نشریه سالمندشناسی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1395)

self-care behaviors are an effective means in managing diabetes in the elderly. This study aimed to determine the predictors of diabetes self-care in the elderly in Kerman based on the role of diabetic knowledge.
In this cross-sectional study, 374 elderly diabetic patients who had referred to health screening centers in Kerman were chosen via cluster sampling. To collect informations Toobert Glasgow’s diabetes self-efficacy scale and questionnaire based on diabetic knowledge was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data were analyzed using t test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis in SPSS software 17.
Self-care capacity in most of diabetic elderly was weak (61/3%). Age, education level, marital status, income, complication, medication and diabetic knowledge (P According to the results of this study, diabetic knowledge can determine behaviors self care. So it is necessary to develop an educational intervention based on diabetic knowledge with the goal of properly managing diabetes in the elderly patients.

Some factors can affect on older people's mental health including stress diversity, disability to face future and death and their attitudes towards death. However, the spirituality and positive affect have impact on elderly’s mental health. Therefore, the purpose of present study was investigating the role of spirituality and positive effect in attitudes towards death in elderlies of Yasuj city.
This study was a descriptive correlational. The statistical population was included of men and women 55 years and older in Yasuj city. The statistical sample consisted of 250 subjects who selected by available sampling method. Data collection tools included revised questionnaire of attitudes towards death (DAP-R), positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) and spirituality questionnaire (SQ). Data were analyzed using software SPSS-17 and Pearson correlation coefficient, enter and stepwise regression analysis and path analysis.
The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between spirituality and attitude to death. There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect and attitudes towards death. The results of stepwise regression showed that spiritual self-awareness and spiritual activities were the best predictor of attitudes toward death. Also, the results of regression showed that positive affect than spirituality was better predictors for attitude toward death.
Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that positive affect and spirituality have influential role on the elderly attitudes toward death.

Instructional self-talk is one of the cognitive processes and strategies that is assumed to be one of the appropriate and applicable interferential methods which can be practiced to improve individuals’ performance. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of instructional self- talk frequency on the older adult’s conduction of motor performance.
This study is of semi-experimental research which is comprised of pre, post and retention tests. 36 older adults from the city of Ahwaz were equally assigned to 3 groups. 1-repetition instructional self-talk, 3-repetition instructional self-talk and no self-talk; respectively distinguished the first, the second and the third group that is considered as the control group. Firstly, the participants took a pre-test. Afterwards they practiced basketball chest pass skill for 2 weeks, 3 sessions a week. After the last practice session, the post test was done and 48 hours following the post test, the retention test was done as well. The criteria to participate in the study were full awareness plus psychological and mental health. The data was analyzed with combined and within group variance analysis at the significance level of (p The findings of the study indicated that the practice of self-talk with 1-repetition in comparison with 3-repetition self-talk and no self-talk, had a positive effect on elders in conducting the chest pass during post and retention tests (p Briefly speaking, less alternated self-talk may improve older adult performance in conducting skills that are attention requiring such as basketball chest pass.

Given the increase in the number of elderly, thus the marital satisfaction is becoming more important than before. However the assessment of marital satisfaction of the elderly requires a right tool which is proportional to the elderly of the community,Therefore, The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of marital satisfaction in the elderly and relationship of its components with the mental health and sexual intimacy of elderly in the province of Tehran.
In this cross-sectional and correlational study, 383 elderly residents from the regions 1 and 6 of Tehran in the year 2015 were selected to complete the Heinz’s marital satisfaction, Batlani’s sexual intimacy, and Goldenberg and Hiller’s mental health questionnaires. The data were analyzed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis and Lisrel software.
Content validity index of the scale was confirmed by four professionals. Factor analysis of direct Oblimin rotation shows the relationship between the three general agent (satisfaction from communication and empathy, emotional and sexual satisfaction and the satisfaction from the health of spouse) in the questionnaires, accounting for the 59.23% of the total variance. Its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and using split method was (0.89) & (0/72), respectively. Additionally, the results showed marital satisfaction of elderly is predictable through sexual intimacy and general health (P= 0/001).
The results suggest that the Persian version of the marital satisfaction of the elderly questionnaire has desirable credibility and reliability and can be used in the research, clinical, and treatment environments in order to assess the marital satisfaction of the elderly.

