Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad in a more accurate and structural way. A better understanding of tourist behaviour patterns should provide a more scientific basis for industry practices, such as location of service, guide identification system and intra-attraction transportations. This study thus has practical significance for the upgrading of attraction facilities and ultimately the improvement of the quality of tourist experiences. The research results obtained from the Cultural and Historical Complex of Saadabad case study revealed nine clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns that the spatial behavior factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis. In a similar study in China, Huang Xiao-Ting and Wu Bi-Hu , were identified seven clusters of temporal-spatial behavior patterns in the Summer Palace. In the mentioned study, temporal behaviour factors had the largest contribution in the clustering analysis.
    Keywords: time Geography, Space-time path, Exploratory analyzes, tourist Spatial-temporal behavior patterns, Cultural, Historical Complex of Saadabad
  • Hassan Mahmoudzadeh *, Amir Masoud Ranjbar Navazi Pages 35-53
    Fast and uncontrollable growing of urbanization causes loss of lands and its recourse, leads to decrease of green areas, open spaces and serious environmental and social problems. So, an essential step to urban planning, management and evaluation of its effects is to simulate physical development of the city. The aim of this study is to understand parameters of physical development at Ilkhichi city with regard to sustainable spatial development of urban issues from ecological and environmental viewpoint in the next two decades. Using Landsat 5 multi temporal satellite images and object oriented techniques, application changes of the lands in 1984-2011 period has been evaluated with emphasis on Sprawl expansion of ilkhichi city. Based on the results, urban area of Bonab which was 94.59 hectares in 1984, has reached to 438.57 ha in 2011.195.84 hectares of mentioned lands has developed on the Garden and agricultural land, which demands management of future development based on the principles of sustainable development.
    Therefore, effective factors of physical development in urban area of Ilkhichi city is classified within 12 layers, and by using LTM method, the possibility of urban development map was prepared. After predicting the future pattern of urban development in Ilkhichi city, the protection of gardens and green spaces strategy in the urban development process was operated using hexagonal layout of possibility of urban development map, giving the necessary space for the development, Extraction of natural green belt with the length of 5 km applying the ban of urban development in the around of proposed green belt, maintaining the ecological reserves of Ilkhichi city by reducing agricultural and garden lands, degradation and control of sprawl expansion
    Keywords: Ilkhichi city, Sprawl, Artificial Neural Networks, Land use changes, Object Oriented Classification
  • Ehsan Lashgari * Pages 55-72
    Introduction In political geography studies, political processes emergence causing is under the influence of natural and physical features. In other word, roles of natural factors and conditions always have been considered as one of the important foundations of development and governance system. Many scientists have believed that weather conditions particularly affected by the geographical position have an important role on the types of state. For example, Aristotle knew the weather conditions having effects in the evolution of societies. So that, in his opinion in the Greek, its success due to temperate climate their intellectual superiority of the Greeks is influenced by These conditions. So, this approach cannot be studying of government and politics in a territory only based on sociological approaches (such as Weber's theory) or economic (such as Marx's theory) and The evolution of the state should not be seen as a generalized interpretation. Although in modern humanities science interdisciplinary viewpoints is very important and unity index approach that represents the geographical determinism idea has lost its importance in the history of geography. But the impact of the natural environment in the process and political structures cannot be overlooked. In this regard, the effects of natural features of the Iranian plateau on political process such as evolution of state in twentieth century, type of governance system, structure of power, political culture, has been an important theme in the studies of political geography. In this approaches seems that dominant political structure and process in Iran has been reacted from physical conditions of Iran plateau. In this paper was assessed, the impacts of natural environment conditions on political system in recent century.
    MethodologyIn this paper, with description and analytical approaches has been attempted that the emergence of features and characteristics of Iran political evolution of state are examined with relation with natural characteristics of Iran geographical environment. This paper seeks to answer the question: “Does physical geographical factors has impacts on evolution of features and characteristics of Iran political structure?” To answer this question, has used descriptive –analytical methods and with refer to valid bibliography, were struggled that geographical factors extracted as basics source of this issues and has been attempted who are examined with relation to natural characteristics of the geographical environment.
    Finding and discussion In this article, discussing and investigating all natural geographic factors relating to evaluated the special political process and structure in Iran. The effects of the physical characteristics of Iran plateau in the evolution of state in the form of the following are noteworthy:1- distribution of natural resources and bio-geography of Iran is often uneven and Iran has been posed in arid and semi-arid belt. The average rainfall of about 240 mm, which is less than a third of the world average and despite the fact that Iran is about 2/1 percent of Earth's land and one percent of the population is capable, but received only 36 hundredths of a percent annual rainfall. On the other hand, geographical distribution of natural resources and fossil fuels are not the same in the whole country. In other words, when the sources of power and wealth in a country is located in a restricted area. Only governments are able to distribution this benefits of those resources fairly between different regions of the country. Therefore, this condition is one of the fundamental factors tend to make the concentration of power in Iran.
    2- In terms of historical geography form of political events - Iran's pre-Islamic government and then until the present century is in fact the story of the rise to power of Eilat. In other word, diversity and independent Geomorphological and hydrological units that can be seen in Iran. Obviously, this pattern livelihood Historically has stable own culture in political culture in Iran.
    3- In recent centuries revenues from oil exports gradually greater role as an environmental factor causing the formation of a centralized state in Iran. On the other hand, the accumulation of sources of income in the hands of the state as a powerful tool; the possibility of expanding the distribution of public institutions and social structures and limits the geographical distribution of power in the country limits.
    4- The most important factor shaping the developments in Iran's foreign relations is its geographical position among spheres of influence of world super powers and its possession for fossil and mineral resources. For examples, the occupation of Iran during World War II, contracts such as 1907- Join Iran before the revolution and the Baghdad and CENTO Pact, military role of Iran in the Persian Gulf during the 1970s decade Represents the historical function of this geographical position. In this approaches, during past two centuries due to having geographical position for appropriated transportation as well as for having significant natural resources as a platform to compete with global super powers.
