مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 60، پاییز 1396)

Wettability of solids is an important surface characteristic that has an inverse relationship with contact angle of the liquid with surface. Since the final polishing of composite resin restorations affects the surface characteristics such as contact angle and wettability, this study evaluated the effect of different composite resin polishing methods on contact angle of distilled water.
In this in vitro study 45 composite resin samples (Filtek Z350, Filtek Z100 and Micro Rod Fiber) were prepared, measuring 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in diameter, by compressing composite resin samples in a round disk between two glass slabs. All the samples were cured for 40 seconds. One-third of the samples in each group were not polished, one-third were polished with a mullet and one-third with a disk. One drop of distilled water was placed on the surface and contact angle was measured by a digital camera after preparing the surfaces as described above. For contact angle measurement, Corel Draw software program version X5 was used. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan test (α = 0.05).
There were significant differences between polishing methods (p value 0.05).
The maximum contact angle was observed in group with no polishing, followed by the group polished by disks. Highly polished surfaces will give rise to a greater contact angle, less wettability and more clinical longevity.

Tooth eruption stages include a series of fixed and continuous measurable processes that can be used for age estimation. After 14 years of age the only teeth that are still developing are the third molar tooth. Therefore during 17‒21 years of age only these teeth can be used for estimation of age.
In this analytical study, 125 panoramic radiographs of 74 females and 51 males, 17‒21 years of age, were assessed. Stages of lower third molar eruption were divided into 4 stages (no eruption, alveolar eruption, gingival eruption and complete eruption). Then the relationship between eruption stages and chronological age was used to predict each subject’s age. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analyses were used for the analysis of data.
Correlation coefficients between the right and left side eruption stages and chronological age were 0.367 and 0.315, respectively. In addition, the correlation coefficient between the right and left sides was significant (0.932). Regression equation derived from this study for age estimation is: estimated age = 16.85 (1.055 stage of Rside) – (0.398 stage of Lside) Mean ages at alveolar, gingival and complete eruption stages were 18.2, 19 and 19.5 years, respectively.
The results of this study can be used as an adjunctive technique to determine the age in subjects older than 15 years of age.

One of the main reasons for the failure of endodontic therapy is lack of knowledge about the anatomy and morphology of roots and root canals. Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the root and root canal morphologies of permanent maxillary incisors in an Iranian population using CBCT images.
A total of 83 CBCT images from the 2014 archives of a radiology center were evaluated with the use of Romexis viewer software program. The images were evaluated simultaneously by one radiologist and one endodontist in three dimensions and data were recorded. The variables evaluated in these images included the number and morphology of the roots, the number of canals in each root, and the curvature of the roots and canals in the buccolingual and mesiodistal directions. The subjects’ demographic data were extracted from the patient files. Data was analyzed using and chi-squared and Fisher’s tests (α A total of 115 central incisors, 114 lateral incisors and 115 canines were evaluated; 33.2% of the central incisors belonged to males and 67.8% to females, with 99.1% of the root canals being Type I and 0.9% being Type V. Of all the lateral incisors evaluated, 31.6% belonged to males and 68.4% to females, with 98.2% being type I and 1.8% being Type V. Finally, of all the canines evaluated 29.6% exhibited Type I and 2.6% exhibited Type V root canal morphology and 0.9% (one tooth) had two root, both being type V based on Vertucci classification.
In each tooth type, at least one tooth had a different and uncommon morphology. There was no difference in root canal morphology between males and females.

Corticosteroids are one group of medications that are administered to reduce complications and improve the quality of life after surgery of impacted third molars. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of premedication with dexamethasone on quality of life after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 patients undergoing surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth. In 30 subjects (the case group), 8 mg of dexamethasone was administered half an hour before surgery. The second group was selected as the control group. Two standard questionnaires of OHIP-14 and HRQoL designed to assess of quality of life were distributed among the subjects in both groups after surgery and at 1-, 7- and 14-day postoperative intervals. The total scores of these two questionnaires were reported as patient’s quality of life score in each group and compared between the two groups. The results were analyzed with SPSS, using t-test at a significance level of p value The mean quality of life in the two groups was lower on the first day after surgery compared to the preoperative period (p value = 0. 001). It was higher one week after surgery compared to the one-day postoperative interval (p value = 0. 001); and two weeks after surgery it was higher than the preoperative period. In all the cases٫ the standard of quality of life was higher in the case group compared to the control group.
To improve the quality of life after surgical removal of impacted mandible third molars dexamethasone injection can be used before surgery.

The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and performance of primary students’ parents about preventive oral services and its relationship with their education in Shiraz.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 parents of elementary students in Shiraz in 2015. A checklist was handed in to each student to take home to be completed by the parent(s). Knowledge was determined based on the percentage of correct responses, and the use of preventive oral services for children was considered as attitude. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, independent t-test and path analysis (p value A total of 400 subjects, including 95 fathers (23.8%), 290 mothers (72.5%) and 15 other people (3.8%), participated in this survey. The subjects’ knowledge score on preventive dental services was 46.3 ± 20.4 out of 100. Knowledge of parents exhibited a direct and significant correlation with their educational level (p value 0.05). Parents with more knowledge exhibited higher attitude levels (p value = 0.001).
This study showed that parental knowledge about preventive dental services was insufficient; therefore, it is recommended that their awareness be increased through educational programs.

