مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 59، تابستان 1396)

Medicinal plants are used to treat various diseases, including malignancies. Since no studies to date have evaluated the effect of Zingiber officinale on oral squamous cell carcinoma, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-tumoral effects of Zingiber officinale on malignant cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Materials & In this in vitro study oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (KB) and normal rat fibroblast cells (L929) as controls were cultured in enriched RPMI-1640 medium. Then extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes was procured from the Iranian Research Center for Herbal and Traditional Medicine and the cells were treated with 0.1‒768 μg/mL concentrations of the extract for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Thereafter, the viability of the cells was assessed by methyl toluidine blue (MTT) method. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20, using one-way ANOVA. Tukey tests were used to compare the mean scores.
In this study IC50 was 148.83 and 358.87 μg/mL for KB and L929 cells, respectively. IC50 ratio for normal-to-tumoral cells was 358.87:148.83 = 2.41, indicating that a 2.5fold higher concentration of Zingiber officinale extract is needed for cytotoxic effects on normal cell compared to tumoral cells. Therefore, based on the results, Zingiber officinale extract exhibited more cytotoxic effects on tumoral cells (KB) than on normal cells (L929).
This study showed that the alcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes exerted cytotoxic effects on tumoral cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, it exerted more cytotoxic effects on tumoral cells compared to normal cells.

The decision for taking dental radiograph of patients dependson clinical signs and medical history of patients. The number of radiographsordered for patients has increased in recent years; however, sufficient research has not been carried out on the types of radiographs dentistsorder in the country. This research was under taken to determine the frequencies and types of radiographsordered by general dental practitioners and specialists for patients under health insurance policy coverage, referring to the radiology centers in Isfahan.
Materials & This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 1210 dental radiographic examinations requested by general dental practitioners and specialists in patients under health insurance policy coverage, referring to radiology centers in Isfahan during one year. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and linear regression tests.
The most prescribed radiographic examinations were panoramic, bitewing, periapical, cephalograms and others, respectively. Endodontists, oral surgeons and orthodontists exhibited the most prescribed radiographs. Based onlinear regression analysis, gender of dentists (p value The most frequently prescribed radiographs were panoramic views. Endodontists, oral surgeons and orthodontists had the most prescribed radiographs.

Mandibular third molar surgery is one of the most common oral surgeries in which pain and swelling is a common finding. The purpose of this study is to compare pain and swelling after Surgical Extraction of Mandibular Third Molar in dexamethasone Injection to Medial pterygoid muscle, gluteal muscle & without Corticosteroid Method.
Materials & This study was a clinical trialon77patients with impacted mandibular third molar attending the School’s oral and maxillofacial department. Patients were randomlydivided into 3 groups: The first group did not receive any corticosteroid, The second group receive 8 mg dexamethasone in gluteal muscle after surgery and in third group 8 mg dexamethasone was injected to medial ptrygoidpreoperativly. The pain and swelling was measured48 hoursand7 daysaftersurgery. Datas were first analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and ANOVA tests, followed by the Mann–Whitney test (p value Both groups received dexamethasone in gluteal muscle or inmedialptrygoidhad significantlylesspain (p value Injection of dexamethasone in medial pterygoid muscle is effective in reducing post operative pain and swelling and its effects are comparable with systemic injection in the gluteal muscle.

The most common muscular disorder of ClII division l malocclusion is hypofunction of the upper lip and hyperfunction of the lower lip at rest and function. Myofunctional therapy with oral screens can be applied in such patientsto improve the size and function of the lips. This study aimed at evaluating how myofunctional therapy with an oralscreen affects the strength of the lips and their morphology.
Materials & Thirty-five patients with Cl II division 1 malocclusion were included in the present study but at the end of the study two subjects were excluded due to lack of compliance. The remaining 33 subjectswere assigned to 3 groups: group 1 (n = 12), cooperative patients; group 2 (n = 6), patients with poor cooperation; and group 3 (n = 15), the controls. All the three groups underwent treatment with functional appliances; lip training was carried out for 5.5 months, 3 times a day for 10 minutes each time in the treatment group. Before and after the treatment the lip strength was recorded with the use of a custom-made dynamometer and lip morphology was studied on lateral cephalograms. The parametric paired t-test was used to compare values within the groups and independent t-test was used to compare changes between the groups. Statistical significance was set at p value The lengths of the upper and lower lips increased significantly (p value = 0.00) and interlabial gap decreased significantly in group 1 (p value = 0.00). However, in the control group and group 2 only theinterlabial gap decreased significantly (p value = 0.00 and p value = 0.01). The thickness of the upper lip in region A' in group 1 was significantly (p value = 0.02) higher than that in the control group after treatment. The strength of the lips increased significantly in all the groups but it was greater in groups 1 and 2.
Under the limitations of the present study, it appears myofunctional therapy with an oralscreen improved the function and morphology of the lips when it was performed regularly.