    Conclusion Finding research reveals that natural features of Iran’s plateau Such as mountain ranges and deserts and geographical position has been effective roles on process and structure politic in Iran. In this approach are taken consider the ecological foundations as fundamental differences between Iran history with western history. In this framework before the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, for inconsistent distribution of biological factors such as fertility soil and drinking water in the nature geography of Iran has caused the finding biological resources was become one dominant aspect of the Iran society life. So, Nomads have been an important role in the evolution of Iranian politics in previous century. The constant process of political interaction between powers about Iran where is Due to Iran's geopolitical situation in the South West Asia. So it can be said that natural factors such as geographical position, climate, soil characteristics, geopolitical, geo-economic conditions as structural factors have been effective role in shaping events in Iran's foreign policy and the evolution of decentralized government and the formation of the government before the present century rentier in contemporary Iran.
    Keywords: Natural environment, political System, Iran, Evolution
  • Sirous Ghanbari, Javad Bazrafshan, Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad *, Meysab Toolabinejad Pages 73-92
    IntroductionAround the world today depletion of natural resources including major problems and most important threat to human life that In recent years the human activity has intensified with population growth and transformation. This is also a limitation in rural areas. This problem significantly to the livelihoods of rural communities and the data. Because of the dependence of agriculture on natural resources and the importance of the proper use of water and soil resources is essential. Due to the seriousness of the problem of soil erosion and the need to improve soil fertility and increase agricultural productivity, actions by farmers of soil and water conservation program takes place. Because the livelihoods of many households of soil and water resources combined. Therefore, an understanding of the causes and effects of the depletion of natural resources and appropriate action by farmers who are the first and most important natural resource utilization are necessary. The study will also assess the factors affecting farmer's decisions about the use or non-use of water and soil conservation practices In plains Jaydr in the city and has been Poldokhtar and efforts to check it, the most important factors What factors are affecting it.
    Research MethodologyThe method as applied research and the method is placed within the analytic method. First data collection method is documentary and field. The population, including rural households in the city Poldokhtar is located in plains Jaydar. Using a sample of 120 heads of households in the form of systematic sampling were selected as sample. Then visit the villages of sample and according to the number of households in each village, the question is Gray. Instruments measured in this study, two types of questionnaires (structured and unstructured), respectively. After collecting and classifying data using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. To analyze and evaluate the effect of personal factors, social, economic, psychological and physical in making the farmers to use soil and water conservation practices One-sample t test, chi-square test and logit models have been used.
    Results and discussionOf the respondents, 58 per cent of water sources and soil conservation practices used by 41 percent of respondents do not use appropriate safeguards. Check personal and demographic factors on farmer's decisions regarding the use of soil and water conservation practices show that Relationship between personal factors and the decision farmers to adopt practices to protect soil and water resources and there is a significant positive relationship. Age, sex, level of education, level of education and technical knowledge farmers each in some way or another on farmer's decisions about the use or non-use practices affect soil and water conservation. The effects of social factors in the decision of farmers to protect soil and water resources reflects the positive impact of social factors on the decision all farmers. Variable social participation at a higher level than other variables that have the greatest impact on how farmers make decisions. So that the greater the level of participation as more of the workforce mutual participation of farmers to protect soil and water resources will help him and farmers are doing more to conserve resources. Results The effects of economic factors in the decision of farmers to protect soil and water resources shows that number of family labor force at a higher level than other variables that have the greatest impact on how farmers make decisions we can say that, whatever the size of the family labor force is higher as more workers to maintain their land and water will be provided. The results of the chi-square test for evaluation of psychological factors in deciding Agriculture shows that the effects of psychological factors on all the items approved. we can say that between the variables of interest and the decision farmers to adopt practices to protect soil and water resources and there is a significant positive relationship. Findings by chi-square test shows that the variable slope of the land, farm size and the distance between the location of the farm and the farmer's decisions to adopt practices to protect soil and water resources there is a significant relationship. So we can say that physical factors play an important role in making the farmers to adopt conservation practices.
    ConclusionGiven the vital importance of water and soil conservation and environmental protection, This study aimed to identify factors affecting farmer's decisions on the use of water and soil conservation practices by rural households, plains Jaydr city functions Poldokhtar been done. The findings show that Of the twenty-ranging study, thirteen variables have a direct impact on farmer's decisions about the use of soil and water conservation practices have had. According to the results, the number of family labor, farm size, family size, land ownership and tilt the greatest impact on how farmers have decided and Age, sex, education, property, livestock, community relations, motivation and perception of farmers adopting conservation practices on farmer's decisions about resource conservation have less impact. As a result, we can say that social, economic and physical play a major role in determining farmer's decisions to adopt practices to protect water and soil are suitable. So, in order to implement and adopt appropriate practices and sustainable soil and water conservation measures, public and non-governmental organizations must have sufficient attention to soil and water conservation practices. The best way to protect soil and water resources, according to the needs of local environmental and socio-economic factors farmers to reduce land degradation and increase agricultural production are effective. So in this regard it is suggested that government support in terms of creating rural infrastructure, particularly rural road networks and transport services, which could, Encourage and increase the supervision and control of agriculture land on its implementation of water and soil conservation practices do more to support it.
    Keywords: Rural development, agricultural development, soil erosion, logit model, Jaydr plains.
  • Seyed Ali Alavi, Sara Fakhimjoo *, Akbar Parhizgar Pages 93-108
    IntroductionIn the present age, information and communication technology as a pervasive force has affected various aspects of the human life. One of the main effects of the new technology was design and deployment of e-government. Both structurally and in terms of nature, e-government is a modern phenomenon that has been established on the basis of mutual interaction between government and citizens.
    Regarding economic restructuring and reducing the government's role in providing a free service to the citizens on one hand, increasing the cost of urban life and the diversity of needs, on the other hand, will make the need to find a fast, low-cost, direct and indirect solution and reduce costly trips emergency. With the development of cities and metropolitan and its congestion and population density, urban travel demand takes a broader scale. The reason of high travel demand is additional traffic to benefit from various urban services. Hence, in Tehran, in 5th region, after leaving behind irregular migration, low rates of urban land caused population density in the area, has very limited physical growth, then changes in internal body of the regions and localities is the only way to attract the population.
    Therefore, the need for appropriate and accessible services and information to citizens without wasting and unnecessary time and costs due to urban traffic increases that nowadays, this goal cannot be found except the use of ICT tools.
    Hence, this research aimed at e-service offices formation in reducing trips and expression of positive effects in urban management. Accordingly, the research question is:What is the impact of e-service offices in reducing urban journeys as well as provision of the easier and faster servicing in the study area?
