International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine
Volume:15 Issue: 1, Jan 2017

D-Aspartic acid (D-Asp) is in invertebrate and vertebrate neuroendocrine tissues, where it carries out important physiological functions. Recently, it has been reported that D-Asp is involved in the synthesis and release of testosterone and is assumed can be used as a testosterone booster for infertile men, and by athletes to increase muscle mass and strength.

The aim of this review is to summarize available evidence related to the effects of D-Asp on serum testosterone levels.

We conducted a systematic review of all type studies, which evaluated the effect of the D-Asp on blood testosterone including published papers until October 2015, using PubMed, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest and Scopus database.

With 396 retrieved records, 23 animal studies and 4 human studies were included. In vivo and in vitro animal studies revealed the effect of D-Asp depending on species, sex and organ-specific. Our results showed that exogenous D-Asp enhances testosterone levels in male animal’s studies, whereas studies in human yielded inconsistent results. The evidence for this association in man is still sparse, mostly because of limited number and poor quality studies.

There is an urgent need for more and well-designed human clinical trials with larger sample sizes and longe

Time to first pregnancy (TTFP) has never been studied in an Iranian setting. Lifestyle, occupational and environmental factors have been suggested to affect the female reproduction.

This study was conducted to measure TTFP in the south of Iran and survey the effects of several similar factors on TTFP by frailty models.

The data on TTFP were available for 882 women who were randomly selected from the rural population (the south of Iran). Only the first and the planned pregnancies of every woman were included. The data were collected retrospectively by using self-administered questionnaires. Frailty and shared frailty models were used to determine which factors had the highest impact on TTFP.

The median TTFP was 6.4 months and several factors were surveyed. However, only the age of marriage, height, maternal education and regularity of menstruation prior to conception were selected in the multivariable models.

Among the several factors which were included in the study, the result of frailty model showed that the height, age of marriage and regular menstruation seemed more notable predictors of TTFP.

Infertility is one of the major issues in society and its incidence is estimated to be almost 10-15%.. Chlamydia is an important cause of sexually transmitted diseases leading to infertility.

This study was designed to determine the frequency of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis (anti-C. trachomatis) antibodies in infertile women at Alzahra hospital, Tabriz, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the blood samples were collected randomly from 184 infertile women (case group) and 100 pregnant women (control group).the frequency of specific IgG and IgM anti-Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies were evaluated using ELISA.

The frequency of anti-C. trachomatis IgG in pregnant and infertile women was 18% and 35.88%, respectively. The frequency of anti- C. trachomatis IgM in pregnant and infertile women was 2% and 5.44%.Our results showed the significant high rate of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgG (p=0.035), IgM (p=0.004) (p0.05).

According to the high frequency of antibody anti-C. trachomatis among infertile women in competition to the control group, evaluation and treatment of Chlamydia infections is necessary in these patients.

The animal models of endometriosis could be a valuable alternative tool for clarifying the etiology of endometriosis.

In this study two endometriosis models at the morphological and molecular levels was evaluated and compared.

The human endometrial tissues were cut into small fragments then they were randomly considered for transplantation into γ irradiated mice as model A; or they were isolated and cultured up to fourth passages. 2×106 cultured stromal cells were transplanted into γ irradiated mice subcutaneously as model B. twenty days later the ectopic tissues in both models were studied morphologically by Periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) genes were also assessed using real time RT-PCR. 17-β estradiol levels of mice sera were compared before and after transplantation.

The endometrial like glands and stromal cells were formed in the implanted subcutaneous tissue of both endometriosis models. The gland sections per cubic millimeter, the expression of OPN and MMP2 genes and the level of 17-β estradiol were higher in model B than model A (p=0.03).

Our observation demonstrated that endometrial mesenchymal stromal cells showed more efficiency to establish endometriosis model than human endometrial tissue fragments

Endometrial receptivity plays a key role in the establishment of successful implantation and its impairment may contribute to subfertility and limit the assisted reproduction techniques (ART) success.

The aim of present study was to investigate endometrial receptivity in terms of β3 integrin, calcitonin and plexin-B1 expression in women with unexplained infertility.

We evaluated expression of β3 integrin, calcitonin and plexin-B1 through mRNA level measurement with real-time RT-PCR, in the endometrium of 16 infertile patients with unexplained infertility and 10 fertile women. Endometrial biopsies were collected during a single menstrual cycle on postovulatory day LH in each subject.

Significant differences regarding β3 integrin and calcitonin expression levels found between patients with unexplained infertility and the fertile women. Endometrial plexin-B1 expression levels showed no significant difference between fertile and infertile women. There were significant correlations between expression of β3 integrin with calcitonin and plexin-B1 in fertile and infertile women.

Reduced in endometrial expression of β3 integrin and calcitonin alone or together may contribute to unexplained infertility and these genes could account as the potential molecular markers of infertility

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in humans, affecting 100 million people around the world.

Investigating the effects of Citrullus colocynthis pulp on oxidant and antioxidant factors of testes and epididymis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups eight each: 1) N (normal) group, 2) N group, 3) D (diabetic) group and 4) D group. Groups N and D received normal saline 2 ml orally for two weeks and groups N and D received 10 mg/kg.bw Citrullus colocynthis pulp orally for two weeks. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 65 mg/kg.

D group had a significant increase in H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) and MDA (malondialdehyde) concentrations, and CAT (catalase) activity, and also a significant decrease in Peroxidase (POD) activity compared to N group. D group had a significant decrease in H2O2 and MDA concentrations and, CAT activity and significant increase in POD activity compared to D group.

Citrullus colocynthis pulp in two weeks had beneficial effects on oxidants and antioxidants changes in reproductive system in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Clomiphene citrate is one of the effective drugs for infertilitytreatment due to oligo-ovulation or anovulation. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) isone of more adherent methods for treatment of infertile cases which is followed bycontrolled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).

the aim of this study was to evaluate Clomiphene citrate versus letrozolewith gonadotropins in IUI cycles.

In this prospective randomized trial, 180 infertile patientswho were referred to Milad Hospital were selected. The first group received 5mg/day letrozole on day 3-7 of menstrual cycle. The second group received 100mg/day Clomiphene in the same way as letrozole. In both groups, humanmenopausal gonadotropin was administered every day starting on day between 6-8of cycle. Ovulation was triggered with urinary Human Chorionic Gonadotropin(5000 IU) when have two follicles of ≥16 mm. IUI was performed 36 hr later.

The number of matured follicles, cycle cancellation, and abortion were thesame in both groups. Endometrial thickness was higher at the time of humanmenopausal gonadotropin administration in letrozole group. Chemical and clinicalpregnancy rates were much higher in letrozole group. Ovarian hyperstimulation wassignificantly higher in clomiphene group.

Letrozole appears to be a good alternative to clomiphene citrate withfewer side effects.

Although leiomyomas are the most common gynecologic disorders, non-puerperal uterine inversion due to leiomyoma is considered as a rare clinical problem. This condition can occur as a complication of a large sub-mucous leiomyoma that leads to dilate cervix and protrude into vagina. The patient may have several symptoms such as heavy vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and intermittent acute urinary retention.

Case:

 We presented a 32-year-old nulliparous woman with 17 years of unexplained infertility and diagnosis of a large vaginal prolapsed non-pedunculated leiomyoma.

Haultain’s procedure was used to reposition uterine inversion and remove leiomyoma through a posterior incision, using laparotomy.