Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:19 Issue: 3, Mar 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of this disease is still unknown, although there are evidences of environmental factors affecting subjects with genetic predisposition factors. The contribution of HLA-DRB1*1501 to MS risk has been replicated and confirmed in most population-based studies. Since there are no data with respect to the association of HLA-DRB1*1501 and MS in Khuzestan province.
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of this allele with MS in Khuzestan province.
In this case-control study, DRB1*1501 allele was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 200 MS patients and 200 unrelated healthy individuals, without any autoimmune disease from the same geographical region. The frequencies of the mentioned allele were compared between the patients and control group using SPSS 16 statistical software and the chi square test.
The results demonstrated that distribution of DRB1*1501 allele was statistically different between patient and control (41.5% vs. 22.81%, P The study presents association of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in southwest of Iran with HLA-DRB1*1501 allele in both Arab and Persian ethnic; although DRB1*1501 may be is not involved in the pathogenesis of different MS disease subtypes. The results are consistent with most of the other studies in Iran; and also most studies in European populations.

Exposure to thioacetamide causes hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma in human, while fish oil omega-3 supplement has anti-inflammatory effects.
In this study, the protective effect of fish oil omega-3 supplement against induced hepatic mal-function by thioacetamide in rat is investigated.
In this experimental study, 42 male rats were divided into 6 groups of seven. The control group, the sham 1 group receiving 0.4 mL/kg olive oil as the solvent of fish oil omega-3 supplement, the sham 2 group inter peritonealy receiving a dose of 150 mg/kg thioacetamide at the end of the experiment, the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 orally receiving a daily dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg fish oil omega-3 supplements respectively for 3 month followed by an inter peritoneal dose of 150 mg/kg thioacetamide at the end of the experiment. The serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, LDH, albumin, bilirubin and total protein were measured. Following hematoxylin-eosin staining, liver tissue samples were pathologically studied. The data were analyzed by SPSS-18 program and using one way ANOVA and Tukey as post hoc test.
The mean concentration of SGPT and bilirubin showed a significant decrease in the experimental group 1 compared to the group receiving thioacetamide. Similarly, the mean level of Albumin showed a significant reduction in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 receiving thioacetamide. Also, the mean concentration of GGT in the experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to the group receiving thioacetamide decreased significantly; whereas, the mean levels of LDH, ALP, SGOT and total protein showed no significant changes in the experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. Finally, the tissue changes in all three experimental groups improved compared to the group receiving thioacetamide, and these effects were dose-dependent (P The results of this study indicate that fish oil omega-3 supplement has a protective effect on induced hepatic mal-function by thioacetamide in rat.

E. coli is a common cause of urinary tract infection and bacteremia in humans. That is frequently resistant to β-lactam antibiotics.
The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance and CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) carrying E. coli isolated in hospitals from two different areas in Iran.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 93 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from urine culture of inpatients in Mashhad and Qom hospitals from August 2013 to February 2014. Bacteria were re-confirmed by Microgen kit. Antimicrobial and ESBL tests were performed using by standard disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of plasmid mediated CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-2 ESBLs. Four of the blaCTX-Mgenes were sequenced. Statistical analysis carried out using SPSS (version 16) software and Chi-square test.
High prevalent isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole, but sensitive to imipenem, nitrofurantoin and amikacin. The ESBL phenotype was detected in 48 (51.6%) isolates, 42 of which were carrying blaCTX-Mgene. There was no significant difference between the β-lactamase-producing bacteria from the two studied cities. 81% and 85% of blaCTX-Mcarriers from hospitals in Qom and Mashhad were respectively found to have CTX-M-1 ESBL, whereas none of them showed CTX-M-2 ESBL cluster. BlaCTX-M-15was found in four selected bacteria by sequencing.
This study showed a high rate of CTX-M-1 cluster and also presence of CTX-M-15 ESBL in two different areas of Iran, which emphasize the need for employing an excellent management program in antibiotic therapy.

Propolis is one of the most potent natural antibiotics. Propolis as an active natural substance is attractive due to its antimicrobial properties. Propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. It is known that propolis possesses anti- microbial, antioxidative, anti-ulcer and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, propolis has attracted much attention in recent years as a useful or potential substance used in medicine.
The purpose of this study was to verify the activity of an oily liquid extract of propolis that called propolis extract in oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
In this experimental study antimicrobial activity of oily liquid extract of propolis called propolis extract in oil with different concentration of ethanol, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide as diluents against different bacteria species. The duration of study set up was from Nov 2014 to Sep 2015. Chi-Square and Kappa methods, using Open Epi and Graph Pad Prism Software (Graph Pad, San Diego, California, USA). Graphs were plotted by Microsoft Excel software.
In the agar diffusion tests, using wells containing propolis suspension with methanol / dimethyl sulfoxide / ethanol per wells, the some of bacteria were most sensitive to the effect of propolis preparations. No growth inhibition zone was shown in the agar diffusion test with paper disks impregnate with methanol/ dimethyl sulfoxide suspension.
The evaluation of the examination results showed that the effectiveness of the extract against bacteria may be explained by the fact that the effect of oily propolis was statistically significant by the introduction of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide.

