فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 97 (پاییز 1395)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 97 (پاییز 1395)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/08/27
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • سید محمد زارع اشکذری*، محسن سقایی، میرنجف موسوی، رضا مختاری ملک آبادی صفحات 407-427
    گردشگری فرهنگی یا میراثی، ابزاری از توسعه اقتصادی است که از طریق جذب بازدیدکنندگان از خارج از جامعه میزبان به سمت جاذبه های تاریخی و میراثی مقصد، به رشد اقتصادی منجر می شود. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی نقش جاذبه های فرهنگی در توسعه گردشگری در شهر یزد است. نوع پژوهش کاربردی و روش بررسی آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری شامل 384 گردشگر داخلی در سال 1393 براساس نمونه گیری کوکران است. برایتجزیه و تحلیل میزان اثرگذاری شاخص های مختلف در توسعه گردشگری فرهنگی، از مدل تحلیل شبکه (ANP) و به منظور تدوین برنامه ریزی راهبردی، از مدل برنامه ریزیSWOT استفاده شده است. مطابق بررسی های آماری، در سال 1390 در حدود 1،244،048 گردشگر وارد استان شده اند که 92 درصد از آن ها، یعنی در حدود 1،144،524 گردشگر از آثار تاریخی- فرهنگی شهر یزد بازدید کرده اند. 1/43 درصد از این گردشگران، با اماکن تاریخی و گردشگری این شهر آشنایی کامل داشته اند که این امر، بیانگر تبلیغات موثر در این حوزه است. همچنین یافته های تحلیلی براساس مدل تحلیل شبکه نشان می دهد شاخص های ظرفیت های گردشگری فرهنگی با مقدار 124/0 و رضایتمندی گردشگران با 116/0، عامل بسیار مهمی در افزایش رونق گردشگری فرهنگی در شهر یزد است. در این راستا، امضای تفاهم نامه همکاری بین استان های همجوار، سرمایه گذاری در بخش میراث مادی فرهنگی،بازسازی و احیای مراکز تاریخی وهمکاری با مراکز دانشگاهی، بیشترین تاثیر را در رونق جاذبه های گردشگری فرهنگی شهر یزد دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: اماکن تاریخی، ایران مرکزی، توسعه، جاذبه های گردشگری، شهر یزد، میراث فرهنگی
  • لیلا سلطانی*، مریم دارابی صفحات 429-439
    شهرها پدیده ای پویا و زنده اند که سلامتی ساکنان و حفظ بقای آن ها نیازمند کیفیت مطلوب محیط شهری است. کیفیت مطلوب محیط شهری، از عوامل مختلفی تاثیر می پذیرد که از میان آن ها به طور عمده می توان عوامل کالبدی- فضایی، زیست محیطی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی را نام برد که هریک از آن ها متشکل از معیارهای متعددی هستند. سنجش کیفیت محیط شهری و همچنین ارزیابی وضعیت سکونت ساکنان محله های شهری را می توان یکی از مهم ترین معیارهای سنجش دستیابی به اهداف برنامه ریزی شهری به شمار آورد. محله های تاریخی شهری به عنوان بخشی از مهم ترین مکان های شهر، حساسیت ویژه ای را برای دست اندرکاران شهری ایجاد می کنند؛ زیرا علاوه بر داشتن ارزش های نهفته و تاریخی، در این مکان ها گاه شرایطی فراهم می شود که در آن، افراد با محیطی ناسازگار مواجه می شوند. براین اساس، برنامه ریزی و مدیریت کیفیت محیط های مسکونی شهری در این محدوده ها، اهمیت بسیار دارد. این پژوهش که توصیفی- تحلیلی و از لحاظ هدف کاربردی است، به سنجش کیفیت محیط شهری در یکی از قدیمی ترین محله های شهرری به نام نفرآباد می پردازد. داده های مورد نیاز این پژوهش به صورت میدانی و به روش پرسشنامه ای جمع آوری شده است. حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران، 262 نفر است که با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شده اند. نتایج نشان می دهد این محله تاریخی، با توجه به معیارهای مختلف کیفیت محیط شهری، وضعیتی نابسامان دارد. به طورکلی، فرسودگی زیاد بافت این محله، در نزول شاخص های کیفیت زندگی آن موثر است، اما علی رغم پایین بودن کیفیت محیط کالبدی- فضایی، زیست محیطی و محیط سکونت، شاخص های اجتماعی و فرهنگی به دلیل تداوم حضور بخشی از ساکنان بومی و تلاش های محله ای در ارتقای هویت همسایگی، وضعیت مطلوب تری را نشان می دهد. هرچند رسیدگی نکردن به فضای کالبدی محله و پایین بودن ارزش زمین و مسکن، به جذب مهاجران کم درآمد و افزایش جرم خیزی در محله منجر شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی کیفیت، شاخص های اجتماعی و فرهنگی، محله نفرآباد، محله های تاریخی، محیط شهری
  • مجتبی رفیعیان*، آزاده علیزاده، علی اکبر تقوایی صفحات 441-459
    یکی از مباحث مهم در حیطه تخصصی مسائل شهری، سازمان فضایی شهر و افتراق ها و جدایی گزینی های فضایی در آن است. به طورکلی، ساختار فضایی شهر تا حد زیادی تعیین کننده عملکرد آن است و تاثیر زیادی بر دسترسی، پایداری زیست محیطی، اقتصاد، رفاه، عدالت اجتماعی، سرمایه اجتماعی و نوآوری فرهنگی دارد.یکی از عوامل تاثیرگذار بر چگونگی شکل گیری این ساختار، نحوه توزیع و سطح سرویس خدمات شهری و رابطه متقابل آن با شبکه راه های شهری است؛ به طوری که توزیع نامتناسب هزینه ها و ایجاد زیرساخت های شهری به ارائه خدمات و تسهیلات شهری، به سطوح افتراق های فضایی به ویژه پراکنده رویی در شهر دامن می زند. در شهر یزد، با گسترش افقی 15 برابری در سال های 1345- 1385 و رشد جمعیت 6/4 برابری در همین دوره، شاهد ازهم گسیختگی زیادی در سازمان فضایی شهری بوده ایم. در این راستا هدف از این پژوهش، تبیین افتراق های فضایی در شهر یزد، مبتنی بر پراکنش خدمات عمومی و ساختار فضایی شبکه راه های شهری با استفاده از تحلیل شبکه و چیدمان فضاست. مقایسه این دو تحلیل، نشانگر ساختار فضایی منسجم در مناطق مرکزی، همراه با سطح خدمات رسانی مناسب شهری است. همچنین تحلیل خوشه بندی امتیازهای فضایی با استفاده از آماره گتیس- آرد جی، نشان دهنده تمرکز مناطق با امتیاز بالا در فضاهای میانی در امتداد شمال به جنوب شهر است و با فاصله گرفتن از آن ها، تمرکز فضاها با امتیاز پایین شکل می گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: افتراق فضایی، تحلیل چیدمان فضا، تحلیل شبکه، سازمان فضایی، شهر یزد
  • نورالدین عظیمی، نادر زالی، سید رضاآزاده* صفحات 461-473
    شهرنشینی یکی از مهم ترین فعالیت های انسانی است که آثار تخریبی زیادی بر محیط زیست دارد. از مهم ترین این آثار، توسعه بی رویه فیزیکی شهرهاست که اغلب، با مسائلی مانند مصرف زیاد زمین های کشاورزی، افزایش فاصله رفت وآمدها و مصرف زیاد انرژی، آلودگی های محیطی فراوان، مصرف زیاد منابع و تحمیل فشار بر طبیعت همراه است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، دستیابی به نگرشی کلی از الگوی رشد فیزیکی مناطق شهری ایران و شناسایی متغیرهای کلان جمعیتی و طبیعی مربوط به آن است. در این مطالعه، الگوی توسعه فیزیکی نقاط شهری بالای پنج هزار نفر در سطح کشور، در قالب دو الگوی رشد متصل و منفصل بررسی می شود. داده های مورد استفاده، در سطح کلان و محدود به متغیرهایی است که امکان دستیابی به آن ها در سطح کشور فراهم شد. در این پژوهش، داده های اصلی با مراجعه به تصاویر ماهواره ای Google Earth و Google Map و همچنین نتایج سرشماری های عمومی نفوس و مسکن از سال 1335 تا 1385 به دست آمدند. برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون خی دو و رابطه همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. مطابق نتایج کلی، از مجموع 689 شهر بالای 5000 نفر در کشور در سال 1385، 413 شهر (9/59 درصد) الگوی رشد فیزیکی متصل و 276 شهر (1/40 درصد) رشد فیزیکی منفصل دارند. تحلیل داده ها نشان می دهد متصل یا منفصل بودن توسعه فیزیکی شهرهای کشور، با متغیرهایی مانند تعداد جمعیت، تراکم جمعیت، وسعت، ارتفاع و اقلیم منطقه ای رابطه معنادار دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه فیزیکی شهر، رشد متصل، رشد منفصل، شهرهای ایران
  • جمال الدین سهیلی*، انسیه عارفیان صفحات 475-491
    در دوره معاصر روش های مختلفی برای تحلیل فضای معماری به کار گرفته شده است. روش اسپیس سینتکس که در فارسی به «نحو فضا» ترجمه شده است، قرابت موضوعی و مفهومی به شیوه دسته بندی واژه ها در ادبیات دارد که آن را نحو می نامند. مطابق نظریه چیدمان فضایی، ترتیب قرارگیری فضاها در کنار یکدیگر، تاثیری مستقیم بر نحوه استفاده از فضاها دارد. روش اسپیس سینتکس، بیشتر در حوزه شهرسازی به کار گرفته می شود، اما از آنجاکه شهر از بناهای داخلش جدا نیست، در این مقاله از این روش در حوزه معماری بهره گرفته شده است. این پژوهش به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی نوشته شده و پس از توضیح چگونه خواندن و ترسیم نمودار توجیهی، با توجه به روابط، چیدمان فضایی برای مسجد- مدرسه ها تنظیم شده است. جامعه آماری شامل مسجد- مدرسه های شهر قزوین به نام های سردار و صالحیه است که در دوره قاجار بنا شده اند و با روش استدلال استنتاجی، به نحو فضایی آن ها پرداخته شده است.اهمیت انجام این پژوهش، شناسایی ارزش های روابط اجتماعی و تاثیر آن ها در طراحی معماری است و هدف نهایی،اثبات وجود رابطه میان فضاهای مسجد- مدرسه های دوره قاجاریه براساس روابط اجتماعی است. بررسی نمودارها نشانگر تراکم نظام گردشی در بناست. همچنین مطابق این نمودارها فضاهای مفصلی و مرکزی، عوامل اصلی ارتباط دهنده فضاها هستند. در این مقاله، نظام گردشی ارتباطی و مدول پنهان مسجد- مدرسه های دوره قاجار به دست می آید.