    Methodology This study is conducted both in descriptive and analytical sections, in the descriptive section, desk and documental methods as well as field work were used and required data were collected using a questionnaire. In the analytical section, the target population, the citizens of District 5 of Tehran and electronic service offices were determined, and then the sample size was determined based on Cochran test and extracted data were analyzed by statistical techniques.
    Results and DiscussionDescriptive results represents that most widely used vehicle type to access E-government services offices was used by clients was personal vehicle (more than 56 percent of respondents). Buses and subways had the lowest portion for access to E-government services offices.
    The question referred to the distance from the residence and workplace to Electronic Service offices shows that more tha 30 percent of residence and 43 percent of workplaces distance to E-government service offices was more than 1000 meter. Also between 8 to 10 in morning was preferred time of most of people for goin to E-government services offices. Most of people had medium acquaintance to electronic services but knowing about electronic services web sites is low.
    The first step of analytical method is to answer the first question, “What is the impact of e-service offices in reducing urban journeys in the study area? "Single-sample t test was used. The results show that the t-statistic is equal to 3.82, which is significant at 95% confidence.
    Thus it can be said that e-government services have also declined in urban traffic. Pearson findings show that there was a significant negative relationship between the use of e-government services and urban traffic in 99% level (p
    Keywords: E-service offices, Urban environment, Traffic, urban journeys, Tehran city
  • Hashem Dadashpour *, Mahdi Alidadi Pages 109-125
    Introduction“Form follows function” although is not a new concept, in last two decades gained more currency especially in spatial planning context that believed by investigating forms, function can somewhat be known. Analyzing spatial structure of regions as a means of spatial planning consists two main approaches; functional and morphological that investigate relational and nodal features of centers respectively. Spatial structure in metropolitan regions can be used in population and employment aspects that the first one represents settlement and the latter activity system of a region. In theoretical literature, these aspects are affected by three main factors, CBD, sub-centers and transportation networks. In the other handm, metropolitan region spatial structure is a fuzzy concept from mon-ocentric to completely polycentric, any region based on its social, economic, political and management system would be a degree of polycentrism. As spatial planning is an interdisciplinary subject, most of theories and methodologies are taken from different fields, so most of models in which used in this paper are economic based that combined by spatial aspects.
    The aim of this study is that to analyze population spatial structure of population in Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR) in a morphological context. So it can be divide to three question: what is the relation between population distribution and distance to CBD? Secondly, how much population density in TMR been affected by transportation network? And the last, what are TMR sub-centers and is there any relation between them and population density?
    MethodologyMain approach of this research is morphological that mostly refers to plurality of centers in a given territory. Ass the main object of this study is assessing the influence of some factors on population distribution, we used various type of regression functions. The most important data for these methods that commonly used is population and employment density and transportation networks that both of them are gained from Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) corrected by authors. To evaluate relation between CBD and population density, different forms of monocentric function adopted that the most useful and commonly used forms are linear, gravitational, exponential and logarithmic. In terms of transportation networks (highway and freeways) is used several forms of univariate regression function to assess relation of population density and distance to nearest network. Third part of this study is evaluation the influence of subcenters on population density that is more arguable because of the variety of methods on subcenter identification that most of them have a kind of arbitrary. However, a combination of adopted models are used that consists, threshold method, density and proportional based method, parametric model, GWR and ESDA. Then in a multivariate nonlinear function relation between population density and distance to nearest subcenter. At the end a linear integrated model used to ass the population density changes based on distance to CBD, transportation network and subcenters simultaneously. In all cases used OLS technique to ass the models.
    Results and discussionAs said, this study was conducted on the Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR) where the most important and populous region in Iran. TMR was encompassed Tehran province but by the parliamentary approval (2010) politically divided into two province (Tehran and Alborz). Tehran is the seat of the Tehran province and Alborz centered in Karaj. Tehran city is been the capital of Iran from 1776 up to now and population is increased from 15000 people to 8154051 in 2011. In this period Tehran has been became to a great metropolitan region that according to last census (2011) by 18000 square kilometers area (1.1 % of the total area of Iran) and 14 million population (19 % of whole population of Iran) product more than 30 % of total gross product. TMR as mentioned, encompass 2 province (ostan), 14 county (shahrestan), 54 city and 87 rural district (Dehestan) in total 141 administrative border. As table 1 and figure 1 show, population decentralization is started from 1976-86 that refers to 1979 revolution happening. It should be noted that incremental rate of population proportion of the rest of TMR doesn’t mean that these inhabits come from Tehran city and even attracted from other parts of country. Decentralization process in Iran absolutely is different from western countries. In other words, population decentralization in most of western metropolitan regions refers to a situation that population from center go to periphery but in Iran mostly the rest of Metropolitan is the destination of migrants of non-center inhabits.
    The results of monocentric model who assess relation between population density and CBD, shoes no significant relation (R2=0.1) and means that CBD cannot explain the population density variation while OLS results of road based models shows not considerably significant but powerful relation between population density and distance to highway and freeway compared to CBD variable. All of methods mentioned before is used to identify subcenters and the final output confirmed the existence of subcenters in TMR and presented six of them; Karaj, Eslamshahr, Baghershahr, Nasimshahr, Varamin and Rey. In the next step OLS results of regression model demonstrated a high goodness of fit value (R2=0.5) that confirmed the hypothesis of slight polycentric structure of population distribution. And finally the results of integrated model who was testing the importance degree of triple variables (CBD, subcenter and transportation network) on population density surprisingly demonstrated that road is most important factor, subcenter and CBD are in lower level of significance, that t-value of OLS results is -5.65, -1.18 and 0.45 respectively.
    ConclusionThis research aims to describe and analyze the population spatial structure of TMR. The results showed significant influence of transportation network and subcenters and on the other hand inconsiderable role of CBD on population distribution over TMR territory. Therefore, the empirical evidence obtained for the case TMR allow us to state that: monocentric model cannot explain the dynamism of TMR population structure, whatever it doesn’t mean that TMR is polycentric but that results though not significant, showed a degree of polycentrism and network based structure.
