فصلنامه بین المللی ژئوپلیتیک
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 34، تابستان 1393)

With the entrance to third millennium and formation of globalization process and increasing the mobility of people, goods, organizations… the role and position of borders have been increasingly more and complex. So many countries all over the world attend to supply their borders’ security, avoiding unwanted immigrations and other mobility and on the other hand try to maximize opportunity of desirable Tran boundary interactions. This case has caused to form and highlight a new concept named” border management” in recent decades. Although this concept has been used in the past decades but has not been attended and any specific model has not been presented for it and approaches to bounder management is very various. In this process which is due to contemporary development. Border management in catalyst operates to create national. Regional identity and awareness of the dividing line between two countries, adjusting homeland security, maximizing profits and benefits on the other side of borders and minimizing challenges and insecurities on the other side of borders for country. It’s vital that we learn border management skills in nowadays world that countries dependence have increased and set up a good relationship between two neighboring countries to minimize insecurities, challenges and costs…. First important step is achieving effective indicators for border management. Reviewing theories of border management and also some models, in this case, show that each of them has expressed border management in transient and minor way and there isn’t an appropriate model for border management. For achieving a complete recognition and better perception of effective indicators in border management, this article is seeking to answer this question that which indicators effect on border management by a descriptive and analytical approach this survey try to reduce the gap between geographical studies and border management in the first step by recognizing effective indicators on border management as much as possible. Data obtained during studies show that effective indicators on border management can be divided into five parts: geographical, geopolitics and strategic facts; policies; actors; structural and border factors which influence border management in different ways; that each of this indicators themselves have five sub indicators which have relations and overlaps together.Result and As a result, it can be said that border management is a new concept that will be developed and highlighted day to day according to development of different sections. Based on this study, we should recognize indicators and actors who effect on border management for achieving border management.

In crisis management, Passive defense is one of the most important strategies. Safety and Security has long been considered in the planning and management of urban settlements. The most important steps in passive defense are integrated urban management, so it means adopting a system and design mechanisms to the approach followed in managing the city. What makes today's urban system very important is guiding management system, the ability of the internal flexibility of having the ability to apply principles and rules of external passive defense and responding to the expectations of the system, using the 'the opportunities enormous for the prevention of event and in other words "crisis management" and other profiles in this regime. Looking at the current political and military paradigm in urban areas seems to be in bed with a comprehensive approach, measures should be considered passive systems defense. This study, using descriptive and analytical approach utilizes a library and documents, After explaining the principles, objectives and considerations of passive defense and passive defense approach in urban areas, urban integrated management roles (Agents effective integration of urban management in policy and decision making) has been studied in urban passive defense. Urban management and accurate implementation of the national building regulations, construction, operation buildings, structural and non-structural building performance levels (service functionality, usability endlessly, life safety, collapse threshold), the building safe areas and shelters, buildings and vital key organizations, institutions and critical infrastructure industries and services (centers of decision-making, economic, military, vital centers, telecommunications, etc.), used relentlessly and reload buildings, type of function, comfort and urban structure factor influencing immune defense is. Focus on urban management and urban passive defense will cause the formation of passive defense, passive defense of the urban phenomenon of urban integrated management approach is based upon a dynamic and mobile. Passive defense operations aimed at continuing urban infrastructure needs vital public services and to facilitate the continuation of urban governance through the passive defense plans and reduce the vulnerability of critical facilities and sensitive installations and urban.Urban management created the urban with specific functions and body structure is tailored to the cultural needs of passive defends. The analysis of urban settlements based on the role of urban management in urban development and deployment of passive defense is in four contexts of the city's urban fabric, urban form and urban land use. Texture or shape and size of the town, and how to combine the smallest ingredients of the city in the resistance against the invasion of the city and other urban disasters can be effective. In the study of the role of city form Based on passive defense is thus a form of open against military threats are less vulnerable and changing them (supplies) in order to deceive the enemy is too much; While compact forms also lack of flexibility, have high vulnerability against military threats due to the accumulation of facilities, activities and population, so that there is no possibility of the rapid depletion of places and leaving the city. On the other hand open areas provides the possibility of temporary housing and further fundraising. In the discussion of city structure, emphasis on the spatial distribution of elements, combining elements and the city’s main function that make up the city structure, have the important role in the vulnerability of the city against different events.Result and The results show that City managers in the passive defense discussion should further effort in such a way In order to reduce the fatality and property and provide a quick improvement to normal levels in the city whenever it’s necessary. Obviously, in order to be prepared ahead of time, all necessary measures should be predicted. A t the end, suggestions and strategies about passive defense operations are presented based on urban management as follow:•Legislating laws, regulations and adequate protection needed for the passive defense in closets habitations;•Population’s logical development in large cities and industrial-economic activities;•Distribution and balance in the distribution of population centers;•Rural and urban areas’ balanced development;•Cities location in the territory with the purpose of establishing small and medium cities balanced distribution;•Choosing suitable locations for establishing activity centers;•Planning Before tragedy detection to reduce disasters and damages.

