مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 93، مهر و آبان 1396)

People with disabilities are increasing in the world; so recognizing attitude of the society about disability is necessary. Since this attitude is important, having appropriate tools for its measuring is essential. This study was aimed to investigate psychometric properties of a measuring scale of attitudes toward people with disabilities.
This is a non-experimental study, in which scale of attitudes toward people with disabilities (ATDP) was translated, equivalent and normalized. Data collection tool was ATDP Scale. English version of the questionnaire in two stages was translated in Persian by three translators whose native language was Persian and they had experience and proficiency in the English translation, then translated back. Scale reliability was investigated test- the test within three weeks. ICC and SEM indices were used for evaluating the relative and absolute repeatability and Cronbach's alpha was used for coefficient to evaluate reproducibility of scale scores. For content validity, qualitative method of content validity was used. The translated text was sent to ten experts and their comments were taken.
The results showed that the translators were agreed in the overall quality of the translation (90%), in the same concept (93.3%), in the transparency (96.7%) and in the common language translator (96.7%). All scales of the questionnaire were showed good stability (Cronbach= 0.85, Icc= 0.75 and r= 0.70).
The study showed that the Persian version of the ATDP scale has reliability and validity for measuring attitudes toward people with disabilities in society.

Attending University is not always pleasant for all the students and students can sometimes encounter with challenges leading them to uninterested, fatigue, and ineffectiveness feeling. Uninterested, fatigue, and ineffectiveness feeling are of academic burnout dimensions have attracted many researcher's interest in recent decades. Bearing this mind, the present research aims at identifying the relationship of perception of learning environment and academic burnout with academic resilience mediating among the students of Hakim Sabzevari University.
The present study is cross-sectional (modeling of structural relationships). The population encompasses all the educational sciences students of Hakim Sabzevari University; 170 of which are randomly selected as the sample. The instruments are three questionnaires, Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure questionnaire, Samuel's Academic Resilience questionnaire, and Breso Academic Burnout questionnaire. The collected data are analyzed by SPSS and AMOS.
Findings: The findings of the study demonstrated that perception of learning environment had a significant effect on academic burnout (-0.33) and academic resilience (0.51). And academic resilience had a significant effect on academic burnout (-0.55). Beside the direct effects, the indirect effect of perception of learning environment on academic burnout via academic resilience was significant (-0.28). Also according to the model fit indices, goodness of fit index (0/93), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (0/07), normative fit index (0/90) the proposed model was a good fit.
Not only perception of learning environment directly influences on academic burnout, but it also indirectly influences it through academic resilience.

Med 13 transcriptional factor effects on skeletal muscle response related to stimuli inducing muscular adaptation. The aim of this research was to study the effects of an endurance activity program on med 13 gene expression in slow and fast twitch skeletal muscles.
The subjects of this study were 14 wistar rats which were housed four weeks under controlled conditions before of start of protocol. Then they were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed an endurance activity program (fourteen weeks) on motorized treadmill. They were anesthetized and sacrificed 48 hours after the end of the last session of endurance activity program. The soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were removed. Using real time RT-PCR method, the rate of expression levels of med 13 gene determined. Finally, by using t-test, the collected data were evaluated.
The results of this research showed, physical activity significantly increase the expression of med 13 gene in soleus muscle but has no effect on expression of this gene in extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Despite the same endurance activity (duration and intensity), the rate of med 13 gene expression in fast and slow twitch muscles was difference which possibly return to difference of these muscles sensitivity to thyroid hormone.

Background and The important role of proper sterilization of surgical instruments and accessories of patient safety and infection control in hospitals to hygiene standards is a proven fact. Therefore, evaluating the quality control of sterilization in hospitals in Sabzevar is the aim of this study.
This investigation cross-sectional was studied in the 2014-2015 on the three hospitals Vasei, Emdad and Mobini. In this study, a questionnaire workplace health center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education was used by using a check list of the sterilization units were survey and compared in four dimensions: personnel, physical condition, devices and equipment, and packs features reviews. Then the results were analyzed using SPSS 11.
The results showed that the sterilization unit in Sabzevar hospitals, as then staff is the highest with 96.66% and then sterilization equipment with a 76.66% had the lowest quality.
Sterilization and infertile can reduce hospital infection rate, increase efficiency indicators, and avoid imposing additional financial burden. Therefore, considering the health centers to provide management, credit systems and equipment, increased physical space, and workshops for staff seem necessary for sterilization units.

