Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:12 Issue: 3, 2010

Tuberculosis is a great health issue in developing countries. Drug resistance is one of the principal problems in treating TB patients. In this review article we tried to demonstrate the prevalence of Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR), Extensively Drug Resistance (XDR) and Totally Drug Resistance (TDR) in tuberculosis patients in Iran. We used PUBMED, Scopus and scientific Iranian journals from the year 1970 to February 2010 for extracting data. Key words such as tuberculosis, drug resistance and Iran were used. There were several articles in this context but only articles in which Multiple Drug Resistance, Extensively Drug Resistance and Totally Drug Resistance tuberculosis were used were studied. The prevalence of MDR in several provinces of Iran was 0.5 to 27.9%. In Massih Daneshvari Hospital the prevalence of MDR and XDR were 5.4 and 10.6%, respectively. The results of the study revealed that the rate of MDR is increasing in Iran. The appearance of XDR and TDR are serious threats in the control and treatment of tuberculosis. [ZJRMS, 12(3):2-6]

Opiate withdrawal refers to the wide range of symptoms that occur after stopping or dramatically reducing opiate drugs after heavy and prolonged use. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Raha and Berberin medicine in toxic and sub toxic doses compare with Clonidine medicine on reducing symptoms of morphine withdrawal in Syrian mice. 140 Syrian mice (weight range 70-90 gr) were divided randomly into 2 groups; first group; n1=35(receiving drug =21, control=14) & second group; n2=105 (receiving drug=91, control=14). Animals were treated by injected increasing doses of morphine sulfate for physical dependence. Then withdrawal syndrome was induced by administration of Naloxone. In order to evaluate the effect of Raha Berberin and Clonidine on morphine withdrawal syndrome in Syrian mice and also amount of total alkaloids and Berberin value in the Raha® were measured. Total of average of alkaloid and Berberin value was 120, 5.72 mg, respectively in 5 ml of the Raha®. The rate of alcohol in Raha® was shown by using the USP procedure which was 19.34 percent. Toxic doses of Raha® and Berberin were 4, 40 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicated that, Raha increases significantly the percent of occurrence of ptosis and immobility were compared with control group (distilled water receiver) (p=0.016). The occurrence rate of sniffing, grooming and rearing behavior in Raha and Berberin treated groups compared with control group, within 15min period, was not found statistically significant (p=0.089). Based on our study both Raha® and Berberin in any dilution had no effect on reducing signs of opioid withdrawal syndrome. According to the lack of its effect in mice, further studies should be undertaken for prescription of this drug in human. [ZJRMS, 12(3):12-18]

Hearing loss is a common disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide with opproximately 1 in 1000 newborns. A novel gene, DFNB59 encods Pejvakin has been recently shown to cause neural deafness. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of DFNB59 gene mutations in 93 deaf pupils in Sistan & Baluchestan province. We investigated the frequency of DFNB59 gene mutations in the coding regions (exons 2-7) of the gene.DNA was extracted following the standard phenol chloroform procedure, the frequency of DFNB59 gene mutations was investigated using PCR-SSCP /HA strategy. No pathogenic variant was detected in samples studied. However, one polymorphism including 793C>G was determined in 3 of 93 (3.2%) subject examined. The results of this study showed no association between DFNB59 gene mutations and hearing loss in Sistan va Baluchestan province. [ZJRMS, 12(3):19-23]

Undoubtedly, diabetes and its complications is one of the greatest diseases in worldwide with considerable concern for medical knowledge. There are different kinds of psychological treatments which may reduce the signs and symptoms of diabetic complications. Majority of researches indicated that consulting, music therapy and relaxation play significant and effective role on diabetes. In this semi-experimental study 75 patients with diabetes type 2, according to subjects’ characters, were invited to participate in the study. They were divided into the intervention and control group randomly. The intervention group was stratified into 6 groups with 5 patients in each group. The intervention programs were carried through 10 sessions of music and relaxation therapy (consist of imagery, progressive muscle and breathing relaxation) and home practice for three months. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HbA1c and fasting blood glucose were measured before and after of study. All patients also filled out the questionnaire related to biography and some diabetes risk factors before and after the study. A total of 73 patients (intervention group=28 and control group=45) completed the 3-month study period. The result showed that there were significant difference between FBS (p=0.03), systolic (p=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.0001) in intervention group compared to control group. we suggest that combined relaxation and music therapy is a feasible and effective treatment on diabetes. Therefore, adding relaxation and music therapy to other treatments such as physical activity and diet, in people with type 2 diabetes, may help them to control and mange their diabetes. [ZJRMS, 12(3):24-28]