Interodaction: Tensions between Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt should be known as uninterrupted affords to affect components of regional security in the Middle East. Evaluation of Middle East's transformation represents that security controversy, in this geopolitical field, significantly has increased since year 2006. Its cause should be known in identified geopolitical competitions in the region. In this condition, countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia have increased their status in the regional security and each of them tries to control new form of power, security and geopolitical policy's equation. America's security approach also focuses on the crisis progression and threats which have identity nature. This article with "content analysis method" and also "data analysis method" and relying on library resources is following to answer the article's main question with the title "what is the effect of identity topics on the nature of regional competitions?” The main hypothesis of article also emphasizes this issue that nature and identity disputes are the main axis of security's new formation in the Middle East. Different approaches have been expressed about continuing dispute reasons in the Middle East and America's risky venturous security policy in this geographical field. Although evidences represent that always America's foreign policy has been encountered security challenges in the Middle East. But quality of these challenges has changed after coming Obama to power. Obama tried to put confronting with authoritarian state's policy on the agenda. Such a process began from Egypt and Tunes. But it transferred to another field of regional countries where have a radical power's structure and benefit from resistance politics against America's geopolitical threats.Result and Since the early 2011, stability in Syria and the role of Syria stability in security-regional policies have changed to a complex issue. Syria's crisis has formed effected by social force's interaction and protection of international players. United States tried to use, the process which have been used in Libya, in Syria. In such a situation we can see signs of crisis progression in Syria. The main reason of crisis progression in Syria should be known in transnational factor's combination due to the great power's interference in Syria and also inefficiency of the internal structure for convincing and controlling social forces. America's political and security behavior in the years after cold war represent that United States tries to organize its behavioral pattern based on signs according to hegemonic system While Syria, China and Franc have totally different attitude. They prefer to focus on the international system's structure which has a balance characteristic. Most of the strategic issue's theorists of United States believe in a structure based on power balance to create a more utility security for America.

The history of ties between China and Africa goes back to over three millennia years ago. Navigation between China's coasts and east of Africa located in the Indian Ocean has been among the most important reasons for connection between these two territories. Although these ties has seen variation and fluctuation during the course of history, but after the authority of the new system in China and the independence of African countries, the ties between these two regions has mutually developed due to bilateral demands in addition to common ideological features with some other countries. China considered the African countries a significant power in the scene of international policies from the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, and in this line, it sought to improve its union and cooperation with the African countries in varying dimensions, including the economical, political and cultural ones. Therefore China tried to make these countries independent from western industrial countries as much as possible. During the 1960s, the ties of the People's Republic of China with the African countries was defined in this framework; the establishment of ideological solidarity for the enforcement of Chinese Communism, in addition to confrontation against the western colonialism. In this period, and within the atmosphere of cold war, China helped several political movements with a leftist tendency. China decided on this policy with the purpose of spreading "Maoism". As the discords between China and Russia came to light during this period, China intended to play its own role as the world's third ruler, supporting the revolutionary regimes and anti-colonialism campaigns. China followed the détente policy with the U.S.A for its own security targets during the 1970s. After China earned a stronger international prestige and status by acquiring a representative chair in the United Nations and the Security Council in 1971, it positioned Africa at the centre of its world strategy against the Soviet Union in a number of fronts. Change of doctrine by China resulted in having a shared stance against Soviet Union and its related satellite countries. Yet Cultural Revolution was a serious diplomatic obstacle for the realization of this target, making China face challenge in its external policies. But in late 1970s, China gradually replaced ideology with pragmatism as the motive of its external diplomacy. This issue changed the nature of China's relations with Africa. Still China sought of reconstructing its internal diplomacy and its relations with the west during the 1980s. This decade is known as the lost decade regarding China's African policies. This article tries to have a historical survey of the