فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1395)

In recent years, traditional economy replaced with knowledge-based economy in which knowledge, innovation and technology are key determinants of economic growth and wealth creation for countries. Knowledge-based firms which have important role on GDP growth and added value for countries are known as heart of knowledge-based economy. Therefore, solving Knowledge-based firms challenges become more important in decision and policy making. On the other side, science and technology diplomacy is an emerging form of international diplomacy for facing with challenges which science and technology have important role on them. Science and technology diplomacy means using of science and technology capacities to achieve foreign policy objectives and using of diplomacy capacities to advance science and technology. In this study, knowledge-based economy characteristics’ are reviewed, and then knowledge-based firms challenges in terms of innovation system, weak research and development, disproportionate human resource development, inappropriate economic and commercial environment and sanctions are introduced based on library research. Then, based on latent capacity of science and technology diplomacy, numbers of solutions are presented.

The attention to service sector and innovation in service organizations is the key factor effective on many leading companies and developed countries successes. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report, today service sector comprises 60 percent of economy of forty superior economic countries in the world. Also, evidences show that, the share of service sector in our economy in recent years has increased and it is more than the total shares of industry and agriculture sectors. Despite the key role of service in the economic development of countries, this issue has been ignored in terms of theory in our country. Evidences that imply the importance and essence of service sector in the economy of many countries show the necessity of studying the issue of services innovation and presenting several related policies and strategies in order to enhancing service innovation in our country. In order to filling this gap, this paper aims at reviewing the concepts of service and service innovation, service innovation features, some researches in the field of service innovation and existing approaches about service innovation. Furthermore, some proposed policies by Cambridge University and several researchers were presented regarding to service innovation. At the end some recommended policies toward enhancing innovation in service sector are presented that encompass some suggestions for researchers, innovators and policy makers. Companies and organization in service sectors can enhance rate of innovation by implementing the proposed suggestions in this paper.

A modern economy is knowledge-based economy in which the production, distribution and use of knowledge is the main source of growth and wealth creation. Knowledge-based companies are the engine of this system. This study was conducted to survey of factors affecting the development of these companies. For this purpose, surveys of target groups, including corporate executives and experts from the Ministry of Health is done and to rate the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used. AHP technique is widely used in various fields such as multi-criteria decision assessment, planning, decision-making and forecasting has been used. For this purpose, eight important factors have been investigated, include technological factors, social, market conditions, political, administrative, economic, legal and environmental and compared comments of two groups. As is clear from the results, All factors (technology, management, marketing, economics, law, politics, society and environment) in terms of both the target group had effect on the development of knowledge-based companies. Indicators of technology, economics and law (in order of preference) from the perspective of firm managers are three major factors affecting. Standards of environmental, social and policy choices are at least important. The ministry experts have considered issues of management as key factor.

A firm which pays close attention to provide a new product and market attendance and innovation commercialization is introduced as a knowledge based firm. In such firms, since invest emphasizes on innovation and commercialization, so lack of attention to economy and market risks may lead to a considerable damage to the firm. To do preventive measures toward reducing the risk effects and damages incurred by these firms, it is necessary to apply a powerful and significant method in identifying and real ranking of risks. To identify and prioritize the risk is considered as the most effective stages in risk management procedure. For this, in this research to analyze the risk of project in knowledge-based firms, a combination of RFMEA, ANP has been used, in which EMEA parameters are related in the form of a grid led to benefits and capabilities aggregation in the ANP-RFMEA method compared to FMEA. At first, the literature overview and studies in the literature domain, projects risks of knowledge based firms identified and provided the related experts by means of a verified questionnaire. Finally, its result is ranked and analyzed by the integrated approach of ANP-FMEA. Meanwhile, for the research and in order to reach a reliable result, all the ANP method stages is applied by means of SUPER DECISION software. At least, capabilities of the above mentioned compared to FMEA method is shown in risk ranking.

