پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 27 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Iran's national epics is full of long and short romantic love epics and love makes up the main body of these epics. Epic loves have basic differences with pure romances such as Layli and Majnun, Khosrow and Shirin. One of the prominent and diverse themes in pic romances is that of guile and deceit which abounds in regard to the theme. The guiles are manifested in different types in these romances and, in most cases, they do not have a negative connotation. Deceits are often carried out by faeries and women and, in some cases, by men. This paper studies the content of guile and deceit in Iran's national epic romances using descriptive and analytic as well as the library methods. The results indicate that many themes in the guile and deceit parts in romances such as feeding, intermediaries deception, hiding the name and…. have been used as intertextual. Also, the frequency of deceits exceeds in the romances than other parts of the epics, and guiles of women are more than men as well.

The aim of this article is to criticise and analyse the above mentioned play.The focus is mainly laid upon the presentation of the necessary elements in a theatrical text and their representation in the play written by Pari Saberi. She has tried to add some elements and characters into the story, or alter the story in a way which is more agreeable with today’s individual and social life. For this purpose she has made the story and the characters seem Iranians.
The result shows that she has been able to proceed according to the principles of play writing and by some changes in the text has managed to veer the play out of monotonous state.The play has been formed coherent and consistent and well organized, but creating the right atmosphere and character development still needs some attention.

Nasir Khusraw Qubadiani is an Ismaili poet of the fifth century (1004 – 1088 CE). In all his poetry he tries to promoting his ideals and ideologies. In this paper we have tried to make an analysis his odes based on the theory of conceptual metaphor. this theory was presented by Lakoff and Johnson in "metaphors we live by" in 1980, and also brought many changes in literary criticism and Cognitive Linguistics. We selected four fundamental concepts of Nasir Khusraw’s odes and their metaphors and source domain were analyzed, These concepts as follows: intellect, interpretation, speech, body. We put source domains of the concepts together and tried to understand they as a whole. Weve achieved a range of meanings that was effective and useful in Our understanding of target domain.This approach help us to have new experiences of text comprehension. In analyzed samples, structural and orientational metaphors were much less than ontological metaphors. This research was conducted in analytic-descriptive method of linguistics.

semanticplurality of text and polyphonic nature of literary texts which are connected with the theory of intertextuality, are some of important and appreciated results of modern literary theories that have opened various landscapes for the commentators and literary critics.
From the perspective of intertextual connectionsespecially of hypertextuality, Rumi's Masnaviis a unique workamong the narrative works, as its first story, i.e. ‘the king and handmaiden’ has been the hypertext of several similar stories in some narrative and non-narrative texts. The comparison of this story to its hypotext narratives based on Genette’s theory of hypertextuality, and determination their relationship with each other, may show Maulana’s rich taste in storytelling.
In this study, the analysis of Masnavi’s narrative to its sequences of propositions and the and the comparison to the components of hypertext narratives based on the above theory show that the relation between hypertext narrative to poetic hypotexts is from the indirect and complex transformation and to prose hypotexts is from the versificative transposition.
In addition, the application of the principle of free association, which resulted that Maulana has several times used histoire enchassee (enshrined) stories and conscious semantic digressions which led to the successive failures in the story line.

Throughout the history of the city and the urbanization phenomenon ever, the species of man deal with this phenomenon are different. The interest shown in it, and sometimes it was in conflict have .
And modernity in contemporary urban life in the city and complexity, the poets who have migrated from rural areas, With new faces and places are ,  encounter distinct phenomenon and of residence in the city, it is evident that in his poetry.
Badr Shaker and contemporary modernist poet Nima Yooshij Alsyab two, both of which affect school culture and language and literature, Romanticism and the West were familiar with the poets born in the village have  That "Yoosh" and "Jykvr" Habib their land against the city that it is a strange land   can be used And creates a conflict be In fact, the negation of thought vulgar materialism and ethics governing the city and its rejection.
In addition to contrasting urban and rural areas of the city and the village over Both the poet's solitude hash  city, and due to their tendency to take refuge in schools and the romantic nature,  concern over the social and political issues and their home and the valleys and mountains    atmospheric water and palm groves of northern Iran and Iraq are And to express the pains and desires and dreams of birds, trees, nature and the symbolic language of myth and history can help Species that can be said to Alpha