relationships, and then through the content analysis method and library study, survey the policies and targets of the People's Republic of China in Africa. It also intends to show how the strategies are formulated and also how a country's policies are executed regarding the external relations towards Africa. The incident which occurred The Tiananmen Square in 1989 and the political seclusion of China by the western countries, made Africa much more significant. And it was in this situation that China realized that it can rely on the support of African countries in critical circumstances. This juncture can be recalled as the turning point in the relations of China and Africa. Its synchronism with economical solution policies, moderation of ideological policies and the end of the cold war, made China utilize the new atmosphere through formulation of policies and strategies and therefore implement its own economical, political and cultural targets in Africa, using the votes of African countries and other southern countries for strengthening its position in the international reign. After this time, there was almost no trace of ideological rivalry and economical orientation formed China's diplomatic priority in Africa. In this relation the new policy became known under names such as flexible, distinct and active policy and prudency, trade, investment and energy turned into the task programs. For the enforcement and development of relations, FOCAC was founded in 2000 and a practically good mechanism was generated for dialogue among China and African countries. Among the achievements in the trade section alone, increase of transaction from 10 billion in 2000 up to 200 billion in 2013 can be mentioned. Result and A survey of the relation of China with the countries of the African continent shows some points; the African countries understood that China prevents colonialism in its external acts and behaviors, while they had also closely observed the outcomes of ingenious integration of socialism and Chinese capitalism, as a result they developed trust in China's external policies, particularly within the international political economy which is indeed amazing. From the African perspective, relations with China are multi-dimensional. The African governments have favored and welcomed China's participation and partnership because of growth in trade, investment and financial support, in addition to helping them pay for their debts which have paved the way for the African elites to earn opportunities and economical benefits. China has placed Africa at the heart of attention in the world which is respectively useful for the development of Africa. Also, China's financial support is a suitable unconditional alternative for the financial support of the western countries and the international organizations. Africa is significant and important for China for the following reasons; political utilization from Africa in these aspects; international recognition and membership in the United Nations, rise of international prestige and validity, reduction of pressures on China about human rights, energy protection and cheap access to oil and mineral resources, finding an appropriate position in the world economy, geostrategic competition with the west, a developing and cheap market for Chinese products, sending work labor to the African continent, guarantee of constant economical growth, restraining the U.S.A from limiting China to mention some of the points.

Iran’s Geopolitics Position has discussed by various Theories. In addition, policymakers in many countries, especially in great powers, have considered that position for articulating their policies and decisions. This article explores position and situation of Iran in Geopolitical world, with focus on energy domain. We use imagination and representation applied in discourse analysis. We use metaphor language for understanding Iran’s position within scientific texts, policymakers’ doctrines and geopolitics theories. In fact, metaphor is a concept that is used to understand unfamiliar phenomena. Metaphors could improve science via increasing knowledge about similarity between phenomena thought different before. Metaphors not only increase understanding from phenomena and players, but also can contribute to construct them. Therefore, they are parts of incurring interaction between us and outside realities. By seeking various texts, it is possible to summarize metaphors used for explaining Iran's position into three sentences: Iran is a unique and exceptional, Iran is central country in the world/region/Islamic world, and Iran is a bridge country. Some authors call Iran as a unique country compared with other countries, because Iran has an exceptional situation. For example, not only Iran is a continental, but also maritime and passageway country. Although this situation is conformed to external reality, it not excludes only Iran, but there are other countries those possess that quality. Some people nominate Iran as a part of world heartland, center of world, center of Islamic civilization, an axis of Shiite crescent, or member of axis of evil. If we regard carriers of above discourses, it clears often there are types of Iran phobia articulated within. In addition, it is said that Iran is a bridge country. Iran's situation within Silk Road, north-south corridor and Victory Bridge are indicatives. Last metaphor was used during World War II by allied states. Although bridge country is an important to move goods, troops, or strategic manufactures but only has temporal function. For this reason, winners of World War II did not open Iran's hands and Iran became a part of U.S. containment