Phosphorus is a common ion in wastewater treatment effluents, but excess amount of phosphate concentration in the effluent discharge accelerates eutrophication that affects many natural water bodies. Eutrophication of the water bodies is one of the most important environmental problems. Eutrophication can lead to abundant development of aquatic plants, growth of algae and disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water. Therefore, in present work, natural and modified yellow and red soil with EDTA was used for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solution.
All experiments were conducted in a batch system. Natural yellow and red soil and its modified one with EDTA were used as adsorbent for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solutions. Effect of various experimental parameters such as pH, initial phosphorus concentration, contact time and adsorbent mass were investigated.
Results showed that the removal efficiency was increased by increasing in contact time, adsorbent mass and initial phosphorus concentration. Higher removal efficiency was observed at 150 min contact time, 10 g/L adsorbent mass, 50 mg/L phosphorus concentration and pH 5. At these conditions, about 65% of phosphorus were removed by natural soils, while 78% was removed by modified adsorbents.
The results of present work well demonstrate that, due to higher content of calcium, red and yellow soil is capable for adsorption of phosphorus and if they be modified with EDTA, their efficiency will be improved remarkably.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of job stress and work locus of control on job satisfaction of Tehran emergency first responders.
In this study correlational research method was used and 160 members of Tehran emergency first responders were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data three questionnaires including self-reported job stress questionnaire (Martinssuen, 2001), spector work locus of control questionnaire (1988) and spector job satisfaction questionnaire (1988) were used. Statistical analysis of data was performed with Pearson correlation and regression analysis.
The results of this study show there is negative significant relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. In addition, findings showed that there are significant positive and negative correlation relationships between internal and external locus of control and job satisfaction respectively. Furthermore, stepwise regression analysis showed the subscales of external locus of control, role, internal locus of control, communication and supervisors could estimate 54% of the variance in job satisfaction.
According to this study, job satisfaction can be estimated on the basis of two effective factors of job stress and work locus of control.

Research synthesis studies are a way to retrieve, review, synthesize, analyze and integrate the original research results. This study introduces a variety of methods such studies and then has investigated the status of published articles in PubMed.
Material and In first part, researcher used library method and then investigated the status of the production of articles in PubMed and analyzed extracted data with excel software.
The results showed that all research synthesis studies have been growing in recent years and researchers have recognized their importance.
Due to the increasing size and number of specialized information, awareness and use of the results of research synthesis studies can be very effective in evidence-based clinical decision making. Given that most studies in Iran are systematic review and meta-analysis studies, paper can provide new look to synthesis studies.

Background and Medicinal plants are importance in the both approach of treatment and prevention of diseases in human societies. In recent years, due to the adverse effects of chemical drugs and their side effects, tendency to use of medicinal plants have increased. But due to the possibility of some toxic elements in medicinal plants, this study was carried out for analysis and health risk assessment of As, Al, Zn and Cu in lemon balm and borage marketed in Hamedan City in 2015.
After preparation of four samples of each medicinal plant and acid digestion of the samples according to standard methods, the concentration of elements in samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in three replicates. Also, all statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package.
The results showed that the maximum mean concentrations of As, Al, Zn and Cu in plant samples were 0.175 ± 0.07, 13.93 ± 5.50, 0.34 ± 0.18 and 0.25±0.08 mg/kg, related to lemon balm respectively. However, the mean concentration of Al in lemon balm samples was upper than WHO maximum permissible limits (MPL), but health risk assessment showed that no potential risk for children and adult by consume the studied herbal plants.
Although controlled consumption of medicinal plants has not adverse effect on the consumers’ health, but concerning increased use of agricultural inputs, sewage sludge and wastewater by farmers, regular periodic monitoring of chemical pollutants content specially heavy metals in foodstuffs are recommended for food safety.