    Keywords: Spatial structure, Population, morphology, Tehran Metropolitan Region, Tehran
  • Hojat Sheikhi * Pages 127-144
    IntroductionIn present century, the tendency to urbanization has been seen in most countries. The physical development and population growth of Iran cities have had a coordinated and balanced increase until several decades ago. Based on new changes, the cities have been changed and improved quickly. These changes have been unbalanced and uncoordinated in the form of quick increase of population and physical growth of the cities. Generally, this urban unbalanced development has been happened in the unprepared lands in the cities. Therefore, the most important issue against urban development is the place for their future development. Principally, the establishment and creation of a city is depended on the geographical location and condition more than anything else. Based on geographical site where the cities are located on it, they may encounter with different geomorphologic phenomena for their future development. These phenomena may provide the possibility of developing city or they may be expressed as an impasse in urban development and reconstruction. How much cities are developed they will encounter more with different unites of topography and geomorphology and their related issues. Therefore, the importance and necessity of knowing the features of natural environment for recognizing proper points for creating buildings and structures will be obvious from improper points. Urban Spatial and growth development in Ilam have been affected somehow by factors such as imposed war, urban-rural immigration like borderline villages and cities. Despite the end of war, Ilam has an extraneous growth consecutively because of starting noticeable and extensive hostilities and the significant role of Ilam and its official-political center and services. The population increase has caused the frequent demands for residences and according to the limitation of area in Ilam, we can see the construction on the hills and Slopes over 15%. The natural condition around the city does not have an appropriate base for development because of environmental situation. So, according to mentioned problem, it is necessary that the urban development to be ordered for preventing the destruction of proper usages that one solution is optimized location of urban development.
    MethodologyThe method of the research is applied method based on purpose and is descriptive-analysis based on the identity. The method of gathering information is limited to case study based on field-library studies and Spatial data of studied scope. The Spatial information (Slope, Slope aspect, topography, land use, geology, distance from water channel and road) is digitalized and save from related maps. The model which is used to incorporate the mentioned information is actually a weighted model that criteria are located in a hierarchy system and compared pair-wise and each of them is given an especial weight between scale 1 to 9. Based on AHP model, weight and priority of parameters are performed based on physical features and characteristics of the scope according to expert's views.
    Results and discussionIn this section of the article, the effective variables and evaluation of affect proportion in each of them in determining the optimized direction of urban development are studies and evaluated in Ilam. Besides the analyzing the percentage of each factor affect, a map is provided for developing according to each layer and then a final map is provided and presented for urban development. In the final layer, the criterion with more value has more priority than other criteria. The coefficient of slope criteria, hypsometry, lithology, land use, the distance from road, geographical direction and distance from water channel are 0/33, 0/22, 0/16, 0/11, 0/08, 0/06 and 0/04 respectively. The observations show that the topography has a great effect on location and urban space development. Because this city is located by mountains from all directions and based on dip, Ilam is located in a dip between 0% and 15% and the higher slopes are coincided on mountains. Also, the material of geology in the studied scope is lime, marl, shale and alluvial components that subsidence of the city is not unexpected by urban development on these components.
    Conclusion The urban Spatial development means evasive and expanding physical areas of a city is one of the necessities for developing urbanization and it should be guided to a direction to observe all principals of development. Understanding urban development has an important role in planning urban development and balanced urban development management. Studying and recognizing the natural features in every region can play an important role in planning and proper location for urban development. However, the expanse of the city without paying attention to natural features can develop the city toward a direction that its results would be the increase of prices, problems for services and encountering with some environmental dangers. So due to natural factors, geographical and environmental Therefore, these factors were the substrate and position of Main City In addition, it can all urban design elements such as space, form, structure and texture of change It is important.
    Ilam is located inside of a field among mountains where is surrounded by mountains that is in contract with gemological conditions by urban area development toward mountains for the lack of enough land in the filed for its expanse. Due to the natural characteristics of the study area, by providing different information layers, logging and analysis of geographic information system database,by using AHP model, The land proportion is divided to five areas most inappropriate (25,3%), inappropriate (31,7%), average (18,5%), appropriate (14,6%), most appropriate (9,9%). Based on less area of appropriate and most appropriate areas for Ilam development than inappropriate areas, it is possible to revise proper strategies for developing the center of residences and guide the function toward appropriate areas and prevent the evasive of residences in the inappropriate areas and in addition to protecting this part environment, the existed sources can be used desirably.
    Keywords: Environmental Abilities, urbanization, Spatial development, Geographical Information System, Ilam City
  • Alireza Mohammadi *, Sepideh Nouri Pages 145-162
    IntroductionIn most countries, especially in developing countries and Iran, is not spatial justice in the distribution of development indicators in the industrial sector. This issue, led to the imbalance in regional development, increased social inequality and imbalance in the development indicators distribution. Ardebil province with a lot of background on the subject of regional spatial planning, have been faced with the problem of imbalance in the development and distribution of unbalanced development indicators. Due to the necessity of spatial planning approach to regional development, it is necessary for identifying and analyzing the industrial development and spatial distribution patterns of industrial indicators in Ardabil province. The major aim of this study is to assess the spatial justice in the distribution of industrial development of the province of Ardabil. This article made from five main sections: introduction, theoretical principles, methods, results, discussion and conclusions.
    Methodology The territory of this research with an equivalent of Ardabil 17800 km2 between 37 to 45 42' 39˝ North latitude of the Equator and 30 to 47 55' 48˝ East longitude from the Meridian in northwestern Iran with 1,248,488 population in the year 1390. The study type is descriptive – analytical and its method is exploratory and correlation. Research data were collected from the provincial Statistical Yearbook 1391, counties population data and from Iran’s Small Industries & Industrial Towns Organization web site in 1394. To evaluate and rank the cities, the 47 indicators were used. This consisted of two thematic territory is to describe and analyze the data. ELECTRE model, the coefficient of variation spatial autocorrelation (Moran Index), hot spots and the geographic weighted regression methods were used.
    Results & DiscussionThe results of the application of Moran statistics show that the value of this statistic for the spatial distribution of industry is 0.75 and it is close to one. The hot spot analysis revealed that in this clustering trend, the county of Ardabil with the Z-value of 2.95 and a p-value of 0.003 in the significance level of 99 percent is the pole of the province's industrial accumulation. The other countries, due to the high amount of negative Z and high amount of p value, industry distribution are random. The hot spot analysis of the spatial distribution of active mines in Ardebil province shows that the county of Namin with z value of 2.3 and a P value of 0.01 of have been developed in the mining sector.
    Then the counties of Germi and Khalkhal with Z value of 1.06 and 0.24 and p-value of 0.28 and 0.80 are developed in the spatial distribution of mining in the Ardabil province. The results of the C.V method showed that there is no spatial justice in indicators distribution.