strategy against Soviet Union during the cold war. Of course, there are applied metaphors to describe position of Iran in energy field. Some strategists define Iran as a center of energy eclipse that extends from Caspian Sea region to the Middle East. Energy eclipse contains countries with huge energy resources and Iran has special position within these countries. Furthermore, Iran is a crossroad that attaches energy suppliers to consumer countries. Therefore, Iran has most significant role for the world energy security. Besides metaphors mentioned, there is another concept that used in recent years. Few authors say that Iran is an energy hub. If we scrutinize this concept, we find that energy hub is a place that not only could help to transport energy physically but facilitate finance exchanges in that market. Therefore, energy hub can create spot markets; operate reserve infrastructures and LNG facilities and so on. Although Iran has capacities but it needs long time, investments and policy developments for achieving this position.Result and Metaphors arent nonsense word. They increasingly become more important within geopolitics literature. In fact, any metaphor, that used to describe Iran's geopolitics position, has different implications for Iran itself and other countries and if we look at history, Iran enjoyed little those nominations, because major metaphors rooted in west discourses and interests. Within energy field, Iran could become energy hub but it needs many conditions and tools to retain this goal.

Public diplomacy is in fact a government attempts to take the chance to realize its diplomatic goals, doing so, tourism –with 1.4 billion tourists estimated for 2014-is the most effective phenomenon can make the way for developing of public diplomacy. Tourism Industry is fully dependant on the government policies and is of great influence on in political and economic development as well as making peace. Enjoy great potential, Iran tourism can be of concern to the public diplomacy of the country-although it has not been successful as expected-.This analytic-descriptive survey has been conducted with library and documentary method. The main focus of this survey is on reviewing the role of Tourism in developing public policy of the country. Developing tourism Industry and consequently public diplomacy two groups of measure are offered at both domestic and international level, amongst the all, special concern for tourism diplomacy as appositive and humane one is in center of attention. This is a fundamental and analytic-descriptive research and making an enquiry from the experts and referring to the documents it has been analyzing the current status and offers the ideal one. Toward this end, a survey on the principles and analyzing them with the status and impact of tourism on public diplomacy approach has been conducted. Developing tourism industry like any other industries is closely dependant on the government policies; therefore, making tourism diplomacy can greatly impact on its development and flourishing. Providing for proper infrastructure and increasing security and ideal situation in different aspects, tourism can directly affect on economy, policy, culture and society. Considering the relationship between tourism and political issues and tourism role in political development as well as political decision making process effect on development or hindering tourism development, role of the government, private section, public sections and organizations and their interconnections with tourism is of great influence on tourism diplomacy.The most important forms of diplomacy are: Traditional Diplomacy, Nongovernmental Organizations Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Corporate Diplomacy, Business Diplomacy, Commercial Diplomacy, Cyber Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy.Realizing diplomatic objectives, along with the present and threaten to punishment, satisfaction is its most important mean and achievement. Some experts introduced two different patterns for Public Diplomacy: 1. State based hierarchical pattern: it has emphasized on Public Diplomacy within the traditional framework of intergovernmental relations. 2. Network Model Diplomacy in which the people actively take part in giving and receiving messages. Furthermore, Grunting and Hunt also have offered a four pattern classification with two main variables of the direction and goal of communication: The press/Advertising, public Information, Bilateral asymmetric and Bilateral symmetric.On the other hand, tourism that has been defined in terms the activities of a traveler to accommodate in lodging out of his own place of living at least for 24 hours and upmost for less than a full year for taking a vacation or entertainment and so on not to remunerate or to get a job in destination. These activities are worthwhile in different dimensions such as hidden export, economic flourishing,, reasonable wage, salary and job perks, flexibility and flourishing, increasing of income and making security.In all countries specially developed countries, tourism is considered an efficient mean in adoption of public policies. Three main roles of tourism are as follows: Regulatory role-codification of the framework for development and management of tourism, preservation of nature and culture as well as private section participation, normative role that is connected to expanding tourism related knowledge and skills and cognitive role that includes changing the community point of view toward tourism. Normally the government intervention in tourism is carried out at three different levels: international, national and local.Tourism development