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Pharmaceutical Sciences - Volume:23 Issue: 1, Mar 2017

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume:23 Issue: 1, Mar 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/01/27
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • Fleming Mart, Iacute, Nez*, Abolghasem Jouyban, William E. Acree Jr Pages 1-2
  • Fatemeh Fathiazad, Maryam Rameshrad, Samira Asghari, Sanaz Hamedeyazdan, Alireza Garjani, Nasrin Maleki Dizaji * Pages 3-11
    Background
    The upward desire in using traditional medicine as a remedy for treatment of different diseases has led the scientists to be thoughtful on plants as alternative sources of conventional drugs.
    Methods
    Herein, anti-inflammatory effects of Marrubium vulgare methanolic extract was evaluated in carrageenan- induced paw edema in rats through examining paw thickness, histological studies and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). The antioxidant activity of M. vulgare extract and its phenolic and flavonoids content were evaluated by folin-Ciocalteau, and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, separately.
    Results
    The results showed that M. vulgare alleviated paw inflammation as indexed by reduction paw thickness (p
    Conclusion
    In the main, the observed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of M. vulgare could be attributed to the high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid content identified in the extract.
    Keywords: Marrubium vulgare, Flavonoid, Free radical scavenger, Phenols, Carrageenan, Myeloperoxidase
  • Hamza Belkhodja*, Boumediene Meddah, Aicha Meddah Tirtouil, Khaled Slimani, Abdenacer Tou Pages 12-17
    Background
    The plants represent an important source of various chemical structures known for their therapeutic activities in folk medicine. Our study aimed to exploit natural bioactive components from well-known medicinal plants "Rosmarinus officinalis and Populus alba".
    Methods
    The study of acute toxicity of essential oils of Rosemary and White poplar was carried out on Wistar rats. Then, the effect of these essential oils was studied in the treatment of experimental models induced by knee osteoarthritis. A radiographic and Histologic analysis was carried out to monitor the efficiency of essential oil. The choice of the model of osteoarthritis turned to unilateral intra-articular injection of a mono-iodo acetic acid.
    Results
    The results revealed that the action of the essential oil showed a significant decrease in the Mankin score compared to the group of untreated rats.
    Conclusion
    The essential oils of R. officinalis, P. alba presented an protective effect against osteoarthritis with difference degrees.
    Keywords: Essential oils, Histology, Osteoarthritis, Populus alba, Radiography, Rosmarinus officinalis
  • Mojtaba Kalantar, Saeed Shirali, Amin Hasanvand, Masoud Valizadeh, Ramin Tavakoli, Marzieh Asadi, Mehdi Goudarzi* Pages 18-26
    Background
    Methotrexate as a chemotherapy drug can causes chronic liver damage and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis on methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in rats.
    Methods
    In this experimental study, thirty five Wistar male rats weighting 200-250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 7 in each group). Negative control group (normal saline 5ml/kg); positive control group received normal salin orally for 10 days, and a single dose of methotrexate (MTX, 20mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated on the 9th day. Groups 3-5 received respectively 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Lavandula officinalis extract (LOE) orally for 10 days, and a single dose of MTX was injected on the 9th day. 24 h after the last injection, animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected to determine serum AST, ALT and ALP levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were assayed in liver tissue. A portion of liver was maintained in 10% formalin for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and histological examination.
    Results
    The result obtained from current study was showed a significant increase in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, MDA and decrease of GSH, CAT and SOD by MTX administration. Pre-treatment with LOE showed reduction in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, MDA and increase of GSH, CAT and SOD in all doses but the most significant alteration was observed in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (P
    Conclusion
    Our results indicate that hydroalcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis have produced amelioration in biochemical and oxidative stress parameters against MTX -induced oxidative stress.
