مجله مرکز مطالعات و توسعه آموزش علوم پزشکی یزد
سال نهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Today, entrepreneurship is essential for developing a healthy national economic environment and its role in the economic stability has been confirmed. The aim of this study is to evaluate entrepreneurship capabilities in the students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. in this descriptive–analytic study, 200 students from Medical Faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences on 2003-2004 were enrolled in a simple random sampling. According to the research objectives, data was gathered with a questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed based on expert panel. Data was analyzed by using SPSS11.5 software. The findings indicated that levels of entrepreneurial ability of students were higher than average, although senior and junior students showed equally entrepreneurship capabilities. Entrepreneurial competencies of students according to the subscales of entrepreneurship skills was statically significant (p<0.001). Strengthening of entrepreneurship capabilities in students based on training programs are emphasized as a means to achieve economic prosperity. The results of this study showed that there were no difference between capable of Entrepreneurship of senior and junior students, thus educational curriculum should be revised to enter training entrepreneurship in university curricula.

Pop quizzes, are short tests, which are held without prior notice of the students and in irregular period of time to formatively evaluate students during a semester. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pop quiz on medical students’ learning in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. This quasi-experimental study was performed in the first semester of the academic year 2012-2013. Overall, 120 medical students who attended the neuroanatomy course participated in the study. Students were divided randomly into two groups of 60.Teaching in both control (n=30) and experimental groups (n=30) was performed with the same content and the same ‎lecturer. During the semester, eight quizzes were held in experiment group. Final test scores were entered into the SPSSV.18. Using descriptive statistical tests, average scores of both groups were determined. For determining the effect of tests on students’ performance, independent T-test was used. The average scores of the experimental group was13.57 (±2.73) and in the control group was 14.32 (±3.04). However, learning score was higher, although not significant (P = 0.41). op quizzes as formative assessment did not affect the final test scores of medical students. The reason may be the impact of other factors on student learning.

The necessity of closed and continuous relationships, team work and collaboration between various health professions in treatment and care have confronted health ethics with many challenges. Inter-professional education has been proposed as an effective strategy to address this gap internationally. This study has been done to determine process of ethical growth and achieving ethical competency in health sciences students during inter-professional education. This interpretive- integrative literature review study has been done in 2013 with integrative search in Pub med, CINHAL, Ovid, Science Direct data bases as well as Google scholar using key words including inter-professional education and ethics. All English language papers published between 2000 and 2013 were included. Of 155 retrieved articles, 15 documents were appropriate based on critical appraisal criteria and analyzed according to thematic synthesis method.. Then extracted text were entered and managed by MAXQDA software. Promotion of professional socialization process of health sciences students”, “creating a common values system” and “forming inter-professional identity” were the three main themes emerge indicating process of ethical growth in health sciences students during inter-professional education. The themes were explained by theories such as social contact, human development, transformational learning situated learning, constructivist learning and social cognitive They are the conceptual framework in inter-professional education model. Inter-professional education with promotion of professional socialization process of health science's students, renewing and internalization of inter-professional common values and forming inter-professional identity, as complement of professional identity, empowers and enables students for effective collaboration with others. These facilitates ethical and safe performance of the graduates in clinical environments.

Professional duties are regarded as a base for developing the curriculum in a new course. The purpose of this study is to determine the professional duties of postgraduates of family health major according to the viewpoints of stakeholders. In this cross sectional study, five type one universities (high quality universities) and four type two and three universities were randomly selected using Delphi technique. The participants were directors of health departments, the vice chancellor of public health authorities, the assistance and managers of health and treatment networks, the employees of family health units, and also public health undergraduate students. We developed a questionnaire to gather data. The questionnaire consisted of an open ended and some demographic questions. Data was analyzed using the content analysis technique. In this case duties were defined. Then they were prioritized and finalized in a focus group. In the first step of Delphi 190 duties were extracted. Then we classified them, based on priority in the second Delphi, into 102 duties. Finally 16 items were grouped under the domain of providing services to families, 35 items were in the domain of planning, 50 items were in the domain of supervision, 5 items were in the domain of research, 13 items were in the domain of management, and 28 items in the domain of education. In order to plan for the education of required family health experts there is a need to define the duties of family health postgraduates. The results of this study can be used in the planning of the curriculum of this major.