Patients admitted into intensive care units (ICU) have many problems, distracting the attention of health care providers from their oral cavity and its health. This causes problems and illnesses later on, imposing high costs on the patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health status in patients admitted into ICU by determining gingival and debris indexes.
In this cross-sectional study, 140 patients under mechanical ventilation were examined to determine gingival and debris indexes. A questionnaire was also prepared in this context and delivered to patients’ relatives. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22 and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was determined. Statistical significance was set at p value The means of gingival and debris indexes were 1.5 and 1.9, respectively. Spearman’s correlation coefficients showed an association between toothbrushing before hospitalization and gingival and debris indexes (p value Based on the results of this study, it appears that the oral hygiene in patients admitted into intensive care units is far from the standards.

Glass-ionomer cements and resin-modified glass-ionomers could be optimal orthodontic adhesives if they can provide adequate bonding strength. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of two orthodontic adhesives: Fuji Ortho LC and Transbond XT.
In this in vitro study, 32 sound extracted premolars were divided into two equal groups (n = 16). Brackets were bonded with Fuji Ortho LC in group 1 and Transbond XT in group 2. After 72 hours their shear bond strengths were measured; then the samples were analyzed under a stereomicroscope at ×10 and debonding locations were scored using Adhesive Remnant Index. Data were analyzed with t-test (α = 0.05).
The mean shear bond strength values in groups 1 and 2 were 7.73 and 16.79, respectively, with no significant difference (p value The shear bond strength of Fuji Ortho LC was less than that of Transbond XT, but still in an acceptable range for orthodontic bonding.

Since compliance with ethical codes in dental research has not received much attention, the aim of this study was to evaluate the observance of ethical codes approved by the National Ethics Committee on clinical research carried out during in 2001‒2015 in Isfahan Dental School.
This cross-sectional descriptive/analytical study was conducted on 361 dissertations available in Esfahan Dental School from 2001 to 2015 (over a period of 15 years), consisting of research involving human beings. Compliance with ethical codes in these dissertations was evaluated. The dissertations were divided into three 5-year periods as follows: from 2001 to 2005, 2006 to 2010 and 2011 to 2015. Data were analyzed with chi-squared test.
In 239 cases (68.7%), consent has been obtained from the subjects and in 243 cases (67.3%) the subjects were enrolled with full consent without any obligation. In 184 cases (54.8%) of dissertations, explanations had been provided for the subjects about the methodology and its advantages and disadvantages, and their questions had been answered.
Based on the results of this review, it appears compliance with ethical codes in human research has a long way to reach an ideal level; however, comparison of compliance with ethical codes between the 5-year periods reflects improvements in compliance with medical ethics in research.

Evaluation of the effect of malocclusion on peers’ judgment and social acceptance of adolescents might be useful in determining orthodontic treatment priorities and its effect on solving social problems and social interactions of adolescents. Therefore this study was undertaken to determine the effect of dental esthetics on social acceptance of 12‒15-year-old adolescents as judged by peers in Isfahan in 2016.
The subjects in this descriptive study consisted of 420 adolescents 12‒15 years of age in Isfahan. The photographs of two adolescents, of one male and of one female, were used to create 5 versions of each photograph, including normal incisors, protruded incisors, missing lateral incisors, crowded incisors, and midline diastema. Each image was shown to 42 adolescents (21 girls and 21 boys), and their perceptions about every individual's social acceptance were documented in terms of friendship, facial attractiveness, social popularity and leadership ability. Descriptive tests and ANOVA were used for analysis of data. Statistical significance was set at p value The highest mean score in friendship (47.1±27.7), social popularity (42.9±31.5), attractiveness (29.6±29.3), and leadership ability (45.9±29.1) was reported for normal occlusion. However, protruded teeth exhibited significantly lower mean scores only in friendship (p value = 0.004) and attractiveness (p value = 0.03). In the fields of leadership (p value = 0.03) and popularity (p value = 0.008), there was a significant relationship between the genders of the image and the observer.
Based on the results of this study, protruded teeth influenced the judgment of a peer’s social acceptance, including friendship and popularity. Adolescents with normal occlusion enjoyed a higher level of social acceptance. Therefore, to improve adolescents’ social relationships, it is advisable to correct this malocclusion.