Dental procedures that involve hard and soft tissues may transfer bacteria into the bloodstream, resulting in infective endocarditis in susceptible patients. The aim of this study was to determine the mean scores of knowledge and attitudes of general dentists about antibiotic prophylaxis in different dental procedures.
Materials & In this study, 375 general dental practitioners participating in several national congresses in Tehran in autumn and winter of 2015 were selected using simple sampling technique. An anonymous questionnaire which had been adapted locally and whose validity and reliability had been confirmed was distributed among the subjects and collected after they were completed. Data were analyzed with t-test, using SPSS 22 (α = 0.05).
The mean score of knowledge of all the participants in this study was 17.9 of a total score of 27; 77% of surgery questions, 50% of periodontal questions, 50% of endodontics questions and 26% of restorative dentistry questions were gained by the participants. The knowledge on the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery was higher among the participants (p value Maximum awareness among the dental treatments was about dental surgery, indicating the attention of dentists to the need for prevention in aggressive treatments. Root canal therapy and periodontal and restorative treatments ranked next, which might be attributed to the more conservative nature of these procedures.

The 5-year survival interval rate in patients with head and neck SCC is about 50% and the current therapies were not potent to treatment this malignancy in four decades. The melittin, phospholipase and Apamin in bee venom have antitumor effects on cancer cells like kidney, liver, bladder and prostate.this study is the first survey was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of natural bee venom on the SCC.
This in vitro study was conducted on two cell lines, squamous cells carcinoma (KB) and Fibroblasts (L929) cells. Micro culture Tetrazolium Test (MTT) was used to assess Cytotoxicity. Data was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Tukey in the packages IBM SPSS statistics 22 (α = 0.05).
The results showed that malignant cells Cytotoxicity of bee venom in concentrations less than 0.6 mg/ml was not significantly different in both cell lines (p value > 0.05) but at the concentrations up to 0.6 mg/ml this Cytotoxicity is significantly higher in KB cells against to L929 (p value This study showed that Bee venom has a growth inhibitory effect on SCC cells with a dose-dependent and time-independent pattern that this effect is significantly higher on the malignant cells against to the normal cells.

One of the techniques to treat skeletal Cl II malocclusion is growth modification. bionator functional appliance brings about skeletal changes to resolve Cl II malocclusion caused by mandibular deficiency by protruding the mandible and accelerating growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate skeletal and dental changes in patients with Cl II malocclusion following treatment with Bionator and to compare the results with the control group.
The present clinical trial was carried out on 17 patients (8 girls and 7 boys) aged 9-11, with Cl II malocclusion. To properly register the mandible, a wax rim was used and the bionator appliance was fabricated based on the recorded relationship in an arrticulator and delivered to the patients. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before and after treatment. Tracing was carried out and the necessary measurements were made. Data were analyzed was paired t-test (α Comparison of mean changes in the antero-posterior cranial length, maxilla, and maxilla and mandible relative to each other between the bionator and control groups showed no significant differences between the two groups. The means of upper and lower gonial angles (p value = 0.001), SNB angle, SN-pog angle, Y axis and pog-NP in the lower jaw showed significant differences between the control and bionator groups (p value = 0.01. The mean of Pal-OCC angle, SNB angle, articular angle and Jarabak index (JI) (p value = 0.01) of the facial relationship variables exhibited significant differences between the control and bionator groups.
Bionator can be used to correct antero-posterior mandibular deficiency and Cl II skeletal and dental malocclusion during the growth period.

Candidiasis is an oral infection that is caused in most cases by Candida albicans contamination.It is found as a symbiotic fungus in the oral cavity of 30‒60% of healthy subjects. In this study, confirmed cases of oral candidiasis and its relationship with predisposing factors, prevalence of the infection and its variants were studied in patients referring to the Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Yazd, Iran.
In present cross-sectional study, all the patient's medical records in the Department of Oral Medicine, Yazd Faculty of Dentistry, from May 2013 to May 2015 were reviewed. The necessary data were recorded in the relevant datasheets and analyzed with Fisher’s exact and chi-squared test using SPSS 17 (α = 0.05).
Of 13377 medical records evaluated, 123 confirmed candidiasis cases were found. A statistically significant relationship was observed between oral candidiasis and age (p value = 0.004) and use of dentures (p value Based on the results of the present study, lower age groups were at a higher risk for oral candidiasis. In addition, some types of oral candidiasis such as denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis were more common in patients wearing dentures.