makes the way to realize a series of political objectives including: relieve the tension, misunderstanding in relations among nations, making secured and safe ambience for tourists, making peace and a unified language for discussion (diplomacy).Iran due to its great economic, cultural, military, geographical and in just one word geopolitical potentials is considered as one the region and world important countries. Besides all these the great potent in tourism has not been so successful in development of tourism and its side benefits.In Humane geopolitics, philosophy of government is people and citizens. The citizens are not the philosophy of the government. From this point of view, it is possible to consider tourism Diplomacy as humane geopolitics manifest as in this kind of Diplomacy tourist transfer the messages among nations to make the way for development, making job opportunities, making money and peace. Furthermore, tourism can lead different parts of the world toward integrity, making use of positive Diplomacy of convergent forces. Tourism can take the most out of the world common sense and wisdom to realize its goals benefiting cooperation, collaboration, stability and peace of the region.The subject that is of great importance in Tourism Diplomacy, is to pave the way for fund raising as the first step in tourism development, advertising and marketing based on scientific principles and well-planned programs, considering positive role of tourism in peace making, creating job opportunities, increasing income and poverty alleviation and dealing with unemployment problems in the society. it also emphasizes on the tourism role in signing bilateral and multilateral contracts, protocols and concords.Result and Iran enjoys vast land, climatic variety and different ecosystems, tribal variation, rich culture and a great number of rural and urban attractions, having all these together, Iran is like a vast continent. Although our country enjoys great potentials, it is not quite familiar even to our own compatriots. The industry still has problems to make profit and penetrate into international market and play a key role in country economy, considering the fact that the tourism round the world is an activity with great economic importance with a lot of short and long term plans. Booming tourism industry in Iran requires two groups of measures to be carried out at domestic and outbound level. Domestic planning is the basis for outbound tourism and guarantees its success. Toward this end, tourism as an industry should be given great value and importance and change to the underlying basis for diplomacy, and consider Diplomacy as an effective strategy for tourism. Tourism can create job opportunities, alleviate the poverty, and raise the fund and finally increasing of foreign and domestic capitals. Realizing this requires revision of codification system, offering standard amenities and facilities extensive promotion as well as changing of governors’ outlook to tourism as a golden opportunity not a threat.Finally Tourism Diplomacy is appositive and stimulus of transferring messages among nations and is a manifest of humane geopolitics. It can be a great help to the country diplomacy system and can offer appositive and developed picture of Iran to the world as well it can make positive interactions among governments. Tourism also impacts greatly on absorbing tourism and raise funding in different sections of economy.

Islamic republic of Iran’s citizens surrender the destiny and management of country to their intended people by presenting at elections more than three decades. This study is following spatial-political point view by investigating how people attend in elections in the territory to show that how had been spatial pattern of people’s participation in resent election. This study predisposes spatial pattern of countries’ residents about each candidate who was in the election. This study has been done by using data given by ministry of interior’s election campaign about presidential eleventh election in cities scale. The goal of this study is expressing regional differences in gaining presidential election’s votes using spatial statics. Then by using geographical information system has predisposed evaluating votes’ spatial focus of each of them after expressing geographical distribution of presidential candidates’ votes. Organizing countries’ affairs is by institutions where have authority in geographical area. Surrendering authority to the governments is done in the form of election by people. According to elections’ importance in countries’ political vita process different studies about political geography of elections and political participation have been done in different countries and also in Iran. These studies mainly with the approach of looking at foretime or foreseeing based on attributive studies’ approaches retrospective, survey and polls was following to check out the relation between social, economic and ethnic place and its effect on participation rate and choosing election candidates; and the goal of most of the studies also has been recognition the rules and patterns governing public opinion in electing a person or political factions. Result and Results show that participation pattern is not the same in the country and provinces with a high development have a less participation and deprived provinces have had the most participation. Spatial pattern of votes is expressing an intensive focus of votes in North West, south east and the south of country. Prophesier Rezaei’s votes in east and south east of country and Prophesier Ghalibaf in Khorasan Razavi completely conform to urban birth’s inquiry.