مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 20 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Perhaps the orientalists who studied the history of Iran, didn't comprehend the cultural context of Iran exactly. Today, we have to review our history by cultural discourse and recognize it by cultural criticism. In Achaemenid history, one of the debates is how Darius obtained the power. Was there really a man named Gaumāta who rebelled or it was just a story made by Darius?In this article, I try to review this event by cultural criticism.

Our understanding of the beauty has cultural roots. Culture and cultural representations define the beauty criteria for us throughout history. An important part of the perception of beauty, that is, the perception of meaning, and symbols, which is of particular importance in aesthetics, also characterizes the characteristics and how people relate to artificial arts. Synthetic arts are an integral part of cultural heritage, and in the aesthetic study of the cultural heritage in the arts, people always form one side of the relationship. The main question here is how do people evaluate art as a beauty or how art is beautiful? What are the variables affecting the aesthetics of aesthetics from the viewpoint of the audience? Synthetic arts are an integral part of everyday life and shape life and the individual and social environment. The concept of pleasure from beauty in the traditional man came from the way of the use and application of artificial arts in life, and we can not compare this pleasure with the pleasure of the new art. New artworks produced along the lines of the old traditional art are reminiscent of a sense of pleasure from the existence of the temporal and spatial memory of the past. But in many cases, these reminders need to be scrutinized due to the discontinuation of repetition and continuity. In this research, we have tried to focus on common cultural criteria for touching and understanding the beauty of Iranian artistic arts, and this goal is achievable in terms of the definition of the culture and functions of the aesthetics of the synthetic arts.

Since ancient times, Khorasan has been the focus of human activities and one of the most important Iranian population centers and prone to social changes. Demographic changes are seen as tangible changes in the history of this region. Due to the geographical location (border region) and more economic facilities than foreign neighbors, this region has played an important role in the process of foreign migration of Iran and the migration of the ethnic groups of neighboring countries to Iran. During the First Pahlavi Period, a large number of Khorasan residents Immigrated to Afghanistan. This article explains the cause of this. The results of the research indicate that, the forced migration of Iranian border residents to Afghanistan and the settlement of a group of Khavari’s peoples, due to the social conditions of the region (ethnic and cultural differences with the Afghan borderline and the refusal of the social reforms of the Iranian government), the geographical and natural conditions of the region (shortage of rain, famine) and the economic difficulties led to the increase in emigration in Khorasan borders. This research has been carried out by studying historical documents, including diplomatic documents of the first Pahlavi period, in the form of library and archives.

During the Arsacids Empire The Arsacids of Armenia because of the relative causal And relationship with the Iranian rulers had always been an ally of Iran against Rome; But With the fall of the Arsacids and ascendency of the Sassanids in Iran, began a new chapter in the relations of Armenia with Iran and Rome. Unlike the period before the Arsacids of Armenia has always been at the forefront in the struggle between Iran and Rome were counter the influence of the Roman Empire, this time with the fall of the Arsacids in Iran and the rise of the Sassanid dynasty, the Arsacids of Armenia were in alliance with the enemies of the Sassanids. In the meantime, the Sassanids also followed a tense policy towards Armenia in the face of the Roman Empire and took the lead in the successive wars of Ardashir and his successor, Shapur with the Roman Empire over Armenia was, in the end, success Shapur in Armenia was under colonize. So that the middle of the third century AD, Armenia became the headquarters of the Sassanid forces were at war with Rome. The Arsacids kings of Armenia in this period to stay against the Sassanids damage, defected to the Roman Empire And from Rome on some parts of Western Armenia remained under Roman rule, as puppet kings ruled Rome. Parthian influence in Armenia so far was that Narseh after the defeat of the emperor of the Roman Empire at the end of the third century, Calling for acceptance and going back Tiridates, the Parthian prince before the Sassanid forces of the Roman Empire had taken refuge.

With the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and the arrival of Islam in Iran and the establishment of Islamic Caliphate by Umavyian and Abassian (Umavyid and Abassid) as well as the attempts of the Iranian semi-independent governments such as Taherian and Safarian for forming administrative structures imitated of Abassi’s Caliphate which were, in turn, borrowed from Sassanian’s administrative system, Samanian (Samanid) were the first Iranian government that took the basic steps for reviving the administrative structures of Sassanian. The main issue in this study is that to what extent the Sassanian’s administrative structures have been effective in the formation of the administrative system of Samanian. Similarly, in the present study it is attempted that, by use of the descriptive-analytical method, Samanian’s policy in line with taking a model from the important organizations and court structures of Sassanian has been explained and discussed. The results of the study revealed that the administrative structures of Samanian particularly the offices (organizations) of ministry, corps, post, taxes, water, (letter) writing and port were affected by Sassanian’s administrative structures regarding the positions, titles and ideas of the royal system. And, in turn, Samanian’s officialdom has taken an important role in sustaining the administrative structures of Sassanian and transferring these structures to the following governments in the Middle Ages of Iran.