    کلیدواژگان: روابط اجتماعی، شهر قزوین، مسجد، مدرسه، معماری، نحو فضا
  • ژیلا دانشور عامری، حسین شعبانعلی فمی، محمد شوکتی آمقانی* صفحات 493-506
    توسعه همه جانبه و پایدار روستایی، هنگامی محقق می شود که روستاییان، از عملکرد دهیاران به عنوان بازوی اجرایی مدیریت روستایی رضایت مطلوب داشته باشند؛ زیرا رضایتمندی مطلوب روستاییان از عملکرد دهیار، عامل اصلی بهبود مستمر در افزایش کارایی و بهبود کیفیت مدیریت جامع روستایی به شمار می رود. در این مقاله، رضایتمندی ساکنان روستاها از ابعاد مختلف عملکرد دهیاران، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ارزیابی می شود و درادامه، عوامل موثر بر آن تحلیل می شوند. این پژوهش، به روش توصیفی و با پیمایش میدانی صورت گرفته است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، شامل تمامی ساکنان روستاهای دارای دهیاری (40،752 نفر) در شهرستان اسکوست که 220 نفر از ساکنان به عنوان نمونه، با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، از نرم افزارspss18و از آماره های میانگین، انحراف معیار، ضریب تغییرات و رگرسیون لجستیک ترتیبی استفاده شد. رضایت روستاییان از عملکرد دهیاران، در پنج بعد شامل اجتماعی، اقتصادی، عمرانی، ایمنی و زیست محیطی بررسی شد. مطابق یافته ها، 3/63 درصد از پاسخگویان، از عملکرد دهیار در روستاهایشان رضایت متوسط و بالاتر دارند. همچنین براساس نتایج رگرسیون لجستیک ترتیبی، عملکرد اجتماعی دهیاران در مقایسه با سایر ابعاد، بیشترین تاثیر را بر سطح رضایتمندی روستاییان داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: رضایتمندی، رگرسیون لجستیک ترتیبی، دهیاران، شهرستان اسکو، عملکرد
  • فریبا جهان رمضان، کیومرث زرافشانی*، فرحناز رستمی صفحات 507-521
    کشاورزی یکی از عوامل موثر و انکارناپذیر در امنیت غذایی است. توسعه کشاورزی در قالب اجرای طرح های افزایش بهره برداری از منابع آب و خاک، یکی از سیاست های مهم دولت در بخش کشاورزی است. پروژه سد گاوشان در منطقه میان دربند شهرستان کرمانشاه، از جمله این طرح هاست که یکی از اهداف آن، تامین آب مورد نیاز اراضی کشاورزان و بهبودبخشیدن به معیشت خانوار روستایی است. از این رو، هدف مطالعه کیفی حاضر، سنجش و بررسی آثار طرح تجهیز، نوسازی و یکپارچه سازی اراضی منطقه میان دربند بر امنیت غذایی ساکنان آن است. طرح تحقیق، مطالعه چندموردی و از نوع مقایسه قبل و بعد از پروژه است. داده ها نیز از طریق رهیافت ارزیابی مشارکتی روستایی و با استفاده از تکنیک هایی مانند نقشه های اجتماعی، نقشه های منابع و همچنین تقویم فصلی جمع آوری شده است. واحد سنجش در این مطالعه، پنج روستای جلوگیره سفلی، صفی آباد، سراب شله، خوشینان سفلی (ده کور) و کلاه کبود وسطی از دهستان میان دربند است. داده ها از طریق تحلیل محتوای ارتباطی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. به منظور مشخص کردن شرایط علی حاکم بر این پروژه، از روش نقشه های ذهنی بهره گرفته شد. مطابق نتایج، این پروژه بر امنیت غذایی بهره برداران تاثیر گذاشته است. همچنین این مطالعه، دستاوردهایی برای سیاست گذاران و برنامه ریزان مدیریت منابع آب به همراه دارد. علاوه براین می توان آن را مبنایی برای سنجش ریسک در پروژه های آتی درنظر گرفت.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی مشارکتی روستایی، امنیت غذایی، پروژه مدیریت آب، تجهیز، نوسازی و یکپارچه سازی اراضی
  • مجتبی امیری*، اکبر نشاط، مجید نیکنایی صفحات 523-539
    تحولات سریع ساختار شهری تهران در سال های اخیر، از موضوعاتی است که بر نظام برنامه ریزی و مدیریت شهری تاثیر گذاشته است. عمده ترین آسیب ناشی از این دگرگونی، ناسازگاری کالبدی است که در دو وجه ناهمگونی و ناپایداری بافت های قدیمی و فرسوده و نوساز و در ابعاد ناهنجاری های مختلف کالبدی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و زیست محیطی نمایان شده است. در این زمینه، اجرای برنامه هایی مانند بهسازی، مرمت، زنده سازی، نوسازی و... با هدف تجدیدحیات شهری یا جلوگیری از افت شهری، از مهم ترین شیوه هایی است که در کانون توجه متخصصان و مجریان شهرسازی و ساختار مدیریت شهری قرار دارد و محور اصلی اجرای این برنامه ها، مشارکت شهروندان است. در میان مناطق مختلف شهر تهران، منطقه 12، یکی از مهم ترین مراکز قدیمی و تاریخی شهر به شمار می آید که سهم عمده فضای کالبدی آن را بافت های فرسوده تشکیل می دهند. مطابق بررسی ها، مهم ترین مسئله بافت های فرسوده این منطقه، پایین بودن نقش مشارکت شهروندان در رویکرد مدیریت شهری و راهبردهای اتخاذشده طی سال های اخیر درجهت مرمت، توانمندسازی و حیات بخشی به آن هاست که در این مقاله به چیستی و چرایی آن پرداخته می شود. این پژوهش، با تحلیل توصیفی- کاربردی عرصه های تصمیم گیری مرتبط، انتخاب شیوه های مختلف مشارکت شهروندان و سیاست هایی مناسب در نوسازی و بهسازی بافت های فرسوده اصلاح، تثبیت و ارائه شده و نشانگر آن است که حل مشکلات بهسازی و نوسازی بافت های فرسوده، با مدیریت شهری، مرمت و مشارکت مردم رابطه مستقیم دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: احیای شهری، بافت های فرسوده (ناکارآمد)، بهسازی و نوسازی شهری، مدیریت شهری، مشارکت
  • مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی *، فاطمه سادات میراحمدی صفحات 541-555
    مرز به عنوان پدیده ای پویا، یکی از موضوعات بنیادی مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی به شمار می رود. در گذشته، بیشتر مطالعات مرزی، تقریبا به طور انحصاری بر حکومت ها متمرکز بودند، اما امروزه مرز، خطی قلمداد می شود که مقیاس های فضایی و اجتماعی متنوع را از یکدیگر جدا می کند. درواقع، بیشتر پژوهش های کنونی در جغرافیای انتقادی، بازتاب دهنده گرایش مجدد به وجود مرز است. در این مطالعات، مرزها به عنوان سازه های اجتماعی پویا درک می شوند. چنین آثاری، حول محور جدال و مناظره ای بین ایستایی و تغییر، ثبات و پویایی درباره موضوع «تحدید حدود فضایی» تولید و بازتولید اجتماعی مرزها سازماندهی شده اند. با توجه به دگرگونی های جهان امروز و نیز وجود خلا ادبیات نظری درباره مرز و تحولات آن در حوزه جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، ضرورت انجام دادن این پژوهش کاملا احساس می شود. این تحقیق، بنیادی- نظری است و به روش تحلیلی، به بررسی دیدگاه ها و موضوعات نوظهور در مطالعات مرزی می پردازد. نتایج نشان می دهد جهان سرشار از مرزهای مختلف است و امروزه مرزها نه تنها در اطراف حاکمیت های سرزمینی حکومت ها، بلکه در اطراف ملت ها، گروه ها، مذاهب و افراد نیز کشیده شده اند. از این رو، مطالعه مرز مستلزم وجود دیدگاهی سلسله مراتبی و چندبعدی است.
    کلیدواژگان: جهانی شدن، سلسله مراتب مرزی، مدیریت مرز، مطالعات مرز، هویت
  • بهادر زارعی *، فاطمه مقدم، شهاب الدین شفیع صفحات 557-576
    در خصوص جهانی شدن به موازات رشد سریع نظام ارتباطات و فن آوری اطلاعات، شاهد شکل گیری سازمان ها، پیمان های منطقه ای نظیر اتحادیه اروپا، نفتا، آ.سه.آن و مرکوسور در چند دهه اخیر بوده ایم و در موارد زیادی، اقتدار این دستگاه ها در مرتبه ای بالاتر از خود دولت ها قرار گرفته است. جهانی شدن در منطقه خلیج فارس، فقط به معنای ارتقای سطح زندگی به سبک غربی و مصرف تولیدات کشورهای صنعتی است. شرکت های بزرگ فراملی و چندملیتی، با ابزار تبلیغات می کوشند در بازارهای محلی این منطقه رخنه کنند، محصولات خود را به فروش برسانند و بر مقاومت های موجود در این راه چیره شوند. پیامد جهانی شدن در کشورهای عربی منطقه خلیج فارس در بسیاری از حوزه ها به ویژه حوزه فرهنگی، با نوعی تضاد روبه روست. این تضاد، ریشه در ماهیت متعارض جهانی شدن در بعد فرهنگی و اجتماعی دارد. مهم ترین پیامدهای جهانی شدن در حوزه فرهنگ را می توان تحقق کثرت گرایی اخلاق، فرهنگ پذیری و دگرگونی فرهنگ جهانی دانست.