IPRs owners, especially inventors, from the creation of idea up to its commercialization are often faced with disclosure of confidential information delivered to third parties during license agreement negotiations. In fact, the main purpose of confidentiality agreements is to protect different types of IPRs including know-how, trade secrets, etc. with a view to prepare the background for proper and effective supervision and management of their exploitation. The use of non-disclosure agreements in high-tech sector, specifically for computer and internet companies is a common in license agreement negotiations. On the other hand, researchers and inventors in knowledge-based companies may be faced with challenges like disclosure of confidential information in the process of acquiring IPRs protection. The important point is the ignorance of many idea owners and inventors as to how such agreements are concluded. When delivering confidential information, non-disclosure agreement covers merely this information and is concluded for its protection before license agreement is concluded or during license agreement negotiations. Signing and entering into such agreements, without knowledge of laws and their characteristics, may cause dangerous and heavy obligations for parties. In this paper, with an analytic-descriptive approach, we define non-disclosure agreement, its necessity, function, types and common terms and conditions. The results of this paper indicate the necessity of delivering accurate and efficient information to IPRs owners regarding entering into confidentiality agreements and the need to modify the current legal structure in order to protect their rights.

A smart grid is the modern power grid to resolve many issues of current power grid systems with higher reliability, self-healing, ability to support renewable energy sources and reduction of environmental impacts. Novelty and necessity of power smart grid knowledge has led to feel technologies assessment is needed for development and determination the attractiveness of product and process technologies in this industry. Distribution network is an important part of a power system and nearest part to the consumers that should pay special attention to it. The aim of this study was to prioritize power smart grid technology with respect to the attractiveness criteria in Mazandaran power distributed company. So, the list of key technologies related to power smart grid was prepared. Then 9 criteria were identified. Questionnaire was designed to obtain the experts’ point about the status of each technology in every criteria. Saw is Multiple Attribute Decision Making model for weighing the criteria, determining the relative status of each technology, group decision-making and technology assessment. The results show that moment billing, wireless, load forecasting, energy costs calculating and software are the most important technologies based on the attractiveness in the Mazandaran power distribution company. Also is the basic step for planning, strategy of technologies and time management.

Innovation is full of risk naturally and even developed company couldn’t do that non limitation risk. Innovation management has inter several elements such as kind and distributing organization management, financial resources, staff ability and …that is influenced in that performance that after recognizing elements and influenced index on innovation management, help to determine priority and ranking this elements of managers in programming and make to decrease cost and risk of innovation activities.so in this project as a sample of project in engineering company and constructing Pars Mapna generator is done and 55 influences index on innovation management in eight dimension: is characterized in financial elements , management, organization , researching , human , cultural, external and systematic elements and then is studied according to influences value on innovation management in Pars Mapna company with each of this index and the value of ranking and priority is determined . According to its results human, management and cultural elements is in a suitable position and other elements means financial, organization, external, systematic and searching is in a unsuitable position. Also among index, index of organization leadership method, the value of Also among indexes, index of organization management method, the value of organizing supporting from creative staffs, supporting from management from innovation have the highest priority and existing index such as scientific resources, transferring implied knowledge to clear knowledge, development of new product, cooperation with providing and university center and technical innovation have the lowest priority.

Networking technology and innovation is the most important development strategies to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in an increasingly competitive environment of today's world. Firms will be able to Identifying new technologies, customer needs through foresight, capture ideas and thereby contribute to the implementation and strengthening of open innovation. This article is a qualitative study that by studying the documents, databases and articles foresight, competitive advantage, and networking is formed and is integrated with content analysis and scenario. The network of small and medium-sized enterprises, open innovation process data play an important role. According to data collected in the process of networking in open innovation of small and medium, enterprises are playing an important role. This article examines the future prospects with Back casting to design a scenario has been discussed and the important role of small and medium enterprises contained within the networking. In this type of business due to the use of open innovation process, companies in the course of an idea to getting products to market, from other companies or organizations in the network will receive assistance and business ideas, technical knowledge, technology, and services, production and distribution of new methods to get new markets in the emerging network, in this way company will increase revenue and reduce costs. In the process of open innovation companies regularly selling ideas, knowledge, technology and services are networking with other companies, thereby increasing revenue and reducing company costs and ultimately achieve a competitive advantage for the firms.