Prevalence of diabetes is increasing in worldwide and because of unfavorable effects of pharmaceutical drugs, there is a clear need to very few side effects therapeutic methods such as medicinal plants consumption and exercises. Aim of present study was to review the hypoglycemic interactional effects of saffron (crocus sativus) extract and swimming training in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
In this experimental research from 50 sprague dawley diabetic rats which induced by 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, 32 rats with more than 300 mg/dL fasting glucose selected as statistical sample and base on their fasting glucose divided into four groups of 8 rats (1) saffron extract, (2) swimming training, (3) saffron extract with swimming training and (4) control. Groups 1 and 3 received four weeks intraperitoneal25 mg/kg saffron extract. Also, groups 2 and 3 swam four weeks, five sessions per week for 30 minutes per-session. For statistical analysis of data used Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dependent t test, one way ANOVA and tukey post hoc tests (p≤0.05).
Four weeks swimming training has significant effect on reduction fasting glucose of diabetic rats (p=0.04). Four weeks saffron extract has significant effect on reduction fasting glucose (p=0.02), insulin (p=0.001) and insulin resistance (p=0.001) of diabetic rats. Four weeks saffron extract with swimming training has significant effect on reduction fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance of diabetic rats (p=0.001). Saffron extract with swimming training rather than swimming training has significant effect on reduction fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance of diabetic rats (p=0.001) also, four weeks saffron extract rather than swimming training has significant effect on reduction insulin and insulin resistance of diabetic rats (p=0.001).
Regards to results of present study, it concluded that saffron aqua extract with swimming training has hypoglycemic interactional effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Agricultural soils irrigation by urban sewage is a key factor to increase soil pollution and environmental risks. Heavy metals are one of the most important sewage pollutants which may produce different diseases.
The specified locations were selected for surface soil sampling to investigate the effect of sewage irrigation on the soil and vegetation (parsley) composition in the south of Sabzevar area. The heavy metals concentration and trace elements composition of whole samples were determined by ICP-MS. The heavy metals bioavailability was measures by DTPA method. The heavy metals concentration in DTPA extracted solution and parsley samples were defined by FAAS method.
Ni and Cr concentrations in the non-polluted soils are more than standard limits. These high concentrations have been generated by enriched parental materials. In addition to Ni and Cr, polluted soils have potential environmental risk because of high concentration of Ag, Cd, Co and Zn. The DTPA results showed that non-polluted soils, unlike polluted soils, have low bioavailability. The vegetables cultivated on the polluted soils have several times higher heavy metal concentrations than non-polluted samples. These vegetations show higher Cr bioavailable value than FAO/WHO standard.
Heavy metal concentration has been increased by long time sewage irrigation in the southern Sabzevar soils. These heavy metals are environmentally harmful. Nickel content of vegetables cultivated on polluted soils have high HRI (>1) index which indicates high health risk for consumers.

Background and Hospital waste contains microbial agents and chemical and toxic compounds that are hazardous to the health of patients, hospital personnel, and people visiting hospitals. Considering the presence of hazardous and infectious materials in hospital waste, it is essential that it be managed suitably. This research intended to study hospital waste collection and disposal at teaching treatment centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
The present literature review on medical waste at Treatment-Teaching Centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences was conducted in 2016. The initial raw quantitative data was received from the Waste Management Organization of Sabzevar Municipality. The guide issued by the World Health Organization was used to study the produced waste. Based on daily visits and completed questionnaires, the situation regarding disposed material with respect to type, collection method, storage, disposal and the degree of waste segregation at the three treatment-teaching centers were investigated. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by University Professors and its reliability by Cronbach’s alpha (that was 80%). Results were analyzed by using software (SPSS and Excel).
The studied centers produced 869.5 kg of waste per day or 2.20 kg per occupied bed on average. Ordinary, infectious, chemical, pathological, sharp or pointed, pharmaceutical, and pressurized waste constituted 22%, 47.5%, 0.6%, 24.5%, 5%, 0.2%, and 0.2% of the total.
Results showed that hospital waste in Sabzevar was collected and disposed according to the circular of the Ministry of Health regarding hospital waste, waste management was supervised, and hospital waste collection and disposal was of desirable quality.