    کلیدواژگان: تحولات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، جهانی شدن، مسئله زنان، منطقه خلیج فارس
  • کیومرث یزدان پناه درو *، سید مصطفی هاشمی، سجاد کریمی پاشایی صفحات 577-590
    یکی از مهم ترین موضوعاتی که آمریکا در راستای حفظ و برقراری امنیت اقتصادی در سرتاسر دنیا به آن التزام دارد، تامین امنیت مسیرهای تجارت دریایی است. این موضوع، برگرفته از محوریت آب به عنوان عامل برقرارکننده صلح در جهان است که بر نقش آمریکا به عنوان قدرت برتر دریایی جهان در مواجهه با چالش ها و رفع تهدیدها از طریق به کارگیری پایگاه های نظامی دریایی خود تاکید می کند. با بررسی مناطق آلوده از نظر وجود دزدی دریایی در سطح جهان می توان جنوب شرق آسیا و خلیج عدن، پهنه آبی سومالی، خلیج گینه و دریای کارائیب را از جمله مناطقی دانست که در آن ها دزدی دریایی وجود دارد، اما در این میان، منطقه راهبردی شاخ آفریقا بسیار حائز اهمیت است. به نظر می رسد نبود ساختارهای منسجم حاکمیتی در میان کشورهای منطقه شاخ آفریقا، در متشنج ترکردن اوضاع تاثیر بسزایی دارد. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از روش تحلیلی- توصیفی، فعالیت دزدان دریایی در منطقه شاخ آفریقا بررسی می شود و به این پرسش پاسخ داده می شود که فعالیت دزدان دریایی سومالی، چه تاثیری بر ژئوپلیتیک منطقه دارد. از این رو، در این پژوهش، چگونگی افزایش حملات علی رغم سیاست های پیشگیرانه کشورها در پشتیبانی نظامی از کشتی های متبوعشان تحلیل می شود. مطابق نتایج، آمریکا علی رغم اشراف نظامی بر مناطق دریایی، به خاطر وابسته نگاه داشتن کشورهای جهان به قدرت خود، از برخورد قاطع با این حمله های سازمان یافته اجتناب می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: آمریکا، امنیت دریایی، دزدی دریایی، ژئوپلیتیک، سومالی، شاخ آفریقا
  • میثم جمالی، ابراهیم مقیمی*، زین العابدین جعفرپور، پرویز کردوانی صفحات 591-602
    توسعه فیزیکی شهرها، تجاوز به حریم و بستر رودخانه ها و اراضی پیرامونی آن ها منجر شده است. استفاده انسان از رودخانه و نوع دخالت در حریم آن موجب تغییراتی در کانال رود و حاشیه آن می شود. در دهه های اخیر، کلان شهر شیراز شاهد گسترش بیش ازحد فضاهای ساخته شده بوده است؛ به گونه ای که بیش از دیگر شهرهای استان رشد فیزیکی دارد. بخش اعظم این توسعه، نامنظم و خودسرانه صورت گرفته و درنتیجه، توسعه فیزیکی شهر به تغییر لندفرم های ژئومورفولوژیکی اطراف منجر شده است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی توسعه شهری در حریم رودخانه خشک و دامنه تغییرات آن در بازه زمانی 48 ساله در شهر شیراز است.این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است و به صورت کتابخانه ای و میدانی انجام شده است. پژوهش با استفاده از عکس هوایی سال 1346 به مقیاس 1:20000، تصاویر ماهواره لندست در سال 1394، سنجنده اولی و نقشه های توپوگرافی منطقه و برداشت داده های میدانی به کمک سامانه موقعیت یاب جهانی (GPS) صورت گرفت. همچنین به منظور پردازش داده ها و تهیه نقشه، از نرم افزارهای ArcGis10.3 و Envi4.8 استفاده شد. مطابق نتایج، در دوره زمانی فوق توسعه فیزیکی شهر در حریم رودخانه، در مقایسه با سال 1346 در بازه اول 21 هکتار، در بازه دوم 220 هکتار و در بازه سوم 54 هکتار است. به طورکلی، 295 هکتار از حریم رودخانه به کاربری های ساخت وساز شهری تعلق گرفته و جابه جایی عرضی رودخانه در بخش یک 176 متر، بخش دوم 145 متر و در بخش سوم 68 متر بوده است.همچنین بررسی ها نشان می دهد الگوی گسترش فیزیکی کلان شهر شیراز، از هسته ای به سمت خطی پیش رفته است.
    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات زمانی، مکانی، تغییر کاربری اراضی، توسعه شهری، رودخانه خشک، کلان شهر شیراز
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  • Seyed Mohammad Zare Eshkezari *, Mohsen Saghaei, Mirnajaf Mousavi, Reza Mokhtari Malekabadi Pages 407-427
    Introduction
    cultural or heritage tourism is a tool of economic development that leads to economic growth by attracting visitors from outside the host community of historic and heritage attractions of destinations. this is a human heritage as cultural traditions of each society and is considered as cultural tourist attractions. In this regard, Yazd city is an ancient city and having ancient culture, and also having rich cultural heritage as cultural tourism products. despite these attractions, especially the urban attractions have possessing importance because reflected of Iranian civilization identity and culture and is considered as a component of development of Yazd city. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these culture attractions in the development of cultural tourism in Yazd city.
    Methodology
    Based on components studied is research Type, applied and methods of study, descriptive- analytical. Statistical population under study in this research is 384 internal tourists visitor of heritage- cultural the attractions of Yazd city in 2014, which is calculated based on Cochrane sampling. To analyze of Influence degree of development different indicators in cultural tourism has been used from network analysis model (ANP) and SWOT planning model in order to Formulation strategic planning of cultural tourism development in the city of Yazd. Attractions and capabilities of destinations heritage - cultural are as independent variables and Cultural and urban tourism development as dependent variables.
    Results And Discussion
    Review the number of Internal and external tourists Yazd province in during the spring and summer 2011 shows around 1,244,048 tourists were entered in the province that 92 percent of this tourists namely around 1,144,524 are tourists that have visited of cultural - historical monuments city of Yazd. Of this number tourists, 404,389 tourists have most likely a day trip and 839,659 tourists had to stay overnight at the hotel in town. Investigating the number of tourists who have visited from historical sites Yazd city during the years 2007 to 2011 shows that after from 2009 the number of tourist arrivals sharply has decreased So that this number of 40,360 foreign tourists in 2009 has declined to 17,271 tourists in 2011 years. Also the number of internal tourists has decreased from 422,293 visitors in 2009 to 344,418 tourists in 2011.Today, tourism growth and become more competitive, is undeniable necessity for the development and promotion of qualitative and quantitative functions and infrastructure needed for tourists. In this regard, considering that there are a lot of historical places and tourism in Yazd city. Tourist facilities in Yazd city is significantly more than any other city or cities. From number 42 hotel in provinces, 47 hotels are located in the Yazd city, which by itself represents this concentration of tourist facilities in Yazd city. Also there are 36 tourism offices in provinces that from this is located 26 tourist office in Yazd city. The results of field surveys shows 43/1 percent of Internal tourists are complete acquaintance with historical and tourism sites of city that is represents an effective advertising in this field. in this regard, 78/9 percent of tourist believe that cultural attractions advertising in the city Yazd city, a lot of can be effective in outlining the true face of Islamic- Iran culture and attract of internal tourists. analytical findings based on network analysis Shows indicators of cultural tourism capacities with amount 0/124 and tourists satisfy with 0/116are a very important factor in increasing of development cultural tourism in Yazd city.
    Conclusion
    The first step in analyzing strategic planning of cultural tourism in Yazd city is to identify the dimensions and variables affecting in growth of this type of tourism. So the first attempt to extracted strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this kind of tourism. equal with investigations conducted in relation to cultural tourism in Yazd city, have allocated weaknesses and threats in this type of tourism, with coefficients of 8/41 and 7/36 most amount and strengths and opportunities with coefficients 6/12 and 6/54 lowest amount. Status of cultural tourism in Yazd city is faced with numerous weaknesses. this means that with current planning process, greater emphasis there have been on increasing the number of tourist arrivals and income increase in this field of tourism and been neglected to issues like investment and participation of private sector in order the restoration and maintenance of heritage–cultural phenomena. So that this heritage and cultural attractions that reflect the culture of people Yazd is very attractive for domestic and foreign tourists are slowly affected by erosion So that this heritage and cultural attractions that reflect the culture of people Yazd and is very attractive for Internal and external tourists are slowly affected by erosion. Therefore, to provide strategic planning of cultural tourism for Yazd city will be used win strategy because this strategy will completely disable the internal negative factors. in this regard, provide a coordinated program and integrated management in all sectors of cultural tourism, holding event and cultural – religious rituals in historic place, investment in the sector material cultural heritage, cooperation with universities, reconstruction and rehabilitation of historic centers as a attraction major of cultural tourism, human resource management, maintenance and preservation of cultural heritage by establishing a heritage museum, use of glass Shield or fences for historic homes and other historic sites are important and vulnerable, create the residential centers in the towns periphery of Yard to more durability tourists and visitors historical monuments, create vast green spaces in the center and historical attractions with maintaining non-interference and non-damaging to the historic attractions, commercial use of historic homes on the condition of invulnerability and destruction and the signing of a memorandum of cooperation in the field of absorb and transmit tourists between the three provinces of Isfahan, Fars and Yazd, and also set up a joint educational centers and training cultural heritage Studies Have the most impact on the Development of cultural tourist attractions in Yazd.