    Keywords: Methotrexate, Oxidative Stress, Lavandula officinalis, Rat
  • Ehsan Soeizi, Maryam Rafraf*, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Aida Ghaffari, Azim Rezamand, Farideh Doostan Pages 27-36
    Background
    Iron overload and accelerated oxidative stress are main factors in the pathogenesis of β–thalassemia major. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of green tea consumption on serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation (TS) and antioxidant status in β–thalassemia patients.
    Methods
    This study conducted on 52 subjects with β–thalassemia major (males and females) ≥18 y. The intervention group (n= 26) consumed green tea (2.5 g /150 mL hot water) 3 times per day for 8 wk and the control group (n= 26) followed a water regimen. Anthropometric measurements, blood samples and 24-h dietary recalls were gathered at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Independent t test, paired t test and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis.
    Results
    Mean of serum iron, ferritin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were 234.7±49.3 μg/dL, 2776.07±533.4 ng/dl, 3.01±0.64 nmol/ml and 2.2665±0.77 nmol/l in green tea group and 298.19±66.87 μg/dL, 3070.23±643.6 ng/dl, 298.19±66.87 nmol/ml and 2.0862 ±0.35 nmol/l in control group at baseline, respectively. Green tea significantly decreased serum levels of iron, ferritin and MDA and increased TAC compared with control group (all, P
    Conclusions
    Green tea consumption had favorable effects on iron status and oxidative stress in studied subjects and may be useful in management of these risk factors in patients with β–thalassemia major.
    Keywords: β-thalassemia major, Green tea, Iron parameters, Anti-oxidant status
  • Saba Ghaffary, Taher Entezari Maleki, Jamshid Abdollahpor, Hadi Hamishehkar* Pages 37-41
    Background
    There is a relation between amounts of antibiotic uses and creation of resistant bacteria. Due to the critical role of antibiotics and increasing trend of resistance in developing countries, comprehensive methods of antibiotic use is necessary to limit the threat of resistant microorganisms. In this study we compare antibiotics consumption by Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 100 bed-days in teaching and private hospitals during six months in Tabriz, Iran.
    Methods
    Four university hospitals and one private hospital were included in this study. Amount of their antibiotic consumption obtained from the hospital pharmacies. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code J01 was explained as defined daily doses per 100 bed-days (DDD/100) according to the ATC/DDD classification. The amount of consumption was assessed with DDD per 100 bed-days in six months.
    Results
    Total antibacterial consumption was higher in Emam reza (119.62 DDD/100) than other hospitals. Cephalosporins were the most widely used antibiotic in all five hospitals with the total DDD per 100 bed-days of 53.74, 58.51, 46.09, 19.75 and 15.16 for Emam reza, Shohada, Sina, Shahriar and Shahid madani ,respectively. Cefazoline had highest use among cephalosporins consumption in all hospitals except Shahriar. Ciprofloxacin was among the five most used antibiotics in all hospitals.
    Conclusion
    Although the pattern of antibacterial consumption was almost logical in different categories of hospitals, the total amount of DDD per 100 bed-days was dramatically more than developed countries. Specific strategies should be employed in infection control development and engage rational antibiotic utilization in order to reduce future resistant strains and increase antimicrobial efficacy.
    Keywords: Antibacterial agent, Drug utilization, Infection control, Cephalosporin
  • Hashem Andishmand, Hamed Hamishehkar, Afshin Babazadeh, Arezou Taghvimi, Mohammad Amin Mohammadifar, Mahnaz Tabibiazar* Pages 42-49
    Background
    Resveratrol effects on the prevention and treatment of colon cancer have been well documented recently, but low solubility, rapid absorption and metabolism of resveratrol limit its beneficial effects on colon cancer. Designing a formulation that enhances the solubility of resveratrol, protects resveratrol from oxidation and isomerization, and delivers it to the colon is a priority of food and drug industry. In this study, resveratrol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-loaded pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex was designed as a colon targeted delivery system.