Periapical diseases are the end result of untreated pulpitis or failure of root canal therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of different periapical lesions in terms of demographic variables in patients referring to the Department of Oral Pathology of Isfahan Dental School in three different time periods from 1988 to 2015.
In this retrospective cross-sectional study, biopsy samples available in the archives of Oral Pathology Department of Isfahan Dental School from1988 to 2015 were studied. Periapical (PA) lesions were evaluated and compared in terms of age, sex, type, etiology and location. Data were analyzed with SPSS. After data collection, data were analyzed with chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05).
Of 10686 oral biopsies, 582 (5.44%) were PA lesions. Of 582 PA lesions, 71.1% were dental granulomas and 15.3% were radicular cysts and the other cases were other lesions with lower prevalence rates; 41.4% of the lesions belonged to males and 58.1% to females. The most common frequency was detected in the 21‒30-year age group. The most common site of involvement was the mandibular molars with 48.3%, maxillary incisors with 32.5% and maxillary molars with 21.4%, respectively. Distribution frequencies of PA lesions were 11%, 23.9% and 65.1% in the first, second and third periods, respectively.
The results showed that the prevalence of PA lesions has increased significantly in recent years. Increased incidence of periapical lesions secondary to root canal therapy (RCT) in the second and third periods in comparison with the first period is an indication of inadequate RCT treatment in patients.

Temporomandibular disorders are one of the most common reasons for patients attending dental clinics. Considering the complex anatomy of temporomandibular joint and its proximity to ear, joint disorders have been known as one the major reasons for aural symptoms such as tinnitus, otalgia, ear stuffiness feeling and vertigo. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in treating tinnitus originating from temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.
In this randomized clinical trial, patients with symptoms and signs of tinnitus and otalgia were examined by an otolaryngologist. Patients with tinnitus and otalgia originating from TMJ were included in the study based on diagnoses reached by an oral medicine specialist. The subjects were randomized into the laser (n = 16) and control (n = 17) groups, using off-mode laser in the control group. In the laser group, the patients were treated with LT-R laser for 4 weeks in 12 sessions. The patients received laser beams in the ear area with a wavelength of 660 nm and a dose of 2.9 J/cm2. In addition, the patients received laser with a dose of 8 J/cm2 in the TMJ area and sensitive muscular regions. The tinnitus and otaliga intensity was evaluated with THI (tinnitus handicap inventory) and VAS (visual analog scale) at 4 time intervals and analyzed with paired t-test and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests.
In the laser group, both the THI and VAS scores decreased significantly (p value = 0.004). However, in the control group, pain intensity and tinnitus did not show any significant differences between the 4 time intervals (p value = 0.641).
The results of this study showed the positive effect of low-level laser therapy on tinnitus and otalgia. However, long-term effects were not detected.

Characteristics of light-curing units (LCU), including irradiation uniformity and adequate light intensity, emission spectrum, exposure duration, correct light-curing technique, and regular monitoring of the LCU, are important factors in the success of composite resin restorations. In addition, infection control methods for LCUs have drawn great attention in recent years to control infection.
Search Strategy: An electronic search was carried out in PubMed and Science Direct databases from 1985 to 2016 using these key words: Light-curing unit, dental restoration failures, composite resin restorations, and dental restoration repair.
This article tries to draw attention to the importance of LCUs and discusses the relevant issues. Additionally, the consequences of delivering too little or too much light energy, the concerns over leakage from undercured resins, and the ocular hazards are discussed. Practical recommendations are provided to help clinicians improve their use of the LCU so that their patients can receive safe and potentially longer lasting resin restorations.

Condylar fractures are one of the most common fractures of the facial region. Currently there is no general agreement on surgical or nonsurgical treatment of condylar fractures. Facial nerve injury is the known as an unfavorable consequence of surgical treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the application of retromandibular transmasseteric antero-parotid approach in open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fractures.
Case Report: In a case series study from January 2014 to February 2015, 10 patients with subcondylar fractures underwent surgical treatment with retromandibular transmasseteric antero-parotid approach in Sina Educational/Treatment Center. Follow-ups were carried out at 1- and 2-week and 3- and 6-month postoperative intervals for the assessment of range of mouth opening, occlusion, facial nerve injury, salivary gland complications, infection and the amount of visible scar remaining. At 6-month follow-up of patients there was no case of facial nerve injury. All the patients exhibited normal range of motion of the mandible. Surgical scar was inconspicuous.
Retromandibular transmasseteric antero-parotid approach is appropriate and safe for open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fractures. This can be the method of choice for high and low subcondylar fractures and also coronoid and ramus fractures. Despite short surgical incision, it provides direct surgical access to the fracture area and the remaining surgical scar is indistinctive.

Lymphomas are a group of malignant neoplasms that affect the lymphoreticular system, especially the lymph nodes. This condition is a form of uncommon, solid malignant neoplasms with a wide spectrum of clinical and pathological features. However, lymphoma is one of the most tumors in the head and neck region and is the third most common malignant tumor in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region after squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland neoplasms. Only 0.2‒3% of all the primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas occur in the oral cavity.
Case Report: The aim of reporting these two cases was to clinically and histopathologically evaluate two patients with primary oral non-Hodgkin lymphoma, referred to the Dental School of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Despite the low prevalence of oral lymphoma, the diagnosis of these lesions in the oral and maxillofacial region has been a matter of discussion because in many cases the clinical features are similar to inflammatory and benign lesions. The odds are high for errors in timely detection, deferring treatment. Careful examination of the lesion, appropriate radiography and patient follow-up are very important.