    According to this the value of C.V, 80% of the index is greater than one, this result will be achieved which is balanced and balanced distribution of the indicators are not entitled to. In addition, the results of the analysis of the data in the ELECTRE model indicate that Ardabil and Namin city respectively, with 8 ratings and 7 are entitled to part of the city. The city of Nier, Kosar, Khalkhal and Meshkin Shahr, somewhat developed and Sareyn, Parsabad, Germi and Bileh Savar although having the high geographical capabilities, but with the 4-, 5-, 6-, 9- are undeveloped counties in the province. Regression results showed that between the geography, industrial development of the city of Namin with value 1.87, Nier with value 0.7, Ardabil with the value 0.66 and Kosar with a value of 0.66, there is a significant relationship between industrial development and in proportion of them population. This relation about the city of Khalkhal and Meshkin Shahr, respectively, with a standard deviation of 0.17 and 0.06, is less.
    Finally, in terms of the relationship between industrial development and population, the city of Bileh Savar, Germi, Sarain and Pars Abad is negative. The results of the regression analysis and analysis of the geographical weighted method show that the relationship between industrial development with urbanization, respectively, in the case of the county of Ardabil, Nier and Namin, with the amount of 1.88, 0.64 and 0.54, significantly high. As a result, the counties that have a high urbanization rates, also more developed. In the counties of Khalkhal, Meshkin Shahr and Kosar, with the values of 0.49, 0.30 and 0.03 this relationship is less.
    The findings of this research are match with the results of the findings of Fathi and Nastaran about imbalances in the distribution of development indicators. The results of counties ranking showed that there is a deep gap between the areas that they are quite developed and completely stripped. Hence, the results of this study are conformed to with Ziari et al., and Ghanbari et al., and Rahmati research results about the predominance of the capital county in developmental level in the province. The findings of this research conform to with the results of Hatami et al., about the ignore of the economic view in the establishment of industries.
    ConclusionThis study shows that the geographical distribution of industries is highly clustered and Ardabil County is the dominant center of industry accumulation in the province. The mining industries in the province of Ardabil between regions or districts are distributed unfairly. despite some counties such as Khalkhal and Germi have mines, they rank is lower in terms of industrial development. The spatial distribution of industrial development in counties is unequal and inconsistent with the equivalent development. Therefore, Ardabil counties with a score of 7, is far from city Bileh Savar with a score of 9. Finally, it was concluded that there is a significant correlation between the rate of urbanization, immigration and population with counties industrial development. This means that the more developed counties in terms of industry also have high values in population, internal migration and urbanization.
    Keywords: Spatial Analysis, Industrial Development, Spatial Justice, Ranking, Ardabil Provinces
  • Tahereh Sadeghlo *, Marzieh Sajasi Ghidari Pages 163-180
    IntroductionMany developing countries have achieved considerable progress in reducing poverty over the Last 30 years due to high rates of economic growth and broad-based development programmes.
    However, even where growth has had a great impact on poverty in the aggregate, pockets of Poverty have persisted among marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples and those living in marginalized and remote areas, where the incidence of poverty is typically greater than among the rest of society. In Rural sustainable Development Process, Poverty Eradication, providing the essential needs and poor’s empowerments in different dimensions, have an important position. Economic and social capabilities did not feature in the old agenda, despite their major role in driving poverty reduction and development. Then, in recent decades, so many of solutions had been presented and matched by different countries for poverty reduction or Eradication that entrepreneurship development, micro credit allocation, subsides targeting, Cash assistance grants and …are some of these solutions and are implementing for rural economic empowerment especially in focus groups. Then, for assisting the social weak and poor groups and those empowering, so many of countries, use of low benefit loans and some of them use of cash payments subsidies allocation to rural poor people, that in the recent years, this policy are implementing in Iran too. Subsidies targeting as a one of the economical tools for poverty reduction especially in rural area that use by so many of governments. It will be able to Enhancing access to skills and strengthening grass-roots organizations have also proved effective in reaching the poorest and the marginalized, and promoting their participation and contribution to development processes. Cash payment subsidiary is an effective way for rural empowerment that is experimented in Iran’s rural area too. For this regards, the key question of this study is that how Cash payment subsidiary could be effective for rural empowering as a main goal of subsides targeting?
    MethodologyThis practical study had been done based on analytical- explanation method and assessing the effects of cash payment subsidiaries on rural focus group empowerment is the main purpose of that. In the present study, Used Data had been gathered through documentary and field observation methods and questionnaire filling based on 16 indicators that had been extracted from theoretical framework. Sample community of this research contain all rural families that are Khodabandeh relief foundation and welfare organization members (7207) and 365 family had been selected by Cochran’s formula as a case study community and samples distributions was randomly. Also, K2 and T-test, correlations and regression statistical method had been used for data analyzing in this study.
    FindingBased on gained result, effective dimensions of subsidiaries cash payment are on medical and health care accesses, improving the food diet among rural people, and Increase the purchasing power. In micro level - items- the highest impact was on the reduction of monetary tablets, installment purchase supplies, power repayment, purchase basic necessities and living tools (TV, washing machine and. ..), Reducing self-medication, conduct periodic tests ups, prepared educational needs of children, increasing weekly consumption of protein (meat and fish) at meals, weekly consumption of fruits and vegetables in the diet can be seen. But overall correlation between dependent and independent variables indicate that there is a correlation between them, but the important point is that the intensity of relationship between them is different. In the other words, there is high and significant relationship between subsidiaries receipt and changing the indicators such as increased economic risk, diversification of diet, increase purchasing power, improve access to health care, improving access to education. Also, the result of regression examination show that cash payment subsidiaries had most effects on economical risk accepting indicators (0.184), diversification of diet (0.181) and increasing the power of purchasing (0.169).
    DiscussionIn general, donor support to empowerment processes is most effective around issues that are seen as pressing challenges for poor rural people livelihoods. In this study it was found that cash payment subsidy had less impact on the lives of rural target groups and empowers them. In most cases, mean of studied indicators and items, are lower than the theoretical average. Because, increasing the cost of energy and level of inflation, had been lead to the reduction of rural people’s power, especially in target groups and in different fields. It seems that in years of beginning the subsidiaries cash payment, its effects on rural targets group was tangible, but over time due to inflation and cost of living increasing, and a gradual increase of intermittent energy prices, without any changing at the amount of subsidy payments, effects of subsidies for empowering the rural target groups had been reduced. In the other hands, lack of educational base for job creating and investing in addition to less mount of subsidy payments, leads rural families to buying the essential commodity and needed material at family.