Renal ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute renal failure and transplant rejection. Nitric oxide and its metabolites have important role in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Beta carotene as an antioxidant effectively scavenges toxic metabolites of nitric oxide. Our previous study has shown that beta carotene pretreatment protects kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
In this experimental study we investigated whether effect of beta carotene is causally linked with nitric oxide signal transduction.
In this experimental study, male adult Wistar rats (250 - 300 g) were exposed to 45 minutes of renal ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Beta carotene (10, 30 and 100 mg kg-1) or vehicle was administered for 5 days prior to ischemia. Nitrite and nitrate were measured in the urine sample. Blood Flow and blood pressure were monitored during I/R period.
I/R decreased (P Since beta carotene administration improved renal blood flow and reduced the injury, it seems that beta carotene exerts some of its protective effects, probably by modulating of nitric oxide system.

Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most prevalent hospitalized infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) causing increase of the therapeutic costs and mortality.
The purpose of this study is to determine the bacterial agents causing VAP in the patients hospitalized in the ICU of Tonekabon Shahid Rajaei hospital.
From April to March of 2015, out of 35 patients hospitalized in ICU of Tonekabon Shahid Rajaei hospital and infected with VAP, sampling was carried out from splint pipe, and the samples, following the transfer to the transport culture medium, were transferred to laboratory and incubated in 37°C for 72 hours. In order to isolate the bacteria, the standard culture technique was used for assistance. After appearance of colony on the blood agar medium, DNA extraction was enforced by use of phenol-chloroform technique, and identification of the bacterium was accomplished using sequencing PCR technique.
A total of 35patients, 16 patients (45.7%) are women and 19 patients (54.3%) are men, and age range of the patients is from 15 to 88 years. totally, 53 bacteria were isolated out of which 28 bacteria (52.8%) were Gram-positive and 25 bacteria (47.2%) were Gram-negative. In the present study, the most prevalent identified bacterial agents included bacteria belonging to family of Enterobacteriaceae (35.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), other species of Staphylococcus (14.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.3%), Acinetobacter bumani (9.4%) and Corynebacterium (7.5%). 7 individuals (20%) of the patients with pneumonia resulted from ventilator were died.
The obtained findings showed that various factors play a role in the occurrence of VAP. Cause if difference in the outbreak of VAP in the ICU is due to difference in type of disease, accompaniment of the various susceptible-making factors in their background diseases. Therefore, observance of infection control standards to prevent form VAP is advised.

Malaria is an infectious disease by fever and chills, anemia and splenomegaly genus Plasmodium parasite is the agent it. One of the easiest and least expensive methods to prevent this disease is removing the vector that usually by been done insecticides and chemical pesticides, but nowadays due to the damaging effects of by toxic chemicals is currently trying to organic toxic and plant compounds used to combat the pests. So in this study used from the Hyoscyamus niger L. and Nerium oleander L. to destroy the larvae of this vectors and positive results were compared these two plants together.
In this experimental study, H. niger and N. oleander collected and dried to extraction by methanol usingthe Rotary Evaporator. Mosquito larvae collected from stagnant water pits and ponds around the Birjand, Iran and order to apply the relevant identity tests and isolation of Anopheles spp mosquito larvae. Survival measurement were used to estimate LC50 values using Probit analysis in Excel 2010 and SPSS (ver 20) software.
Both Hyoscyamus niger and Nerium oleander had positive effects on destroying the Anopheles spp larvae and between obtained results, the most effective extract for destroying the mosquitoes Anopheles spp larvae, was the flower extract of henbane (LC50 = 0/26 ppm) and the weakest one, was the leaves extract of oleander (LC50 = 4/85 ppm).
According to the results, the flower extract of henbane is recommended as a toxic, organic and natural compounds to fight Anopheles spp mosquito larvae, which it is stronger and more effective compared to the other parts of these two plants.

Health literacy is dependent on literacy and includes knowledge, motivation and the capacity of individuals to access, understand, evaluate and use health information in order to have everyday judgments and make decisions about health care, disease prevention and health promotion for maintaining or improving life quality [1]. Benefitting from health literacy can improve health behaviors and access to health care [2]. The most recent study on the relationship between health literacy and smoking concluded that low health literacy is an independent risk factor for smoking [3]. Youth experience a new situation with university admission and separation from families. This progressing group is at risk of smoking due to various reasons such as age, mental or emotional sympathies because of being away from families, psychological pressures, absence of parental control, a sense of personal growth and independence, relative financial autonomy and friends who smoke. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy skills and smoking or non-smoking behavior of dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran in 2016. Sample of this cross-sectional and correlational study consists of 340 students studying at undergraduate level of various fields of medical sciences who were selected using random cluster sampling out of 1,500 students in dormitories. For data collection, a questionnaire of 41 questions consisted of three parts was used: demographic factors that were three questions about age, gender and school year, HELIA questionnaire (18 - 65 years old) including 33 questions about skills of reading, accessibility, understand, appraisal and decision making and standardized questionnaire that determined the status of the subjects in terms of smoking or non-smoking behavior and had 5 questions. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 21. The results showed that mean and standard deviance for the age of the participating students was 22.93 ± 4.05 years old. 60 percent (n = 204) of them were female and 40 percent (n = 136) were male. Forty one percent (n = 140) were second-year students and 59 percent (n = 200) were third-year students. Twenty three percent (n = 80) of them were current smokers, 59.5 percent (n = 202) were non-smokers and 17 percent (n = 58) had experienced cigarette smoking. The mean and standard deviation of accessibility skills was 74.75 ± 17.72, reading skill 69.22 ± 21.25, understand 77.24 ± 17.48, appraisal skill 70.18 ± 16.75 and decision-making skills was 62.65 ± 16.46. Among the five mentioned skills, accessibility (P