    Methods
    The effects of adding PEG, ultra-sonication time, pH, and pectin to chitosan ratio were investigated on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential by particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Encapsulation efficiency (EE), release of resveratrol in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and different pHs were analyzed via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was measured by (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) DPPH free-radical method.
    Results
    Results showed that colloidal stable micro-particles (725 ± 20 nm) with PDI
    Conclusion
    Two-thirds of the loaded resveratrol in Pectin-Chitosan complex reached colon. The developed system had enough specification for enriching fruit based drinks due to remarkable colloidal stability in the pH range of 3.5 to 4.5.
    Keywords: Pectin, Chitosan, Resveratrol, Colon, Delivery System
  • Ahad Bavili Tabrizi*, Farshad Bahrami, Hossein Badrouj Pages 50-58
    Background
    Methyldopa is a catecholamine widely used as an antihypertensive agent. Pioglitazone is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. A survey of the literature reveals that only one spectrofluorimetric method has been reported for the determination of pioglitazone in pharmaceutical preparations. Atenolol and metoprolol are prescription drugs of the β-blocker class with hypotensive action to treat angina, MI, alcohol syndrome, hypertension, and arrhythmias. A survey of the literature reveals that several spectrofluorimetric methods have been reported for the determination of atenolol and metoprolol in pharmaceutical preparations. In continuing of our studies on the developing of simple and fast spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of drugs and active ingredients, in this work we have developed a spectrofluorimetric method based on the oxidation with cerium (IV) for the determination of studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.
    Methods
    A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. Proposed method is based on the oxidation of these drugs with Ce (IV) to produce Ce (III), and its fluorescence was monitored at 356 ± 3 nm after excitation at 254 ± 3 nm.
    Results
    The variables affecting oxidation of each drug were studied and optimized. Under the experimental conditions used, the calibration graphs were linear over the range of 25-450, 50-550, 15-800 and 15-800 ng/mL in the case of atenolol, metoprolol, pioglitazone and methyldopa, respectively. The limit of detection was found to be 8.27, 16.5, 1.52 and 5.08 ng/mL in the case of atenolol, metoprolol, pioglitazone and methyldopa, respectively. Intra- and inter-day assay precisions, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), were lower than 3% in all cases.
    Conclusion
    The proposed method was applied to the determination of studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations by good recoveries in the range 92-113%.
    Keywords: Atenolol, Metoprolol, Methyldopa, Pioglitazone, Spectrofluorimetry, Pharmaceutical formulation
  • Niusha Sharifi, Shabnam Mahernia, Massoud Amanlou* Pages 59-65
    Background
    Raphanus sativus (Radish) is a plant of the Brassicaceae family which is grown worldwide. This plant has been used in Iranian traditional medicine as a laxative, abortifacient and also recently as anti-tumor, anti-proliferative and anti-diabetic agent. Quercetin, the most important flavonoid which is found in this plant, serves as an antioxidant and as a result an anticancer agent.
    Methods
    The present study was designed to compare extraction efficiency of different methods with various solvents in quercetin extraction from R. sativus leaves. The analysis of extracts was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the quantification was carried out by the use of quercetin calibration curve.
    Results
    In consequence, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) method at 50% of ultrasound intensity (Frequency of 50/60 KHz) for 10 min in methanol proved to be the most efficient technique in quercetin extracting (11.8% yield).
    Conclusions
    This study demonstrated the optimized condition for quercetin extraction from R. sativus leaves, which is due to promoting larger agitation (cavitation) in UAE method.
    Keywords: Raphanus sativus L., Quercetin, Extraction methods, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction
  • Ardalan Pasdaran*, Arsalan Pasdaran, Nazim Mamedov Pages 66-71
    Background
    Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. is used as traditional remedy in South America, recently this plant considered as new edible source. Berries and flower of S. sisymbriifolium have a characteristic fragrance. The pleasant fragrance of the S. sisymbriifolium could be considered as a source of food additive or preservative.