Existential Anxiety is one of the most important emotions that play a significant role in different periods of development and most importantly to adulthood and elderly. The Main purpose of the present study was assessing psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire for The elderly.
This study was a psychological study that was conducted on 161 elderly in Shiraz. Data collection tools were The Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (EAQ), existential anxiety scale (Good & Good, 1974) and Aronson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index (IW) that after translation-back The Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (EAQ), Convergent-divergent validity, confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency reliability was obtained. A convenience sample was used to collect data and data were analyzed by SPSS-22 and Amoss.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirms three factors of emptiness –meaninglessness, guilt-condemnation and fate-death. Goodness of fit index (GFI) was satisfactory (after using modification index). Also for verification of convergent-divergent validity, EAQ correlated significantly with Existential anxiety scale (EAS) and Aronson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index (IW). Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0/51,0/41 and 0/51 for meaninglessness, guilt-condemnation and fate-death, respectively.
This research provides promising evidence about the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (EAQ) in Iranian older people and elderly. This questionnaire can be used to collect information in research and measure the death anxiety in psychotherapy.

Semantic expansion and conceptualization are key factors for problem-solving and learning scientific concepts in the learners. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of reading on semantic expansion and conceptualization of the elderly men and women who are 60 years and older in Tehran.
The research method is descriptive in terms of the method and is exploratory survey is terms of minor purpose. The method of sampling is based on availability, so in accordance with the purpose of the study, participants were selected. The participants were divided in 3 subgroups: The elderlies who do not study at all, those who study maximum 30 minutes a day and the elderlies who study 60 minutes and above each day. The research tool is the questioner built by the researcher. The researcher tries to measure semantic expansion and conceptualization of three groups of elderly people in the provided words that indicate concrete and abstract concepts. The groups were matched in terms of literacy level. Descriptive statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution tables is used for data analysis and analysis method of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also used for inferential analysis.
The results show that the amount of study of elderly people has an effect on writing components and features of the concept, on the objective and abstract concepts, on the composition and the inclusion of the intended concept into other concepts and in creating a close relationship between the desired concept and other concepts as well as the presented concepts against the intended concepts.
Mental and physical weakness is a symptom of old age, therefore it should be delayed by changes in the life style.

Many instruments had been designed to screen dementia that their utilities are faced with some limitations. In addition, there is modicum of studies comparing the clinical dementia rating scale and clock drawing test on normal people without diagnosed dementia. The goal of the present study was comparing clinical dementia rating scale and clock drawing test among Iranian people, older than 65.
In this analytical cross-sectional study, 80 over-65 year-old subjects were enrolled by convenient sampling. Demographic and clinical features including; age, sex, education level, medication, and diseases were collected. Then clinical dementia rating scale and clock drawing test were performed for each subject. To test the relationship between variables, independent t-test, Chi2 and exact Fisher test were used and were analyzed with SPSS ver.20.
The age showed a positive correlation with clinical dementia rating score (P=0.00, r=0.36) and a negative correlation with clock drawing test score (P=0.00, r=0.46). But there was no relationship between gender and prevalence of dementia based on neither the clock drawing test nor the clinical dementia rating system. The mean clock drawing test score showed a significant difference between healthy people and those with blood pressure (P=0.02), psychosis (P=0.01) and manic-depression (P=0.03) disorders. Also, the mean clinical dementia rating score revealed a significant difference a between healthy subjects and those suffering from blood pressure (P=0.00), IHD (P=0.00), and COPD (P=0.04) diseases. In subjects suffering from at least one disease, the rate of dementia diagnosis by clock drawing test and clinical dementia rating systems did not significantly differed. However, in people without any disease, the prevalence of dementia diagnosed with clock drawing test was significantly higher than that diagnosed with clinical dementia rating (P=0.00).
based on findings of the present study, the education level as well as suffering from a disease can affect the clock drawing test results. Therefore, it seems that the clock drawing test system in people over 65 years, compared with the conventional clinical dementia rating system, might not be an appropriate diagnostic approach for dementia. However, more studies are needed to be done in future.