    Keywords: tourist attractions, Cultural Heritage, Development, Historical Sites, Central Iran
  • Leyla Soltani *, Maryam Darabi Pages 429-439
    Measure to evaluate the quality urban environment and inhabitants of their home environment can be considered as one of the most important determinants of urban planning objectives. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors affecting residential residents can analyze the current status of residence, future decisions to improve the quality of residential areas and avoid duplication of defects in other places be effective. Since today's urban environment in historical neighborhoods often provide the conditions in which people with adverse environmental conditions such as noise, odor, and air pollution, external security, overcrowding, and lack of waste facilities are facing. Therefore, handling and quality management in urban residential environment will be critical in this part of town. This is due to the environment of other aspects of life, Specific nature of the residential environment, the increasing role of urban residential environment as the main habitat for humans and the number of people who dominate the residential environment city have a negative impact, it is important.This is due to the importance of other aspects of the environment, the specific nature of the residential environment, the increasing role of urban residential environment as a basic human habitat and the number of people who prevailing conditions of the environment, city, residential negative impact have important 's. This study was a descriptive - analytical study in terms of aims, is applied to assess the quality of the urban environment in one of the oldest neighborhoods of Tehran called Nafarabad two levels of the urban environment and residential environment based on physical indices - spatial, social and cultural environment is discussed. The study, a cross - the target is applied. The required data library and field methods have been collected through a questionnaire. The population size of 13,667 people and the specimens using Cochran formula, 262 samples were estimated using simple random sampling, the samples were selected. According to the proposed hypothesis, a questionnaire containing 68 questions was devised. According to the selection criteria of those who have been selected as the sample population were completed. Based on Likert scale questions (5 options) are set and measured parameters are reflected in the form of questions. In this case the respondent on each factor range from very low to very high 5 -choice is clear. The first part of the routine, general questions must be included. This section consists of 7 questions including questions about demographic characteristics of citizens such as age, sex; marital status, place of birth, educational status, employment status and income have been studied. Ask the Expert section 2 Group 1 - the quality of the urban environment with three physical parameters - spatial , environmental and socio 2 - Quality of living environments are divided . Assessed using Cronbach's alpha was found to have the validity of the questionnaire is required. The value of this ratio to 0/78. The Cronbach alpha coefficient equal to 0/8 is higher, and finally using SPSS, using factor analysis, the data were analyzed. Results of one sample t-tests and analyzes carried out show that the parameters of the physical environment of space, out of quality buildings and public spaces and green spaces in the lowest and the average quality of access roads is located at a much higher level. This indicates that citizens living in the historic context of the neighborhood Nafarabad less satisfied with their physical urban space. Barren and desolate areas and abandoned buildings, heterogeneity buildings, narrow streets, dark and low latitudes and the lack of public spaces and green neighborhood residents have access to public spaces and green are over long distances. All these factors indicate a low quality of physical space is an old tissue. However, the quality of and access roads, and commercial center due to its position in the neighborhood is high Rey. Among the environmental indicators, the average quality of unpleasant odor in the lowest and the highest average noise is allocated. This reflects the dissatisfaction of citizens residing on the historic fabric of the neighborhood is Nafarabad environmental factors. Unpleasant odors, harmful animals, graffiti, etc. Environmental pollution has created. Among the social factors - cultural, average quality, feel secure in the lowest and the highest average of sense of place has been given . The low level of sense of security in this neighborhood because of the move  populated areas of the neighborhood and consequently altering the social structure and demographics , cultural diversity , there are thugs in the neighborhood,  ( residents strongly about it in a pinch , and complain about it ) , interruptions to pride ( the intense fear and concern from people about it too much ). Car theft or theft from home (The lives of citizens in a community atmosphere which overshadowed) the dark streets and alleys and citizen's fear of drug dealing or taking it as well as conflict and , ... Is that the police should be stationed at the neighborhood level and provide useful services. Among the indicators of quality of living environment, quality of maintenance costs at the lowest level to the highest levels of quality and size of the building is located. Aging buildings, dating high buildings, proper use of standard materials and ... Resulted in enormous costs for citizens to address the quality of the residential environment and the residents should have been spending a lot of money to burn their buildings. Overall, we conclude that the historical neighborhood of residential environment quality standards and the quality of the urban environment, the situation is in turmoil. Index also shows that despite the low quality of the physical environment - climate, environmental and residential environment, social and cultural indicators were satisfactory level Given that most of the old texture and give the necessary facilities can increase the quality of their environment.
    Keywords: quality assessment, Urban environment, Historical quarters, Social, cultural indicators, the quarter of Nafarabad
  • Mojtaba Rafieian*, Azade Alizade, Ali Akbar Taghvaei Pages 441-459
    Introduction
    One of the critical issues associated with sustainability in the twenty-first century is how cities grow and develop in the space. Rapid urban growth and physical development of cities Cause disintegration of the spatial organization of cities and finally spatial inequality between urban spaces. A phenomenon that can be considered as spatial segregation or fragmentation in the urban space. So accepting the principle that sustainable development requires a coherent and balanced spatial structure of cities, Our modern cities Have been faced with Imbalance Service and fragmented urban growth, So that it can show appearance instability in the cities, such as poverty and informal settlements, spatial and social gaps and a lack of cohesion, the excessive density, traffic and environmental pollution, etc. Urban spatial structure affected by road network and the main urban landuses Particularly Urban Public Services. The objective of this research is finding spatial fragmentation based on distribution of public services and the spatial structure of urban road network in Yazd city.
    Methodology
    To perform this analysis with using GIS 10, Yazd block polygon layer and Linear street network layer are used. To analyze the level of public services, network analysis technique with 10 variables(educational and cultural, health, sporting, shopping centers, urban facilities, office services, parks, police, passenger terminals) and to analyze the spatial organization of urban spatial structure, Space Syntax technique with 5 variables (global and local integration, connect, control and intelligibility) are used. This analysis has been made by using axwoman6 extension in Arc GIS 10 software. The method of Space Syntax is very suitable technique for the analysis of urban spatial structure Permeability. Integration is the main concept of configuration space. Integration of a point indicates its connection with the general structure or a subset of it.
    Since the value of the variables is different, the Fuzzy Delphi technique has been used for weighting them. The Fuzzy Delphi is the combination of Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in fuzzy environment. In this method, such as AHP weighting parameters is done based on the Pairwise Comparison Matrix. So Indicators weighted by 10 urban professionals who have knowledge of the physical space in Yazd.
    Finally using Kernel Density analysis to analyze patterns of spatial fragmentation and Hot spot analysis to understand the spatial clustering and focused fragmentation or integration in spatial structure of Yazd.
    Results And Discussion
    Overlapping Space Syntax parameters in Yazd city indicate that both north-south and east-west crossing, that they almost cover the whole city, are the most integration crossing in the city. As a result, these streets form the city backbone and considered as the main factor of the urban spatial organization coherence. Thus it can be argued that the more spaces between these structures and other urban spaces, Build more isolated areas or spatial separation in the city space. The results of Kernel Density analysis of space syntax results, Represents the spatial coherence in downtown and with Away from the downtown towards the periphery, reduce spatial integration and increase Spatial segregation and greater disintegration, especially in margin neighborhoods southwest of the city can be seen.
    Simultaneously, the results of network analysis show Rich areas in inner urban spatial and deprived areas in the newly developed part of the city. The old and historical districts are in the central city of Yazd and much of the city's worn out neighborhoods are in this districts. Worn out districts at higher level of service than other urban areas in this part of the city are the reasons of scattered development, especially on the South West and West edge of the city, So that the level of service in the parts of these neighborhoods is zero.
    In hot spot clustering, although the central area of the city and the historical context in terms of service level have formed hot spots, but in terms of the spatial structure of the spatial concentration of low and middle scores have formed. Also, some marginal neighborhoods in terms of service levels are at low level, but in terms of the integration of the spatial structure have formed hot spots. This phenomenon may be caused by organic fabric of historic neighborhoods and checked fabric of marginal areas. The checked fabric is more permeable than the organic fabric.
    Conclusion;Distribution of urban services as one of the main indicators of the citizen welfare and shaping urban spatial structure and activity is one of the important problems facing most developed and developing countries. The results of this study indicate that while some downtown neighborhoods are parts of historical and worn-out textures, but in terms of service levels have higher score to other places around the city, however due to lack of quality of life suffering from time-warning. Lack of coherence and integration of the internal structure of these neighborhoods with the whole structure of the city is the reason for Lack of quality space in city central neighborhoods. Perhaps the historic fabric neighborhoods isolated socially from the rest of the city, but due to both physical and spatial relationships and integration with the main structure of the city have no significant difference (although regeneration is necessary, particularly in the internal spaces areas). Thus the spatial organization of historical fabric is not the cause of exhaustion this districts. But the main reasons are social and economic problems. Also the spaces, which are separated from the spatial organization and formed cold spots, are populated neighborhoods and developing.
    On the other hand, disintegration in the spatial structure of the city is the influential factor in the high horizontal development of the city. Hence the creation and redefining integration of urban spatial organization is essential to prevent the scattered development in the city.
    Keywords: Spatial Organization, spatial fragmentation, network analysis, Space Syntax, Yazd
  • Noreddin Azimi, Nader Zali, Seyed Reza Azade* Pages 461-473
    Introduction
    During the past 50 years (1956-2006), our urban population has increased from 6 million to over 48 million and the number of cities has soared from 200 to over 1000
    Urbanization is perhaps one of the most important human activities, creating enormous impacts on the environment at the local, regional and global scales. Although urbanization in the form of land-cover (either built-up or impervious surfaces) occupies less than 2% of the Earths land surface, there is plentiful evidence that human disturbance due to urbanization has significantly altered the natural landscape.
    Urbanization is one of the most important human activities that has negatively impacted natural environment at local, regional and global scales. Cities are currently home to nearly half of the world’s population and over the next 30 years most of the two-billion-plus person increase in global population is expected to occur in urban areas in the developing world Urban sprawl is the common characteristics of many fast growing cities across the globe that consumes agricultural lands around the cities and puts pressure on natural environment. In the first half of 20th century, the majority of people were living in rural areas and cities had a slow growth, however, after mid 1950s due to the improvement in medical conditions as well as rural urban migration, it faced with rapid population growth in urban areas. Improvement in the socio-economic conditions especially increasing the private car ownership in the following decades, led to the low density physical expansion of many cities in the country. This paper aims to examine the status of Iranian cities based on two main patterns of continuous and discontinuous physical development and seek for the association of major social and environmental factors related to growth patterns of urban areas in the country.