Toothextraction is one of the invasive treatments in dentistry and in some cases it is associated with some complicationssuch as pain, dry socket and inflammation. Given the antibacterial effects of metronidazole, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of 0.75% metronidazole gel on complications after extraction of mandibular third molar teeth.
This clinical trial was conducted on mandibular third molars of 20 male volunteers 20‒30 years of age. After extraction of two similar mandibularthird molar teeth, 0.75% metronidazole gel was placed in the extracted tooth socketon one side andno material was placed in the socket on the other side as control. The severity of pain and swelling were determined with visual analog scale and by determining the change in the distance ofthe angle of the mandible from thedental midline, respectively. Clinical examination was performed to determine the presence or absence of dry socket. Data on pain, swelling and dry socket were analyzed with SPSS (p value ≤0.05).
The severityof painafter tooth extraction exhibited a significant difference at6-and12-hour intervalsbetweenthetwo sides (p value = 0.04 and p value = 0.03). However, at24-and 48-hour intervals after toothextractionthe differences were not significant (p value = 0.09 and p value = 0.06). In relation to swelling, inthe area from the mandibular angle to the midline, no difference was observed between the two sides after 24 hours (p value = 0.05) but there was a significant difference between the two sides after 48hours (p value = 0.05). Thedifferenceindry socket incidence was not significant between the two sides (p value = 0.2).
Application of 0.75 % metronidazole gel can reduce pain and swelling after tooth extraction but it might have no effect on dry socket incidence.

IL-6 and IL-8 have an important role in orthodontic tooth movement and creation of periodontal diseases. Laser therapy in orthodontics has effect on decrease pain and increase regeneration of bone, acceleration of tooth movement and decrease inflammation in periodontoal tissues. The aim of this study, determination the effect of low laser therapy on GCF level of IL-6 and IL-8 during orthodontics treatments.
In this clinical trial study, we chose 10 patients with crowding or protrusion, that they need fix orthodontic treatment with extract of two premolars in each side and then retract the anterior teeth. After complete SRP, the orthodontic treatments started. After clinical examination such as CAL, PD and BOP the teeth in one quadrant selected case groups and the other quadrant selected control groups. Low Level laser irradiation done in 0,2,7, 21 days and collection of GCF is done in 2,4,9, 23 days with paper cone in distal sulcus of canine for 30 second. Then all of the samples transferred to laboratory and then t-test ANOVA and LSD test done.
The average of changes in IL-6 and IL-8 in GCF at the 21 day after laser irradiation had a significant difference but in the other days we didn’t have a significant difference.
Low level laser therapy at orthodontics treatment causes of decrease the inflammation and decrease the IL-6 and IL-8.

Instrument separation during endodontic treatmentdecreases treatment success rate up to 19%. Only a limited number of devices are available for the removal of these fractured instruments. The present paperintroduces patenting and electromechanical design of a new device consisting of a spring-like instrument for the removal of fractured endodontic instruments from the root canal space.
This devicehas been designed in the field of biomedical engineering and consists of mechanical and electrical parts.This article has been adopted from patent #87785 and International Classification A61C; A61K. The device which is the same size asthe hand files consists of a spring-like head that can shift from the coaxial mode to the non-coaxial mode. The electric part of this devicegives an alarm whena broken file is entangled. The innovative device in fact has a completely different mechanical design and is a combination of a new mechanical design with that of the apex finder.
This project consisted of: 1) designing and 2) manufacturing of a prototype. The initial plan and studies began in 2014 in Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry. The patenting procedures began in 2014 and the device was patented in 2015. 3D software program was used for designing of the device.
There is nosimilar national or international device available. This registered idea and invention could increasesuccess rates in endodontics by reducing the failure rates if it is mass-produced and used in vitro and in the clinic.

Contamination with saliva is an important factor in reducing the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to tooth surfaces. One of the most important disadvantages of bonding techniques is their sensitivity to contamination with saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of duration of contamination of tooth surfaces covered with unfilled resin with saliva on shear bond strength orthodontic brackets.
In this experimental study, 110 extracted human intact premolar teeth were divided into 5 main groups and 11 subgroups. In the control group the brackets were bonded to tooth surfaces with no saliva contamination. In other groups, after applying the unfilled resin, the samples underwent saliva contamination as follows: group B, 1, 5 and 15 seconds of contamination; group C, 1, 5 and 15 seconds of contamination and drying with air current; and group D, 1, 5 and 15 seconds of contamination and washing and drying with air current, followed by bonding of the brackets. In group E, according to the manufacturer's instructions, after contamination, washing and drying, unfilled resin was applied again and then the brackets were bonded. The shear bond strength of brackets to tooth surfaces was measured by an Instron machine. Data were analyzed with ANOVA (α = 0.05).
The highest bond strength was recorded in the control group (4.21 MPa) and the lowest in the fourth subgroup (15 seconds of contamination without washing) (3.8 MPa). There were significant differences in the mean bond strengths of brackets bonded to enamel surfaces between the main groups (p value = 0.001).
Contamination with saliva reduces bond strength. Proper isolation is necessary to achieve a stronger bond between orthodontic brackets and tooth surfaces.