    Based on gained result it’s possible that cash payment subsides help the rural people for managing the resource. Three quarters of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas, and their livelihoods depend on farming, pastoral ism, forestry, and artisan fishing – all of which can be subsumed under the term agriculture. Agriculture and natural resource management are crucial for pro-poor growth; empowerment is key factor to the success and sustainability of development initiatives in these areas. Based on the result of former studies in this phase and also, the result of this study, it may had some negative effect in addition to positive effects, but managing style of subsides is so important for decreasing the weakness and improving the benefits of it. Empowering the rural people could be happen in different factors and the effects of governmental subsides is really significant for achieving to sustainable development.
    Keywords: subsidy, rural community, Empowerment, Development, Poverty
  • Masoud Elahi, Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour *, Mostafa Abbaszadegan Pages 181-197
    Introduction
    The recent upsurge of different social movements in Middle east illustrates the central role of cities for social movements. The late months of 2010 were the starting points of the liberation movements among Arab countries in the Middle East. The fall of Tunisian government and democracy leading attempts in Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Libya, and Syria based of the news broadcast caused urban spaced such as Tahrir sq. in Cairo, Pearl sq. in Manama and university sq. in Sana’a to be known as the sign of liberalism and social protest against dictatorship, whereas they were completely unknown beforehand.
    Putting political parties away, continuity in protest movements happening in public spaces in the Middle East have attracted many urban planners’ specialists about the properties of the mentioned spaces. The present study tries to answer the following questions based on the relations among place, power, and social-political movements.
    • Is there any meaningful relation between host public spaces and social movements?
    • Which type of public spaces has got more potential to attract social movements?
    • What are the similarities and differences among the spaces hosting the social movements in the Middle East?
    Thus, three main aspects of Location, Typology of talented spaces, and social classes arrangements are used to explain in the three mentioned spaces in Cairo, Manama, and Sana’a.
    Methodology
    Present study, is a practical research using blended quantitative-qualitative approach. quantitative is investigated through space syntax method as a means of monitoring.
    The aim of the use of this technique is expression of various aspects of the relationship between morphological structure of built environment and the social and spatial structure of events in the city.
    The theory of space syntax was proposed by Bill Hillier et al. in the 70s at the Bartlett School. The theory is a technique for exploring the relationship between space and society. The most important discussion in this theory is an emphasis on the fact that the pattern of a settlement is rooted in the collective life of its users. It is in a way that some social norms of communities can be achieved by analyzing patterns of settlements.
    The analysis is done based on converting maps to linear graphs and quantifying the spatial qualities of the nodes through the use of mathematical formulae. This method provides a simple operational process to explain, compare and translate settlement patterns.
    In this Study, some indexes of space syntax such as Global integration (Rn), local integration (R3), synergy and intelligibility were investigated in the axial map and the "choice" value was investigated in the segment map using depthmapX software.
    Results And Discussion
    Content analysis of hosted urban spaces in the three cities shows that they have fundamental objects in common about the following issues: Social movements shape up in squares (public identity type) has high priority than streets (informal behavior type). The protests are mostly transferred to the street due to the suppression. The best examples are Manama and Sana’a which protests are transferred to the street.
     Studied social movements tend to development in all regions with equal or higher integration than the average integration of entire city. Social movements and social forces in the Middle East has been with the participation of the majority community (superior and inferior groups), we witness the formation of the movement in areas with high integration like Central Spaces in Cairo and Sana’a.
     Intelligibility index analysis in the case studies shows that the majority of hosted spaces have got higher intelligibility than other parts of the city. While in Sana’a and Cairo there were protests in other parts as well, tahrir and university squares in both cities include high participation of the protesters.
     Social movements which have the least support of the majority group or sometimes even oppose them are divided into superior and inferior groups. Inferior groups are forced away and continue their protests in the spaces with low levels of integration and intelligibility. In these cases, urban areas adjacent to the origin of these forces have been selected. Like Bahraini Shiite protests in Manama’s pearl sq. or Ekhvans Supporters in Cairo’s Rabaa al-Adawiya Sq.
     Social movements spaces have shape up considering the priority of mounted. Selected spaces in social movements are supported by the majority of the selection criteria are appropriate pedestrian movement. Tahrir square and university square in Sana’a are like this.
     In all cases, the governments tried to change the existing relations in space, and control the spaces. The Egyptian governments failed in its efforts to occupy space with security forces and paramilitary forces fans. But the Yemeni government occupied the space by force expelling protesters, and the government of Bahrain took stronger action to capture the space.
    Conclusion
    Wave of Islamic awakening movement against authoritarian regimes in Persian Gulf Arab states has provided an opportunity to look at the relationship between space and power, and to study the characteristics of the host spaces in these countries. This paper attempts to examine spatial configuration samples using quantitative indicators, the relationship between space and social arrangements productive forces of social movements to be examined from a different angle.
    Examining the hosted spaces in the cities of Cairo, Sana’a and Manama shows that there is a meaningful relationship between the formation of social movements in square-like spaces (accumulation) and squares of urban spaces (gathering space) are more preferable compared to urban spaces, streets and cafes.
    Public protest experiences in the cities studied as case studies show that, when the social movement considers the support of the majority of social forces, it must be assumed that a space including the properties of space syntax should be considered as the first priority of being chosen as the protest space.
    Keywords: Public Space, Social Movement, Cairo, Sanaa, Manama
  • Seyed Abbas Ahmadi, Mohammadreza Hafeznia, Marjan Badiei Azandahi, Tahmores Heidari * Pages 199-216
    Introductionat a system level (a global scale), almost three-quarters of all wars occurred between government and countries that have been competing with each other. the concept of competition deserve special attention in regional and global geopolitics the because of its centrality of is in the interests between government. thus, since the formation of geopolitics have been comes with power and competition, we need to are contained compete aspects and context of its formation. in this regard, the present research is seeking to explain of the theoretical foundation of the basic concepts of competition in geopolitics.