    Methodology
    A descriptive analytical method has been employed in this research. The main source of data for the study has been driven from Google Earth images and Google Maps as well as the results of General Census of Iran from 1956 to 2006. In this research, the growth pattern for all cities of over 5000 population in Iran has been studied and attempts has been made to associated these patterns with main social and natural variables such as population size, annual population growth rate, density, area, city plan, elevation and regional climate pattern. A Chi Square analysis has been used to find the association between city growth models and selected social and natural variables.
    Findings: Research findings indicate that form 689 cities over 5000 population, 413 cities (59.9%) had continuous physical growth and 276 cities (40.1%) discontinuous growth. To describe the physical growth pattern, we did a Chi square analysis and tried to find their possible association with the existing physical patterns with a number of social and environmental variables. The following Table summarizes the outcome of Chi square analysis with selected variables Our analysis revealed that there is an association between the population size of the cities and their physical growth patterns in a way that most large cities (over 500 thousands) have discontinuous physical growth pattern while most small and medium size cities have continuous physical expansion. The ratio of discontinuous physical growth pattern for cities between 5 to 24 thousands is 40%, cities between 25 to 49 thousands 45%, cities between 50 to 100 thousands 31% and cities between 100 and 500 thousands 34%.
    Our study also depicts that there is a significant relationship between physical pattern and the area size for cities. While small and medium sized cities have more continuous physical growth, most cities with large area size (over 5000 hectares) have discontinuous growth pattern. Such a relationship also exits between urban density and physical growth pattern. Our data indicates that over 45% percent of the discontinuously growing cities have less than 50 person per hectares, while over 80% of the cities with more than 100 persons per hectare has continuous growth pattern.
    To find any relationship with urban physical pattern, we calculated urban population growth for the three time period of 10, 20 and 50 years. In contract with the discussed variables, none of the population growth rate for the three periods revealed any significant association with physical growth pattern in Iranian cities.
    Among the environmental variables, two variables including elevation and climate were examined with respect to the physical patterns of cities. Data findings indicates a correlation between elevation and city growth pattern in a way that cities located at very low elevation (around Caspian see shores) tended to have more discontinuous growth pattern than those located in other areas. In contrast, cities located at higher elevation especially above 1000 meters sea level tended to have more continuous growth pattern. Also an association exists between climate type and growth pattern. Our data also showed that cities located in Moderate Khazari climate (Caspian Sea Climate), have more discontinuous physical while cities located in other climates especially semiarid and mountainous climate mostly have continuous physical growth.
    Conclusion
    This study examined the status of Iranian cities in terms of their physical growth patterns and their associations with main social and environmental variables. In this research all cities over 5000 inhabitants were examined based on two major physical patterns of continuous and discontinuous growth. Then their relationship was tested with the selected variables using a Chi square analysis. Main result indicated that about 60% of Iranian cities has continued growth pattern and 40% has discontinuous pattern. Our findings showed that four main social variables of population size, urban density, and area size and two main environmental variables of elevation and regional climate showed a degree of association with physical growth patterns. However, there is a need for more detailed data and variables for explanation of the physical patterns of Iranian.
    Keywords: physical growth pattern, Urban growth, continuous physical growth, discontinuous growth, Iranian cities
  • Jamaleddin Soheili *, Ensieh Arefiyan Pages 475-491
    In this paper, a new approach is applied for explain the inner interaction of architechral spaces this method is named spatial.this method is used in urban design recently. it has been used in architecture in this essay with considering the application of mosques_ madrasah in Qazvin.city as instancesSalehich and sorterMadreseh is proving the interaction between the spaces of masjed_madresse of Ghajari time. according to the social communication the impotence of this essay is to recognize the value of social interactions and their impression on the architectural design , particularly in the Masjed _ Madreseh of Ghajar time that will be considered further. Hypothesis of this paper is to prove the existence of a relationship between the spaces of the Qajar era mosque, a school-based social relations.In this paper, two mosques and headed Salehiyeh school that belongs to the same period and the city of Qazvin were selected as case studyTheir analysis on the samples we implement and the results are presented in tables and charts.
    Introduction
    Now days , there are a lot of different approaches for reading the building and percepting the inner interactions of the buildings.one of this approaches is spatial manner.this method is being proposed for the first time by Estidman, Bil Hilier and Hans this theory in the urban design domain was established by Hiler and Hansen in 1984 in Landon. It was based on searching for the forms or the community or space. Since the space is for med from the social ,culturle and economical , usually is considered as background for the cultural , social(Rismanchy,1389).
    In Iran Abaszadegan and Memarian were the first researchers that presented the new way of looking in to space. There have been some researches in the urban domains(YAzdanfar and other,1387 /Rismanchy and Bel,1389 ,1390 / Molazade and 1391) than have weeded this opinion in the scale of residential and native Iranian architecture. With due attention to inexistence usage of this notion in the settling of Iranian architecture is understood. There fore this essay is to study the ofmosques_ madrasahof Ghajar in Qazvin.city and to describe and graphs with applying this nation in the scale of architecture. Analyzing the graph is in this way , that for reaching each space and Social relations and structures with a hidden pattern to prove this.
    Research
    Methodology
    With the method of spatial manner , the inner relations of spaces has been reached as a branching graph . this branching graph is named as an explain graph that has been shaped by full, amply circles or multiplication or plus as the presentation of spaces and also horizontal and vertical , pique lines that explains the identical spaces, concordant relation and the relation between two spaces . The circles with the symbol is introduced as the original space and moving starts from this circles from the original space as entangle any space, is connected with an oblique line. If the spaces are in the some level we place the related circles in a horizontal row , if the space connected to another level and there are some other spaces in that level , we use the vertical line . there fore that space will be known as joint one. Also in any rows of horizontal row of angina ones they will be named. That naming will be called as classifying the space. The more this classifying has more numbers the more the space will be inner the way.
    Discussion
    In a general conclusion, it seems that with applying the method of spaced the possibility of measuring one kind of type of architected known as Masjed-Madreseh according to the retention of social relations in the architectural spaces , can be reared with the rules and graphic graphs and mathematic formal aliens . Before this, architects and researchers used to classify the spaces in to public and privies according to the definition of sprees and the application each space has .but with this method, a more accurate and exact corclusion can be made with numbers and charecters.A higher sense of being introverted space, this space is directly related to introversion and privacy. To get more internal spaceWe must pass the extra spaces, then the space in which higher levels are higher figure of more privacy that.Also get a connection (line) into a space (circle) means the relationship between the joint space or space. The space in the mosque before the porch and two hallways or stairs as the joint space.Eivanchehs pre-school rooms and rooms of space for the storage space. The hierarchy is stored as a space with more privacy can be named.Since the school's entrance to the mosque is a place of interest,But there are two aisles on either side of the floor space will be redirectedwe do not feel that any interference with other users on the lines connecting the space for each user to be classified separately.
    Conclusion
    1)since any school should connect with all the educational spaces and also with the rooms that are particularly used for individual study and open space as courty yard that can be seen at thethan of entraining, the curiosity and seeing is an invitation for learning.
    2)the hierarchy for reaching a place in Iranian architecture is very important , in the Masjed-Madrese also there are some pre-spaces that has a little differences with the main spaces as it is clown in the explaining graph and the table of itineration.
    3) in this kind of architecture that two different application stay together , as the their depth of space shows, the education applications are in a type and are more far to the worshiping spots. And with more depth the inter farceuse of the act ivies has no in convioience with each other and are staying together independently.
    4) thespactial depth of “Paso” is more visible compered to the other educational spaces and has a relation with the room .
    Keywords: Space Syntax, mosque school, social, humanitarian relations, ghajar period architecture, Qazvin city
  • Gila Daneshvar Ameri, Hosein Shabanali Fami, Mohammad Shokati Amqani * Pages 493-506
    Introduction
    Dehyaries as a NGO in order to carry out its mission, needed to assessment and ensure the quality and quantity of process applications and management services and consequently are obliged into the social accountability and consent of the villagers desired. Achieve optimum satisfaction of villagers, as their effective reaction will cause Dehyary's performance that they perform duties of citizens with greater confidence, such as payment and participation in development, and social and cultural projects. So that more rural development experts also recognize that achieving sustainable development is not possible without the participation of villagers; Because the Development, Simplify, speed and low cost with the rural people’s participation. According to research carried out in the field of rural management, it is a multifaceted process which consists of three pillars: people, government and public institutions. In this process, with the participation of people and through the formation of rural organizations, the rural development programs and projects developed and implemented and placed under supervision and evaluation. Since the study and explain the level of villages residents satisfaction from the performance of Dehyaries will cause clear view of the strengths and weaknesses Dehyaries facing policy-makers and planners in modern management of rural, This study attempts with measure and evaluate the level of villagers satisfaction from Dehyary’s performance city of Oskou be able to identify all tips and significant factors which could have a positive impact on the operation of Dehyary.
    Methodology
    This research in terms of nature is a kind of quantitative research and in terms of the purpose is a kind of practical research. The main instrument was a questionnaire on stage the field in this study, that Reliability (validity) were studied by method of Content validity or logical validity. According into the content validity depends on the judgment of experts in the studied subject, therefore, to determine the validity and revisions, the questionnaire was studied by the faculty of department of management and Agricultural Development in Tehran University and, after summing up the opinions and interviews with a number of Dehyaries, was attempted to adjust the final questionnaire. Then, to determine the reliability of the study tool, a designed questionnaire was used the pre-test between 35 residents of villages with Dehyary in oskou county. Oskou has 30 villages that they are included Dehyary of which only 22 Dehyary of them were suitable for this study. Therefore population of this research were formed, residents of villages with Dehyary (N = 40752). To calculate volume of the sample, were examined 35 persons from samples as the pre-test that the standard deviation obtained from the pre-test was equaled 38/1. Then through the formula Cochran were obtained number of samples village residents. Sampling method was also with disproportionate assignment By random sampling That were selected 220 persons who were from among residents of 22 villages studied content of Dehyary. So that were studied 10 subjects from each village.