    Methods
    The essential oils of the flower and fruit of S. sisymbriifolium Lam. (litchi tomato) were isolated by hydrodistillation method and tested for antibacterial and antioxidant potentials also these volatile oils analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID).The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of fruits and flowers were tested against Staphylococcus aureus using the well diffusion method and their free-radical-scavenging activity were assessed by the 2, 2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay.
    Results
    The essential oil of flower was characterized by a high content of aldehydes and aliphatic hydrocarbons (66.8%) and the essential oil of the fruit has high amount of fatty acids and their derivatives (80.1%). Heptadecane (37.9 %) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienal (22.7%) were the main compounds in flower whereas the fruits essential oil contained hexadecanoic acid (77.4%) and ambrettolide (7.4%). The essential oils showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus in 60 and 80 µg/mL for fruit and flower, respectively. In antioxidant activity assay fruit essential oil (with100 µg/mL) showed better activity in compression to flower essential oil with 83.33% activity.
    Conclusion
    This study showed that litchi tomato can be considered as a new source of edible compounds. Flower showed suitable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study also can be present an overview about chemical marker compounds of Solanum genus.
    Keywords: Gas chromatography- Mass spectroscopy, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Litchi tomato, Essential oils, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity
  • Iraj Nikokar*, Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim Saraie, Haleh Ganjian Pages 72-76
    Background
    Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of nosocomial infection which is the most commonly identified agent responsible for skin and soft tissue infections. Cleaning of the skin before an intervention remarkably reduces the risk of infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of povidone-iodine stress on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. aureus resistant subpopulation.
    Methods
    A 24 h fresh culture was prepared by S. aureus inoculation into the tube containing trypticase soy broth (TSB). Then an povidone–iodine resistant subpopulation of strain was selected by exposure to povidone-iodine stress with concentrations 3% and 10% (wt/vol). The resulting survived cells were maintained in 10 mL TSB. The Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on strains by disk diffusion method according to CLSI recommendations.
    Results
    Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern revealed significant differences in zone of inhibitions between stressed and unstressed strains. S. aureus strains stressed at 3% povidone-iodine concentrations showed statistically smaller zone of inhibition against clindamycin, methicillin and chloramphenicol compared to unstressed strains. Although, 3% povidone-iodine stressed strains were become more susceptible to penicillin G and cephalothin. Rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, methicillin and chloramphenicol in stressed strains showed a significant decrease in zone of inhibition at 10% povidone-iodine concentrations, and higher sensitivity to co-trimoxazole, cephalothin and cephalexin.
    Conclusion
    The observed changes in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. aureus strains can contribute to povidone–iodine stresses. Although extend study on wider range of skin and wound associated pathogens necessitate to reach a comprehensive conclusion.
    Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Povidone-Iodine, Antibiotic susceptibility
  • Sara Rahimkhani, Saeed Ghanbarzadeh, Ali Nokhodchi, Hamed Hamishehkar* Pages 77-81
    Background
    Due to the high rate of pulmonary diseases, respiratory drug delivery systems have been attracted excessive attention for the past decades. Because of limitations and growing drug bill, physicians are encouraged to prescribe generically whenever possible. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there was any significant difference in aerosolization performance between a reference brand Salbutamol (A) Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) and two generic products (B and C).
    Methods
    The aerosolization performance of MDIs was evaluated by calculating aerosolization indexes including fine particle fraction (FPF), fine particle dose (FPD), geometric standard deviation (GSD) and mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) by using the next generation impactor.
    Results
    Although aerosolization indexes of MDI A were superior than the Iranian brands, but the differences were not statistically significant.
    Conclusion
    These results verified that generic MDIs deliver similar quantities of Salbutamol to the reference brand and aerosolization performance parameters of generic Salbutamol MDIs did not differ significantly from the reference brand.
    Keywords: Pulmonary drug delivery, MDI, Metered dose inhaler, Salbutamol