    MethodologyThis research is seeks to explain of the theoretical foundation of basic concept of "competition" in political geography and geopolitics. the current research foundation, is based on (substrates) which that the conceptual factors is effective in the formation of geopolitic competitions? the research hypothesis shows that although the competition between governments along the dimensions of time and geographic location, can take different forms, but issues such as, the land issues, the changing of the geopolitical structure, the military preparedness, treaties and macro strategy can be pave the way competition and to cause sustainability of the geopolitical competitions. the data used in this research obtained through library resources and reputable online and an descriptive- analytical approach has been discussed to explain the concept.
    Results and discussion the competition between countries takes a different form along the dimensions of time and the geographic location. a the competition may be very short and its results have Includes one or two military occurrence between the involved governments. in contrast, some competitions continues generations and bear on the frequent violent conflicts between two or some competitors in the (such as disputes over territorial issues and borderline).
    the Geopolitics competition could have various perspectives. from one perspective, the first two or several countries are entered the geopolitical competition over an subject such as land issues. in reaction to this issue, when of the intense competition, countries has elevated Its treaty and their commitments and participate in military readiness. countries to show decisiveness and determination in contentions and the other competition also may be participate. they finally provide an general macro strategy for dealing with rival and enemy country. all these steps are combined into the process that at the end of may dispute between two or several power or maybe form vicarious conflict between them.
    on the other hand a competition could be lead to the formation of new competitive which In this case, is formed the competitive relationship between several spaces In this context, the competitiones that are connected to other conflicts (other competition), they can also increase the possibility of conflict in a country with other countries. that is, with the increasing in space and competitive relationships increases the possibility of conflict. this case can be a sign of the commitment of the competitors and be as the willingness of a country to compete and conflict over any subject. the dimensions and other context of the competition and its cycle, is grand strategy.
    because, the grand strategy arise as a result of signs of increasing development of the competition. In fact, the grand strategy, an idea that a country supply a plan in a competitive environment to ensure of its security .
    an other dimension of the advent and development of competition arises of change of regional and global geopolitical structure, for example, since occur regional or global war between the great powers after the war and defeating of the rival or a power block, this could end some large geopolitical competitions, because a competitor can not be in the changed space, and extend competitive environment, as well as, the emergence of new powers, will create new opportunities for competition. furthermore, a change in the distribution of power among great powers can alter the traditional treaties and the rival of a government, is a united to other government. as the distribution and grading of the power, the shaped the form and structure of the global geopolitical system and could create short-term and long-term competitions. on the other hand, increased strength, set a new geopolitical interests and can guarantee the security or survival of a country. because of competitors to achieve their geopolitical interests competitive measures to maintain the their security and that they can be ensure their dominance and superiority approach to achieve the demands and national and regional goals of and even global. therefore ensuring of the survival and achieving to geopolitical goals through military preparedness such maneuvers, treaties, macro strategies in line with the territorial and border issues surrounding lead to emergence of short-term and long-term competitiveness. this competitions even could endanger the survival of a country. but because of that it can not be enclosed to development and providing of be enclosed interests within national boundaries, the national, regional power and global, inevitably enter transborder space and try to pursue their own goals, which makes causes certain forms of competition and geopolitic conflict.
    Conclusion It seems can be insatiable, demands and human needs, thus, to suppleing cargo, power and geopolitical altitude prestige(occupied) to competitive actions. the competitiveness that takes, different scales of local, national, regional and global, is account of access of the governments and groups to space resources (both spiritual and material). on the other hand, in geopolitical competition, spiritual and material common interests give its location to the reciprocal. because of common interests, can be achieved cooperation, agreement and geopolitic of peace, but from the reciprocal interests, competition, conflict and war. but because of can not be enclosed to development and providing of be enclosed interests within national boundaries, because the national, regional powers and global, inevitably enter transborder space and try to pursue their own goals, which makes causes certain forms of competition and geopolitic conflict.
    Keywords: Geopolitics, Competition, Border, cyclopean, Structure
  • Nouraddin Misagh *, Najmeh N. Samani, Ara Tomanain Pages 217-231
    INTRODUCTIONToday, in developed and developing countries are experiencing rapid changes and growth in area and population. Essential for sustainable urban growth management and urban development planning, understanding patterns of urban growth is correct. Satellite remote sensing in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been recognized as a powerful and effective tool in detecting land use and land cover changes (Jensen & Lulla, 1987).Satellite remote sensing is a potentially powerful means of monitoring land-use change at high temporal resolution and lower costs than those associated with the use of traditional methods and provides multi-spectral and multitemporal data that can be used to quantify the type, amount and location of land use and land cover changes(Jensen & Lulla, 1987).CA-Markov model is a dynamic model to simulate urban growth and land use changes that is obtained from a combination of automated cells and Markov chain (Norris, et al, 1998). Markov chain, spatial sequence of random processes in which the result of any process at any time, only next time it will depend on the outcome of the process. First, using Markov chain model, the possibility of changing land use map classes to each other in terms of probability matrix applications based on area changes between time t0 and t1 are calculated (Sang et al, 2011). Markov model output, literally, is the non-place where there is no knowledge of the geographical location of land uses. To predict the location of land at the time t1 automated cell techniques used with this model. In this study, we are using Landsat images Landsat TM5 and OLI and capabilities of IDRISI software and GIS, urban growth areas Tabriz changes during 30 years, from 1973 to 2013 is estimated.
    METHODOLOGYIn this study, the tools available in IDRISI SELVA software and GIS functions to simulate changes in land use and urban growth Tabriz is used that includes three main stages:Tabriz is one of the major cities in Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan province. The city, the country's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad, Iran northwest region's largest city and business hub, communication, commercial, political, industrial, cultural and military recognized this area.
    In this study, in order to identify and create land use maps of the city of Tabriz, images, Landsat sensors in the years 1973, 1993 and 2013 from the Geological Society of America (USGS) were obtained.
    Land use map of the city of Tabriz to three major usages, urban areas, agricultural land and orchards and barren areas were created. Also in order to make land use suitability map that will be described below, from the map 1: 2000 and 1: 50000 city of Tabriz, the national mapping agency had been taken was used.
    1.The transition probability matrix is calculated using Markov chain analysis: For this purpose, Landsat satellite images in 1993, 2003 and 2013, obtaining and using the techniques of site geology and America classified images, maps of urban development in the years to is produced.