Creativity is an essential part of nursing care. Thus developing creativity skills in nursing education is a priority. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of instruction by concept-mapping and update the fundamental of nursing by teaching creativity skills to nursing students. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 70 nursing students, who were divided randomly into two equal experimental and control groups, in the Clinical Skills Lab of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery School. Educational content was presented in the form of concept-mapping in the experimental group and common method in the control group. Data collection included a demographic information and Abedi Creativity questionnaire; that filled at the beginning and at the end of four weeks course period. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (V. 21), using descriptive and analytical statistics at the significant level P<0.05. Before the intervention, mean total creativity’s score was 126.1±7.4 in the concept mapping group and 128.2±5.2 in the common group and the difference was not significant (P=0.07). However, after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the intervention and control group (157.8±7.3 vs. 138.1±5.1, P=0.01). After the intervention, the creativity skills in nursing students was improved in both group, but the Influence of education in concept-mapping group was greater than the common method. Further research with more time and for other lessons can be useful for evidence-based decision-making.

To achieve an effective learning environment, it is of high priority to identify factors affecting teaching methods employed by a teacher and to deal with them from students’ perspective. The objective of this study is to determine the most important factors that influence the effectiveness of academics’ teaching methods from his/her graduate students’ point of view. This is a cross sectional-analytic study conducted in 2014. The participants were selected by census method according to the Registrar data of the School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing demographic questions as well as nine questions about effective factors on teaching. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed, and the data was analyzed using analytic hierarchy process and Expert Choice V. 11 software. According to the students participating in the study, the eloquent, simple expression and clear conveyance of the subject were the most important factors (0.216), while the assessment of students at each session, in the mid-term exam, and in the final exam was of the lowest importance regarding the effectiveness of academic teaching (0.057). No significant difference was found between male and female students considering factors affecting effective teaching. Results indicated that the eloquent and simple expression of subjects has the greatest impact on teaching effectiveness. Therefore, to promote the current situation, the high-ranking educational authorities of the university are required to take into account the quality of teaching effectiveness, for instance, to organize appropriate and purposeful training courses.

A practical exam is important for evaluation of university students but there is not any satisfaction of traditional exams among clinical teachers. There are limited studies done for modification of traditional exams. This study aimed to compare the traditional and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) exams in term of clinical skills and satisfaction among dental students. Evaluation of thirty dental students was done with OSCE and traditional exams. A student was undergone oral medicine exam in the traditional form (10 questions) and OSCE (with ten stations). After the exam they fill questionnaire regarding their experience of the two methods. Data was analyzed with SPSS V.18. Mann-Whitney test, T test, chi square and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. In the OSCE group, scores of questions in the field of cognition was higher and psychomotor was lower than the traditional exam (p=0.001). OSCE is better stimulator of clinical situations and its stressful environment. Despite mismatch found between traditional exams and medical educational goals, most of universities apply this method. it is recommended to use OSCE method in evaluation of all fields of dentistry.

Yazd Health Study (YaHS) is an endeavor to involve students in design, implementation and analysis of a large study. Over 150 graduate and post graduate students from various disciplines have been invited to participate in a large longitudinal study with 10000 samples. Participants were selected randomly from Yazd population, over 1000000 as December 2014. Four hundred variables grouped in the following sections were asked; 1) demographics, 2) physical activity, 3)sleep quality and quantity, 4) mental health, 5) history y of chronic illnesses, 6) history of surgical operations, 7) dental health, 8) history of accidents, 9) dietetic habits, 10) occupation and communication history, 11) traditional medicine, 12) history of smoking and addiction and 13) women’s health. The interview follows by anthropometric measurements including; weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference and WHR. Per cent body fat, % body muscle, visceral fat, resting metabolism have been measured followed by pulse and blood pressure. Students were trained to participate in design, piloting and the main phase of data collection. Students evaluated the experience useful and constructive. In return of their collaboration in interviewing 50-100 study participants, they will receive data for their these's proposal. This will help them to access a large and high quality set of data and disseminate the results in high quality peer reviewed journals as well as national and international conferences. The students mandated to write an executive summary of their thesis and disseminate it to health managers and inter-sectoral decision makers. They will gain bonus score if they can publish their main findings in public media. Acknowledgments: Thanks to students who participated in the study and A. Professor Masoud Mirzaei, principal investigator of Yazd Health Study (YAHS) for providing information on the design of the study.