    Result and
    Discussion
    The lack of sufficient knowledge of the Dehyary’s duties in villagers can cause a challenge of excessive expectations and Dehyary’s performance and Level commensurate with position consent of the villagers have faltered. The results showed that the average yield Dehyary in the villages studied management, with the standard deviation 1.31 is 92/2. Since the amplitude of the total yield was determined from 1 to 5, it can be concluded that the Dehyary’s performance on modern management the villages studied Located at medium to high level, and In fact Dehyary have been relatively successful in managing the covered villages. Also according to the satisfaction of the villagers from Dehyary’s performance That have been studied Will be determined according to the degree of Dehyary That satisfaction rate of the Dehyary’s performance that was studied, will be promoted to the rank of three ascending,It means as much as the degree of Dehyary Is higher, its performance has raised too and consequently increase the level of satisfaction villagers But performance comes descending from Dehyary’s degree from three onwards. Also according other results of study the highest satisfaction rate in rural areas is related to the environmental performance and the lowest rate is related to the construction performance of Dehyary. Ability to predict the probability of satisfaction villagers were calculated according to the prospective and progressive of the ordinal logistic regression and the results showed that the highest effectiveness is related to social functioning of Dehyary.
    Conclusion
    Important findings of this study indicate that 63/3 percent of respondents have middle and higher satisfaction from Dehyary’s performance in their villages. Also according these findings, the satisfaction of villagers from part-time compared to full-time Dehyaries performance is at higher level. The analysis of these finding can be said that due to the workload of full time Dehyarys and Third grade dimensions is heavy, Dehyary performance also comes down and Because consent somewhat has direct connection with the performance It would will be dissatisfaction with the villagers. Since a Dehyary cannot conduct different tasks a managerial one village individually and it is natural that his performance and interaction drops off. On the other hand Dehyary is defined as a legal entity or organization in the context of rural management laws while it used to be just one person as a Dehyar to do managerial different things in Dehyary. Other research results also confirms the findings of the research. Such that likane, in his research has introduced a set of factors as a cause of fall in the job performance of managers Such as insufficient time, lack of sufficient human resources, lack of cooperation from others, lack of facilities, equipment and tools. Therefore, it is recommended that the Dehyaries of Grade three onwards, full-time Dehyary, A Dehyary Assistance Force to work with Dehyary Be employed.
    Keywords: dehyaries, rural management, Oskou County, Customer satisfaction, Performance
  • Fariba Jahan Ramezan, Kumars Zarafshani *, Farahnaz Rostami Pages 507-521
    Food security over the past decade was as one of the main objectives of rural development policies in many countries. Agricultural policies such as productive improvement, conservation and utilization of water and land resources are being considered in the heart of development projects. Among these initiatives to achieve improved quality of infrastructure, environment and welfare is the land consolidation and land rehabilitation plan, in the other wise Small farm landholdings couples with scattered plots have created a major challenge in agricultural development in Iran. Land fragmentation provides an appropriate strategy to overcome current problems in Iranian farming systems. so agriculture is the major source of food security in the world. For food security to occur, agricultural policies such as water management, land improvement projects and land consolidation should be included in the heart of development projects. Studies show that land consolidation and land rehabilitation affects food security of rural households. However, most land improvement projects are implemented with limited attention to stakeholders’ participation. Thus, these projects fall short of satisfying the rural population. During the past decade, there has been increasing demand for water management strategies across rural Iran. In line with development programs, dam construction and water saving strategies in Iran have attracted many development practitioners. However, the impact of these se projects on rural livelihood is not known. Recently, the Gavshon Dam Project has been implemented by both the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Regional Water Company. The purpose of this project was to provide irrigation water to water users (irrigated farmers) and to enhance the livelihood of farmer households. However, during the past 5 years since the beginning of the project, impact evaluation had not been conducted by either of the stakeholders mentioned above. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to assess the impact of land improvement project on rural food security in Miandarband region. Qualitative research paradigm was selected because of impact evaluation. In other words, impact evaluations are best determined with qualitative research methods so that direct and indirect impacts are determined. The research method was based on multi-case study with before and after design. Data was collected using participatory rural appraisal methodologies such as social and resource mapping as well as seasonal calendar. Within method triangulation techniques was used to validate and test for trustworthiness of the findings. For example, in-depth interviews and focus group discussion was also used to collect further data. The unit of analysis comprised of five villages including Jelogiresofla, Safiabad, Sarabshela, khoshneshinanesofla, and Kolakaboodevosta. These villages were selected because they have experienced before and after land improvement project .From each village eight farmers were selected using purposeful sampling. A total of 40 farmers whom have lived in the region before and after the project participated in the study. Data was analyzed using relational content analysis. In order to get a clear picture of causal condition, mind mapping was used to further analyze the qualitative data. Results revealed that the project has impacted food security of farm households. Moreover, rural households were able to have access to diverse food material and gained more purchasing power. The results of this study have implications for agricultural policymakers and the regional water company in the province. First, agricultural policymakers can use the result of this study as a risk assessment tool in the future land improvement projects. For example, future land consolidation projects in the province may be implemented with minimum risk since the result of this study shows positive impact in food security of farm households. Second, regional water company have gained experience in launching water management schemes with Agricultural Jihad Organization. Future studies should concentrate on more participatory land improvement projects in Kermanshah province. This would enhance farmers’ livelihood strategies and empower farmer households. Moreover, participatory water management schemes allows for collective actions among stakeholders. Overall, the results of the research show that the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane have left impact on food security of farmers in these regions in three areas. At the first a bout Physical access to food, result showed that after Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane, access to financial resources and access to a variety of food increased. At the second a bout access to market, the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane has not been changed in these region. Third area is food consumption pattern. In this subject Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane shifted food consumption pattern from dairy and beef cattle to consumption of vegetables, such as tomatoes, eggplant, etc because of increasing irrigated farms. In the other word there was a significant improvement in food security especial as a bout physical and economic access in this region by Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane. In this respect, Anderson (2006) showed land modernization project in Australia have caused improve the food security of farmers. Other researchers have reached similar conclusions. For example, Sedara and co-worker studies (2002) in Cambodia and Aksykn and colleagues (2008) in China showed that, proper use of water and soil resources are makes adequate access to food and food security. In the other hand other studies determined these results such as; Rivera and Qamar.(2003), Sallaku (2010 ), Kruger and Medlin. (2007), Anderson. (2006). Similar results of these studies showed that Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plane will increase the agricultural yield productivity and economic state of farmers, so because of this situation food security will be increase too. In terms of research methodology, this study contributes to current literature on qualitative research paradigm. Participatory rural appraisal proves to be effective in that farmers are put first and the researcher played the role of facilitator. This in turn empowered the poor and marginalized population in the region. This study had its limitations in that some farmers were reluctant to participate in the study. Further research is needed to discover different methods of motivating passive farmers to participate more effectively.
    Keywords: Key words: Participatory rural appraisal, food security, water management schemes, land improvement, land consolidation
  • Mojtaba Amiry*, Akbar Neshat, Majid Niknaei Pages 523-539
    Rapid developments in the city of Tehran is one the issues that affects urban management in recent years. And physical conflict from this transformation is the most usual harm that is noteworthy in two aspects of heterogeneity and instability of old and new tissues, which has become evident in various aspects of physical, social, cultural and environmental abnormalities issues. In this regard performing programs such as rehabilitation, restoration, anabiosis, building, renovation and ... with aim of Revitalization of the city or avoiding of urban decline is the most important practices that are the focus of urban specialists and executives and “citizen participation" is the main axis performing of these programs. Among deferent regions of Tehran, region 12 is the most important centers of ancient and historical city which its physical form includes the main part of old tissues. Therefore, the role of citizen participation in urban management approaches and adopted quid lines is in order to restoration, empowerment and Vivification in recent years as part of what and why they have been addressed in this paper. In this study, by utilizing descriptive- application analysis of the relevant decision compounds, selecting deferent methods of citizen participation and policy choices in renovation and improvement in municipal management reform process, established and presented and shows that solving renovation problems has a direct relationship with urban management, and restoration and public participation.
    Introduction
    Restoration of old tissues, especially in the large urban centers is one of the most complex subjects attracted by managers, professionals, and people. In the process of urban improvement and renovation, creating a safe economic base and eliminate material poverty of its inhabitant segments on one hand and cooperation of managers and other nominee involved people on the other hand , at least makes this hope for a project not to be half way. One of the most critical parameters management before any decision, is participating residents those who are privileged in old tissues .as has been state in research, it seem that urban centers and capital As has been stated in the research, solidarity and managers participation absence with other privileged people is the most reason of none –realization of renovation and reform process, Because of Over the years from need of urban renewal in region 12 and having many decisions and follows , a very small percentage of old tissues has been renovated yet. Region 12 of Tehran Municipality by having old tissues and consequently different problems has numerous challenges to provide different strategies for solving problems in the context of improvement and renovation of old tissues. Regarding the issue of renovation in the region, where about 30% of the region (about 495 hectares) belongs to the old tissues, unfortunately innovation progress has been less than one percent in year 2012.
    In this article, various aspects of citizen participation in urban improvement and renovation of old tissues and their different problems, procedures, legal and historical which has been accomplished, will be studied according to statistic methods (correlation) and finally will be summed up the subject whether we can achieve to improvement and renovation of old tissues of Region 12 of Tehran Municipality by participation management? This study tries to study the role of participation management in improvement and renovation of old tissues of Region 12 of Tehran Municipality m and modernization in the context of collaborative management in district 12 of Tehran Municipality due to its strategic location and studies the interaction between the executive management, political institution, people and other beneficiary factors in improvement and renovation of the city.