This study aims to investigate the Khosro and Shirin story of Nezami about love, according to Giddens, Danino and Merry Evans views. Its main issue is to answer this question that: to what extent can concepts and features of love in Western theories be adapted to a variety of love in Khosro and Shirin story of Nezami?
Giddens divides the evolution of the concept of love in the West, based on the history of love, into three types: 1. Passionate love; 2. Romantic love; 3. Liquid love. Danino also knows love as a kind of libido symbiosis and some sexual and emotional attraction. Evans as well distinguishes love's two types of commercial and romantic. Nezami Ganjavi has intertwined several stories revolving around love in Khosro and Shirin story, in which different kinds of love can be divided into six types: 1. The love of lover to beloved; 2. The love of beloved to lover; 3. one-sided love; 4. convenient and political love; 5. capricious and vengeful love; 6. forbidden love and morbid fascination. With reflecting on the intertwined story and short stories of Khosro and Shirin, Shirin's love to Khosro and Khosro's love to Shirin is a kind of passionate love from Gidden's point of view, that is a real and mystical love. From Evan's point of view the love of Farhad to Shirin, is a one-sided and romantic love and the love of Maryam and Khosro is of the political expediency and dealing type of love. The two other types are not only mixed with lust and sin, but also sentenced to death.

Poem is a mirror which reflects author's literary and artistic taste beside their knowledge and understanding of tge world. the concise reflection of this knowledge in literature cause it to be abundant with various historical, mythological, and sociological informations. These data originate from different sources among which mythological legends specifically the story of prophets and heroes are the most rewarding. One of the myths ,constantly inspiring poets, seems to be Adam and Eve story. The story of the forbidden fruit is a significant scene of this tale widely reflected in modern sonnets. Employing descriptive-analytic method, we sought to examine this story in the modern poetry and the changes of the story in the persian poem. This study seems necessary to become familiar with the modern poem.
The results indicated that this story is mostly employed in modern sonnets. Moreover, modern poem sounds to look at this story from a new angel.The most obvious change in these poems is the application of apple instead of wheat which is a direct result of modern poet's acquaintance with the foreign literature. That is the reason why apple is nowadays considered as a symbol of love, kindness, deception, temptation, guilt and etc.

is a 13th century gnostic poet who was interested in Mohy al-Din’s mystic ideas. Iraqi has a symbolic language in his poetry. He uses wine-idioms in order to describe his ideas about Pantheism.This language provides him a great capacity to interpret allegorical concepts which are impossible to be expressed in a direct language.Decoding these idioms completely, needs even more widespread surveys, while this research is to provide a close reading of Iraqi’s poems collection on the idiom: “half-Drunk” with an emphasis on the meaning parameters which are related to Pantheism and focused on the words and sentences by which the poet has described himself as a vintner who needs more wine of union to complete his drunkenness and so complains about being half-drunk. This survey reveals what “half-drunk” means in Iraqi’s poetry, what the causes are, what problems it makes on his way toward unity, and what the remedy is. To obtain the answers, we will analyze Iraqi’s poems on the basis of Mohy al-Din’s ideas, especially on pantheism, through a library- descriptive method.In Irāqī’s poetry, this idiom is either a description of his own mood or the butler’s eyes. Further, it sometime describes the similarity of these two. Irāqī’s Wine Poems

Cultural, political, and social associations among Iran and Arabic nations such as Lebanon has been existing from Achaemenid era that this interaction, consequently, has led to the common cultural-scientific goals between these two nations. However, the noteworthy outcome is the effect of Persian language on Arabic language which has a long story and plays an important role. This progression started from the pre-Islamic period, when Persian vocabularies affected poets’ poems, and has been continued by the contemporary era. But what has been paid less attention is the effect of Persian culture and language on Lebanese literati. Khalil Mutran is known as one of the great Lebanese poets who revolutionized traditions and created a new prospect in Arab world poet. (Maqtal Bozargmehr) quasida is one of his works which is an exclusive epic in representing some aspects of Persian history. Mutran’s goal in writing Maqtal Bozargmehr quasida was Arab uprising against Ottoman regime to set themselves free from autarchy. In this quasida, Khosrow Anushiravan is a hidden secret to the Ottoman king. And Bozargmehr story has an exemplary aspect that aims at awakening the new generation in the Arab world. This study tries to review and evaluate the Maqtal Bozargmehr quasida, written by the great Arab poet, through content analysis method. Khalil Mutran known as “Qutrain poet” – territorial poet- (Lebanon and Egypt) that Persian language effect is well evident in his work.