    2.The calculation of urban suitability map using Multi Criteria Evaluation and Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP
    3.urban growth modeling with data collection: 1. urban areas Map 1993 as the base plan.2- suitability map urban growth in 2003.3- The transition probability matrix from 2003 to 1993 were combined by the operator, CA location
    RESULTS and DISCUSSIONThe study area, Tabriz city is located northwest of Iran. Maps of land use and urban growth using satellite image processing techniques and supervised classification was created. The overall accuracy of the land use/cover maps for 1972, 2003 and 2013 were 82 %, 85 % and 90 %, respectively. The Kappa index for the 1972, 1990 and 2006 land use/cover maps were found to be , 76 %, 79 % and 89 %. The transfer matrix regions 2003 to 2013, 12 percent of rural to urban areas will become. Real and simulated map of 2013 is shown in Figure 1. The overall accuracy and Kappa index between actual and predicted Map 2013 respectively 91 and 81 respectively. The 2028 map was produced using ca-markov model. The map simulated by 2028, urban areas will grow 25 percent and from 11697 hectares to 14690 will increase..
    CONCLUSION In the present study, Markov and CA- Markov models were helpful for predicting land use/cover changes and urban growth in 2013 and 2028. The results showed that the growth rate of the population growth in areas built in the city of Tabriz surpassed it. The gap between urban growth and population doubled in this period also shows that in this period, developing more horizontal than vertical form happened during this period, several areas of industrial, commercial and residential development was found. The outcomes of this research indicate that Landsat TM images can be effectively used for generating accurate land use/cover maps as the overall accuracies of all generated land cover map were found to be over 80 %. According to the results of the CA-Markov model, urban expansion will occur in the future. The combination of satellite remote sensing, GIS and Markov models provides useful information on land use/cover dynamics and change trends into the future which could help policy makers to make better decision for the future of the study area. The provided future projection could be effectively used for land use planning, decision making and land management, especially if its use is confined more to general trends than to specific land-use locations, where accuracy was lower. The predictive power of the CA-Markov model, especially in predicting the location of pixels, was not very high in this research but in general Markov models have shown the capability for the prediction of land cover/land use change trends
    Keywords: CA-Markov, AHP, Remote Sensing, Tabriz, urban growth
  • Mohammadreza Jelokhani-Niaraki *, Fakhredin Hajiloo, Ramin Bastami Fard Pages 233-247
    IntroductionCrime is one of the important issues in societies, especially in large cities. The crime control and prevention require the use of citizen’s potentials and capacity in the form of participatory policing. Accordingly, a combination of the citizens’ participation and the police activities with the objective of solving the crime problem and establishing security in the society would be effective. Using Web GIS and citizen-based information systems can facilitate citizens’ participation in crime mapping, analysis, decision making and management for the purpose of crime control and prevention. These systems enable citizens to have active roles in crimes monitoring and reporting. Development of technologies like the smart phones capable of connecting to the internet and equipped with camera and GPS in which the spatial data are automatically produced, will provide a huge volume of criminal spatial data. The people as intelligent and location-aware sensors, using these technologies and through internet access can provide the police centers with update information. Analyzing this information by GIS, would play an important role to connect the community members to police. In this study, a Web GIS-based participatory crime monitoring system was designed and developed. This system integrates three scientific fields including: Web GIS, criminology and citizens participation. It provides a set of tools including crime reporting, mapping, as well as spatial analyses such as nearest distance to police stations and cars, classification of crimes according to the police districts.
    Methodology and implementationThe main objective of the present study is the spatial-temporal monitoring of crimes through citizen-oriented crime recording system for all the users of this information including the public and private organizations pertinent to the urban crime problem. A set of tools were used in this system including, crimes mapping by citizens and analyzing reported crimes by police departments. For easily reporting of the geospatial data of crimes, the Google Maps service was used so that the users can determine and mark the exact locations of crime commitments. Google Maps API allows developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites freely. The database used in this system is Microsoft SQL Server which is one of the most robust databases in temporal - spatial data domain. Any citizen can mark the crime location on the Google Map and report the relevant descriptive information in the system. In addition to the reporting and viewing tools, a set of functionalities for the analysis of the reported crime data have been implemented in the system, including the nearest police station analysis, determining the number of crimes according to police districts, and determining crime risk areas, etc.
    Results and discussionThe proposed system can be used as a suitable and convenient tool for citizen-based crime monitoring. Interaction of the people with the city space in daily life makes them to gather information on the crimes and provide the authorities with such information more rapidly and with greater awareness than the governmental forces. This system increases the citizens’ sense of responsibility and their interaction with police. Such a system can provide appropriate tool for citizens in the direction of crime prevention and control. Given that the location-based technologies such as GPS and maps are used in smart phones for people and their everyday life, this system provides a good cooperation between citizens and law enforcement agencies in order to monitor, analysis, control and prevent criminal activities. However, the system use is accompanied by limitations and challenges including the cultural issues, lack of familiarity with the GIS and citizen-based web-GIS tools, the validity of the citizens’ data as well as management of such a huge volume of data. Proper training of the citizens, publicity and making the culture for citizen engagement in policing can provide the ground for higher efficiency and better effectiveness of these systems.
    ConclusionsCitizens are the key players in crime monitoring, where they can act as active, reasoner, smart, responsible, conscious, distributed, and interactive sensors to carefully monitor the crimes in their local area and provide detailed geographic information to the police. The use of web-based GIS tools facilitates the participation of citizens in collecting and analyzing crime data in order to prevent and control crimes. The relevant police organizations can make use of them to involve the community members in the crime mapping processes. Through such a process, interested parties can have an active role from the initial stages right up to the final stage of urban crime management.
    In this study, a web-based GIS crime monitoring system (VGI-based system) was designed and implemented. The system provides citizens with the necessary tools for reporting crimes and allows the police to analyze this information. Citizens can report information about various crimes through the system, along with photos, videos, text, etc., and they can play an important role in monitoring the crimes in the city.
    As the future work, this study suggests that systems use additional GIS analysis functions and address more complex crime analyses. Also, other GIS-based technologies, including SDSS (Spatial Decision Support System), could be integrated with these systems. To improve system performance, we need to conduct an empirical study of usability testing for the proposed system.
    Given the fact that information is produced by ordinary and unfamiliar citizens via the VGI system, it is necessary to discuss the validation of this data and improve the quality of the citizen-generated crime data. One of the important points for the more efficient use of these systems is the increase of citizen engagement. In this regard, we suggest that conducting educational and promotional programs play a key role in encouraging citizens in participatory crime mapping.
    Keywords: Crime, spatial information, citizen participation, citizen-based monitoring, web GIS