    Methodology
    Methods used in collecting and analyzing data in this article include: analyzing upper documents, meta-analysis and interviewing. In Analysis of the documents part, tried to study available documents in renovation organization and area detailed plan. In Meta-analysis part conducted research at renovation organization and Tehran urban planning Center, has been analyzed about participation and intervention systems in Tehran old tissues. Interview technique has been used in order to have more valid data from previous methods. The objective of this technique includes three major categories of privileged in old tissues: citizen s of region 12, facilitators of renovation offices and urban managers in renovation and improvement district. Content analysis and content review have been used due to collection of used data to reduction and analysis them. The method used in this research is descriptive –analytical method.
    Conclusion
    In conclusion of low levels of citizen participation hypothesis in urban renovation and regeneration worn tissues should mention that comparing frequencies related to this hypothesis, shows the frequencies advantage in high participation than participation citizen in the renovation and restoration of urban worn tissues. And in conclusion of the other hypothesis namely high role of urban management in renovation and regeneration of worn tissues, comparing frequencies shows the frequencies advantage than lack of management in renovation and restoration of urban worn tissues. According to surveys carried out from residents old tissue of region 12, in connection with the renovation and regeneration, it can be mentioned that improvement plan of urban worn tissues as many urban development projects are faced with citizens distrust problems which stems from not sharing the process of renovation and restorations of worn tissues with citizens of these tissues. Neglecting the needs of people those who directly are associated to these kinds of tissues problems intensifies this distrust and disaffiliation.
    According to obtained results foreground of any participation, is confiding residents that the inattention of authorities to needs of the residents and the lack of action in performing programs intensifies this distrust and disaffiliation. Educational, employment, income and residential specifications show special needs of worn tissues residents in planning to increase citizen participation. So Utilization of capacity and organizational capability of organizations, institutions, private sector and citizens in local participation and collaborative management is the most effective guidelines which can help region 12 of Tehran Municipality to realize their executive policies and improve the encourage of improvement and renovation worn and old tissues.
    Keywords: worn tissues (ineffective), urban management, urban improvement, renovation, urban revitalization, participation
  • Marjan Badiee Azandahi *, Fatemeh Mirahmadi Pages 541-555
    Introduction
    As a dynamic phenomenon, boundary is one of the basic issues in political geography and geopolitics. It is not a geographical and fixed phenomenon; rather, it has its own internal dynamic features, creates new realities, and affects the lives of people and groups living in its vicinity. Different types of boundary, such as political, social, economic, and virtual can be impenetrable or penetrable, simple or complex, and single or multiple. Classification of boundary studies is always changing. In the past, most boundary studies exclusively focused on state, but this view has changed today, so that one can witness development of boundary studies beyond the focus on hard international boundaries. Nowadays, not only are boundaries drawn around land states, but also around nations, groups, religions and individuals. However, traditional views about boundary do constitute part of the vast discourse about boundaries during the past decades and have not been totally abandoned. Considering the changes in today’s world and with regard to lack of a theoretical literature about boundary and its changes in political geography and geopolitics, the present study seems well-suited. Hence, this study, reviewing the previous studies on boundary, tries to investigate the emerging issues and perspectives in today’s boundary studies in political geography.
    Methodology
    This study is a basic theoretical study conducted through analytic method. The data collection method was library and computer research.
    Results And Discussion
    In traditional view, the international boundaries are studies, i.e. lines which separate the land of one state from a neighboring state. This perceptive mostly addresses the typology of boundaries, with respect to the emergence and adaptation with ethnic-language groups (before residence, adaptive, imposed, and abandoned), adaptation with natural features (e.g. mountains, valleys, and rivers), and the function of international boundaries (separation, integration, difference, and conflict). However, in the new discourse, boundary is considered as the geographical sign and construction of “regulative authority” in social relations. As signs of power, boundaries differ with respect to social scale, importance, and stability from international boundaries which mark the border between national states to unique racial, religious, and sexual border to barbed wire borders which specify special areas such processing-export and military regions. Therefore, the key point of geographers’ work is while boundaries are the outcomes of international contracts, economic conditions, or cultural considerations, they are geographically a sign of a “regulative authority”. For instance, international borderlines have been actively constructed for creating and enhancing the norms of “national territory” and “national identity”, and work in line with preserving and supporting the dominance of the state. In the new perspective, boundaries are perceived as dynamic social constructs. Such impacts have been organized around debates between “static nature” and “change”, “stability” and “dynamicity” of the “spatial bounding” of social construction and reconstruction of the boundaries. The recent interests in globalization reflect the importance of “spatial organization of social life” and “boundaries”, particularly, if it is related to hypothetical reduction of the importance of national state. In this view, boundaries – as drawing or limiting the space- are not solely a social construct, but crossing worlds are placed in numerous sets and interfering methods through them, as social world is full of different boundaries. Hence, politics not only considers different boundaries, but reconfigures different relations between different boundaries. This involves important issues like globalization and boundaries (how has globalization affected the concept and studies of boundaries), boundary hierarchies in spatial scales (such as the study of administrative and civil boundaries which affect the daily lives of citizens more than international boundaries as, for instance, the “spatial distribution patterns of phenomena” is affected by such boundaries), the social construction of boundary and identity (the novel studies address the complex process of the construction and maintenance of the boundary with respect to the role of identity discourse in the social construction of boundary) and the management of boundaries following migrations, human force, and application of technology.
    Conclusion
    Since 1990s, the study of boundaries has gained importance due to factors such as the collapse of Soviet Union, Berlin Wall collapse, globalization, and at the same time, the rise of nationalism. Since then, the superficial stability of the boundaries which was the main feature of boundary studies during the cold war was challenged. On the one hand, there is a new interest in “hard territorial lines” which are consistently drawing and marking lines between countries, and on the other, there is an increasing attention to the nature of bounding and people’s and groups’ residence within different social and spatial areas which have resulted in parallel but far discourses. In this respect, while in traditional perspective, most studies focus on international boundaries and their typology, in new perspective, boundary is considered as a line which separates various spatial and social scales. Most of the present studies in critical geography reflect the interest in boundaries as dynamic social constructs and “boundary” has changed into a part of the more extensive cultural geography. The key point in geographers’ work is that while boundaries are the outcomes of international contracts, economic conditions, or cultural considerations, they are geographically a sign of a “regulative authority” in social relations. However, not all boundaries have the regulative effect by separating “we-they”, such as the boundaries drawn for developing constituencies. Also, in cases where there is a strong “state/society” boundary, drawing boundaries in places like courts and free business councils, can serve as a greatly competitive mediating process – through the emergence of power relations between the state and daily social life – which is full of geographical – political struggles and can be interpreted again. Hence, it can be argued that borders, rather than working as stable lines, act as processes, discourses, symbols and networks. Also, the study of boundaries in today’s word requires a hierarchical and multi-dimensional perspective.
    Keywords: boundary studies, boundary hierarchy, identity, boundary management, globalization
  • Bahador Zarei *, Fateme Moghadam, Shahabeddin Shafie Pages 557-576
    Intruduction:Globalization is a process economic, cultural, political, social and technology. That all societies, more or less in the third millennium, changed or ready to be changed.
    In the process, many of the concepts and variables such as government, sovereignty, strength, authority, balance of power, collective security, political and economic independence, etc., are significantly evolving concept and objective.
    Globalization in the Persian Gulf just meant to promote a Western lifestyle and consumer products industrialized countries. Transnational and multinational corporations, are trying with advertising tool, to penetrate local markets, types of their products to sell and to overcome resistance in this way.
    Impact of globalization on the Arabic countries of the Persian Gulf, in many areas, especially in field of the cultural, faced with a contradiction. The conflict, rooted in the contradictory nature of globalization on cultural and social dimension
    Methodology
    . The main method of this research, because of importance of the issue, Descriptive and analytical methods used.
    As part of the findings in this study, based on the description, the expression of objective events, developments and examine (the Persian Gulf), the use of descriptive method appears favorable Much of the research is to collect qualitative data, content analysis, by taking advantage of the analytical method is necessary. In this paper, tried to library information, including external resources in the areas of globalization and its impact on the Persian Gulf, Geopolitics, International Relations and Area Studies Persian Gulf, taken sufficient use. From the internal resources Of specialists and experts in this field are also widely used.
    Result and Discution:The new role of the Persian Gulf in the last century, in addition to the continued development of the West, is an important role in international and strategic equations in connection the security of the region with the development of Asian powers.
    Developing Asian countries in the globalization process and the transfer of capital, technology and markets on the goods is sent each facility, This process can be on issues such as energy security, trade in goods and technology, labor exchange and the overall pace of economic growth is now concentrated in the area of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean, have a big impact. Today the claim is close to the accuracy of economic growth and development world and the West, must be sought in the relationship and economic exchange with Asia.
    In this context, there are a mutual dependence between the flow of energy from the Persian Gulf to Asia which adds the geo-economic value for Asia and the West in the age of globalization.
    Apart from regional issues (eg the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq and its consequences, as well as territorial and border disputes) and at the global level, issues such as individual freedoms, respect for human rights, relying on a government based on law, free elections and political participation, is widespread.
    From this perspective, the legitimacy of political power, only to legality and compliance of the dominant values, not limited. It also extends the relationship between government and self-government. In this regard, it is said, the crisis of legitimacy when it emerged that a system controls the structures of society unilaterally. and social and cultural identity of citizens under certain dominated (tool) and Stopped production and fertility
    Among the regions of the world, the Persian Gulf region, the symbol of the traditional regime, Patrymvnal and undemocratic called the leaders to strongly influence the political consequences of globalization, on the basis of their governance is concerned.
    The type of political regimes of the countries of the Arabic region, from traditional closed kingdom, who were not exposed to wide cultural and political modernization. The global policy for the countries of the Persian Gulf, has made similar threats. And push it in different areas, a series of behavioral changes among the rulers and the people of this region has caused.
    Conclution:the conditions governing the Persian Gulf region, any amount that we step into the future, these countries, as one of the most important areas of air transportation, trade finance, central banks, international branches, transfer of technology, one of the centers of knowledge production , lucrative market selling Asian, European, American and a good place to exchange educated work force, becomes. In a word, the economies of the region to rapidly connect with the global economy.