Spiritual wellbeing is one of the fundamental concepts in chronic disease in which creating meaning and purpose in life is considered as an important approach in promoting general health and quality of life. This study was aimed to explore the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and the quality of life among the patients of Iranian society of MS. This descriptive study on 236 patients between 20-57 years, member of the Iran's MS Society. Samples were selected in year 2008. Information through spiritual health and quality of life questionnaires were collected. Data analysis by independent t-test and Pearson correlation was performed. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Spiritual wellbeing score was average among selected patients (97.9%). There was a significant relationship between religious aspect of spiritual wellbeing and psychological aspect of quality of life and there was a significant relationship between spiritual existential aspect of well-being and the both physical and moral aspects of quality of life (p=0.04 and p≤0.0001 respectively). The results may intensify the necessity of strengthening of the spiritual health as a factor affecting quality of life in those patients. The key point in a country like Iran with intellectual, cultural and religious beliefs could be useful and necessary in designing care- therapies programs for such patients. [ZJRMS, 12(3):23-33]

Patients with thalassemia major needs more dental care due to their medically compromised condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental health and dental treatment needs of these patients at Zahedan university school of Dentistry in 2009. m aterials and In this descriptive-analytical study, 75 patients with thalassemia major were selected in which 42 boys and 33 girls with mean age of 10.79±6.2 referred to community dentistry center as the case group and 75 patient's relatives referred to Zahedan school of Dentistry as the control group. Two groups matched for age and sex. The studied variables were patient's educational level and their parents, dental caries and treatment needs. Statistical analysis was carried out by chi-squared test and t-test. Thalassemic patient had increased average dental caries and missing (d=2.24, m=0.13, D=2.49, M=0.52) than the control group (d=2.13, m=0.05, D=0.97, M=0.35). Pulp therapy was the most needed treatment in patient group and in the other group filling dental caries was needed more. According to the high incidence of dental caries in patient with thalassemic major, effective preventive measures, health education and dental treatment are needed for this group. [ZJRMS, 12(3):34-38]

Transient bacteremia in dentistry is discussed as an important causative factor in bacterial endocarditis. The aim of this study was evaluate the knowledge of importance of dental caries prevention in parents whose children had heart disease. In this descriptive cross sectional study a simple consecutive sampling was used and 320 parents (125 fathers, 195 mothers) referred to the heart clinics of Zahedan were evaluated by a questionnaire. Questions were about the demographic information and their knowledge about oral health and it's relation to heart diseases. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results showed that the mean of their knowledge was 21.3±10.1 of 100. The father's knowledge (24.4±8.7) was higher compared to the mothers (19.23±10.3). The knowledge rural families were more than the urban families (22.5±9.8 and 14.51±9.1 respectively). Our findings showed limited knowledge of the parents about the interactions between oral hygiene and the risk bacterial endocarditis. [ZJRMS, 12(3):39-43]

Alopecia areata is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves the hair follicle. Clinically, patients with alopecia areata may have patchy or confluent hair loss on the scalp or body so we conduct a study to compare the demographic aspects of patient with limited and diffuse type of alopecia areata. We conducted a descriptive-analyzing study in which 306 patient were chosen. The patients were divided into two groups of diffuse and limited Alopecia. Demographic factors including age, gender, disease onset were compared in two groups. Out of 306 patients, 58.8 % were male and 41.2 % were female. 247 patients (80.7%) suffered from limited type and 59 patients (19.2%) suffered from diffuse type. The mean age of the onset of involvement in limited group was 21.9±12 yr and 15.8±12 yr in diffuse group. The mean duration of involvement in limited group was 18.7 months and 71 months in diffuse group. Diffuse type alopecia areata starts at lower age and has longer duration. Our study results were similar to the others. Like other studies, thyroid disorders and atopic dermatitis are positively correlative to the severity of disease. [ZJRMS, 12(3):44-47]