    The process of globalization, from a political perspective, in the Persian Gulf region had the least influence. People of the region through political and legal pressures, internal and international, incomplete changes in transition, from the beginning of the twenty-first century, have been able to experience and for the first time in the history of the formation of his government, to achieve a minimal political rights.
    In recent decades, in parallel with economic and social changes, most countries in the Persian Gulf, in the light of the forces of globalization, in terms of culture have been changes and Social and cultural fault-lines and conflicts have emerged.
    Nationalist movements, pan-Arab, socialist, pro-democracy and Islam, are the powerful social movements in the Persian Gulf region. Persian Gulf region than any other region in the world, has been the emergence of Islamist forces. Muslim identity is a force in this region, a great intellectual and practical capacity to deal with the political and social leaders puts the influence of the West.
    Keywords: Persian Gulf region, Globalization, Social, cultural development, The Women, Iran
  • Kumars Yazdanpanah, Dero*, Seyed Mostafa Hashemi, Sajad Karimi Pashaei Pages 577-590
    Introduction
    After the Cold War, Geostrategic face took on a geo-economic domain. This means that on the world stage, Economic competition, Replaced military competition. Hence the geopolitical divisions, Geographic areas classified according to their economic importance and competition has intensified around the area. Given that the Earth is 4/3 with water and based on the theory that water will have the state Mahan it can prevail on the world, since the first aim of maritime trade security strategy of the United States Thus began the development of its navy. So that today's seas as a supplier of security. Since maritime transport in the event of any significant component of the world's geo economy structures, need to stay safe and stable form and develop, So the United States to provide maritime security in different regions according to their essential role on the ground.
    The importance of the Horn of Africa region during the Cold War due to the fact that this region, Local superpower competition for influence in Africa was considered. At the present time the marine area that is local to maritime transport but the national Somali pirate activity has caused severe the route in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean in East Somalia is insecure. Attacks on cargo ships and passenger and crew hostage and cargo Using advanced communication equipment and modern weapons This creates the suspicion that How important geo-economic area to form an organized piracy Despite the government's efforts in preventive measures and sending warships to support their respective ships, especially in the eastern regions of Somalia in the Indian Ocean dimmed? In this paper, we strive to be a geopolitical analysis of piracy in the Horn of Africa The strategy of the United States in this relationship and the reasons for the increased risk of maritime traffic and reduce transportation security in the region despite America's military presence checked. One of the most important subjects that US undertake it for maintain and establish Economic security is ensuring the security of sea commerce. It is resulting from water pivotal role as World Peace Establisher. This emphasizes to US impression as the sea super power of the world for confrontation with challenge and threats removal with the use of its military sea bases.
    With consider to polluted regions of piracy in the world, there are some points like Asia South East, Gulf of Guinea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Adan and Somalia Waters. The Horn of Africa is more important between them, because modern and organized Piracy expansion especially by Somalian Pirates could endanger the sea traffic in the gulf of Adan and Indian Ocean. It seems the absence of strong sovereignty structures in the Horn of Africa countries has plenty effect to make more convulsive situations.
    In this study it is preceded to Pirates activities in the Horn of Africa with Analytical-Descriptive procedure and tries to answer this question: What is the impression of Pirates activities on region Geopolitics? And it Analyses how did increase the attacks despite of countries preventive policies in military support of their ships? Conclusion shows: the US avoids decisively encounter with this organized attacks despite of military dominance on sea regions, reason is keep dependent other countries to its power.
    Methodology
    This study analysis – Descriptive and using the library – store and also utilizes the existing map tries to analyze the position of the Horn of Africa in world geo-economic structures Pirate activity leading to Increased risk of maritime transport in the region in addition, Review and analyze the strategy notes and the United States as a supplier of maritime trade security in the region.
    Discussion
    One of the things mentioned in this article Pirates of the quality of advanced equipment and logistical support in the Horn of Africa and international law, which it is imposed. Examined the expression of ecological situation in the region and the Horn of Africa pirates in other cases as a form of piracy in this area had been. Motivation and increase the status of the people of the region and their efforts to strengthen the piracy in the region and the benefits from the activities of other issues that have been addressed. The following strategy the United States in the face of this phenomenon has been noted in Somalia and in the end, terrorism is discussed pirate group.
    Conclusion
    The peninsula of Somalia's weak point for the Horn of Africa countries that the scale of influence in Africa provides a strategic way. Somalia will not face the future with a clear vision. This maritime security and piracy and maritime terrorism today is linked And may in the future prospects of the energy, organic sources, Islamic fundamentalism and etc communicate. The future of this region can be found in two different scenarios predicted:1- In the first scenario, weak and unstable governments, land issues, arms competitions, the growth of militarism Development of ethnic and tribal conflicts influence of extremist terrorist bases in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia, Most importantly, low index of economic, social and human development, the possibility of regional unrest and the subsequent expansion of pirate activity will bring The ultimate objective of the United States in the region and create unsafe soft power to justify their presence had to be proven.
    2- In the second scenario, the prospects for the region, providing education and population control, reduce violence and conflict prediction and perhaps the only way to alleviate this evil, On the one hand, and employment indices for regional development On the other hand, there is the powerful governments that have surrounded the national territory And to fulfill our international commitments And this also requires the attention of the international community to promote the social welfare of the people of these areas.
    Keywords: Piracy, geopolitical, America, Somalia, security
  • Meysam Jamali, Ebrahim Moghimi *, Zeinolabedin Jafarpoor, Parviz Kardovani Pages 591-602
    Introduction
    The Khoshk river emanates from golestan and ghalat height and flow to the northwest and southeast direction. After traversing a short distance it cover's golestan and dukohak,goiom from the right and the ghasr ghomshe branch from the left. Then by direct cross from the middle of shiraz metro police, it will divide it into to half south and east and at the end, it will pour into maharlo lake.numorus researchs with different method and purposes has been done I. Side and outside of the country about the change of morphology and effective factors for them. The aim of this paper is investigating the changes of manipulation the zones in time-place range in the sanctum of the river.
    Methodology
    The main researching method, in this paper is the traverseal and analytical method. Thus for determining the ranges in the limitation of the case we study about existing maps, scope revision and Google earth software have been used. And then the oldest satellite images of the zone (Lansat8 OLI imagery) have been provided for 1394 with the power of 30 meter state dividing coherent to Shiraz metropolis. By the use of geological maps and topography, air shots and satellite images of shiraz were studied and geomorphologic annotation of them were done about expanding the city in sanctum of the river as to recognize the changes of dry riverbed due to urban expanding in two time sections 1394 and 1346.
    Results And Discussion
    In this paper the riverbed divides in to 3 ranges as follow.
    First range: the direction of chanarsookhte is from tange sorkh to Maliabad Bridge with 8 km long and average slope of 1.42%. Riverbed is formed by generally marine stages and Razak marine lime. The feature of this part of river is rash slope, severe erosion of near lands, brinding of strand. And the width of illuviation has been reported about 70 meters. The average of river's width on the air image in 1346 compared to 1394, has been reduced 19 meters. The space which the river has been changed to 56ha in 1394 which means 27.5 percent of river space has been reduced because of human operations in the sanctum of river, removing sand from the riverbed and the buildings.
    Second range: from maliabad bridge to Fazilat Bridge is 15 km and the slope is 0.90%. In this direction, nahre azam sideway, ghoran gate, sadi, bajgah and etc pour in to Koshk River. Because of appropriate soil and enough mineral water, the gardens and agricultural lands has been expanded near the river. The property of this range is that the river's channel has been shored by the stile barrier. The narrow pass way of river channel, unsuitable bridges, floor fraction, lateral erosion of river, building sideways in both left and right shores of the river with the length of 7 km and urban buildings in the foot print of river. Thus most of the violation to the sanctum of river has been occurred in this range which has caused bad issues for Shiraz metropolis in the future.
    The average width of river in 1394 compared to 1394 has been reduced 140 meters. And on the other side the space has been changed from 312 ha in 1346 to 92 ha in 1394 which means 70.5% of river's space has been reduced because of the change of controlling the lands due to human operation in the sanctum of river.
    Third range:From the fazilat bridge to the exit of river from the city is 10 km in the length and 0.39 percent in average slope. The kind of bed's sediment is formed of torrential illuviation and kovaterner sediments. And the thickness of the illuviation has been reported 200 meter. The property of this part of low slope, is settling the sediments and reduction of river tension, low capacity at the time of big floodwaters.
    Most of the river direction has been shored by the stile barrier and the mean width of river compared to second range is lower (42m) and it's mean depth compared to around deserts is 1.5m-2m. Nowadays the average river width compared to 1346 has been reduced about 49 meters. And the river's space in this range in 1346 is about 95ha but nowadays has been reached lower than 50ha. It means that 57% of river space has been decreased. Which by the effect of urban expanding and agricultural operations in this range has caused the constriction of the river pass way. As in every raining, it causes the uprising of river down the Sardkhane Bridge.
    Conclusion
    Investigating the changes of urban expanding effects and changing the lane controlling in the sanctum of Khoshk River, are the most important aims of this paper which has been evaluated. According to the results of urban expanding investigation in the first rang, there is Alluvial fan in the Foot of mountains foothill stone which is firmed by sediments, maren, shil and weak seeds articles. But in the second and third local sections, the city is placed in a desert zone which the kind if the sediments of illuviation articles are kovaterner. Urban expanding in the sanctum of river in the above time-local ranges causes the reduction of riverbed space compared to last year. In that the space of river bed has been reached from 77ha to 56 ha (27.5%) in the first range and from 312 to 92 ha (70.5%) in the second range and from 95 ha go 41 ha (57%) in third range. And also width displacement of the river was 176 meter in first range, 145 meter in the second range and 68 meter in the third range. In the past, the firm of city was nuclear and compressed and occupied lower space of river sanctum. The result is that the type of physical expanding of this city has been proceed thorough linear type.
    Keywords: khoshk River, metropolitan Shiraz, land use changes, Spatio, temporal changes, urban development