One of the most significant features of Iranian society is immigrating of Iranian tribes to nearby and also to distant lands which, in different historical eras, has proved quite helpful in spreading great cultural achievements to overseas. Immigrating of Baloch people to Zanzibar, a Tanzanian archipelago off the coast of East Africa, and the critical role it plays in establishment of a Baloch community in some parts of countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and democratic Congo, have created friendly relationships among these differing communities without causing any biased discrimination against the Muslim inhabitants of these countries. This has led to remarkable consequences which will be discussed in this article. In fact, the writer will not only discuss about the reasons why such immigration happened and how those Baloch people from Iran (and Oman) have established a community in Zanzibar, but also he will trace the Baloch people’s general conditions in this island since more than 350 years ago up to the present time. In addition, the article will investigate into their role in distribution of different aspects of Iran’s civilization and culture in Zanzibar based on current documents.

Publications in the modern history are one of the most effective informing devices. In the Qajar dynasty and after sending a numbers of Iranians to Europe, contemporary with Fath Ali Shah kingship, for acquiring sciences and techniques, one of them named Mirza Saleh, by purchasing print machinery and learning its application technique, with the aid of a French engineer, started the first newspaper named Kaghaz Akhbar in Mohammad Shah period. Amir Kabir stepped into the second stage in Naser Edin Shah reign by printing Vaghaye Etefaghieh newspaper. Although these actions were valuable and appreciable, they didn’t meet the expections of vigilant and compassionate group of the society for the ongoing goals. Because of severe oppression of Qajar dynasty, a group of Iranian scientists went to foreign countries and published some publications in London, Istanbul, Calcutta, Cairo and other parts of the world and did their duty towards their country and making it free from oppression and ignorance and retardation. One of these publications was Akhtar newspaper which has received Iran history researchers’ attention from different dimensions. Akhtar could be evaluated scientifically and one could obtain valuable results. In the present article we have studied the scientific development and progress and retardation from Akhtar newspaper point of view. Akhtar has followed this aim from its first numbers as its permanent apprehension and with innovative and effective methods.

The Alevis' power in northern Iran was caused by the political, intellectual, and military developments of the western regions of Tabarestan, Gilan and Deilman against the Abbasids. Due to the use of natural conditions, not only against the Muslim Arabs, but also against the central governments of Iran, they were able to remain stable. However, it was difficult to resist against them since the Hijri Shahid era due to the use of the Abbasid from the Iranian tribes to reach the conquered regions of Gilan and Deylaman. For the people of Western Tabarstans and Gilan, they advocated the Abbasid claimants, especially the Alevis, to demonstrate their opposition to the Abbasids with a systematic and military motive. The local government of this system, by inviting the Alevis to act as a means to oppose the Abbasids Were used. According to the findings of the research, it can be deduced that, contrary to the research that found the establishment of the Alawite government on the ground as a result of the efforts of Hassanbzazid, the interests of the people of Gil, Dilam and Western countries caused the formation of the Alevis in this system. However, this action of the old tribesmen ultimately ended in favor of the Alawites, but later the Islamic dynasties of Islamic glaze came from within the Alevis. In the present study, with reference to historical sources and data, the interaction of Gil and Deylam with the Alevis dynasties, the role of cultural, military and political indicators that have been effective in the relations between the Alawites and Dilmians has been analyzed and evaluated.

The main branch of the Silk Road, of which Constantinople and Chang-an were the two ends, had many secondary intersecting and parallel branches that have stayed in ignorance so far. At the threshold of entrance to Transoxania, in Amul, the Great route of Khorasan had been divided to two separate branches, Jungharia road and Wakhan Road. Jungharia road would enter China through Soghd and Farghana Valley, but Wakhan Road kept its way along Oxus length up to river’s springhead in Wakhan Valley and this spot was the entrance of China for that road. This survey aims at studying Wakhan Road's geography and trade. The Inquiry organized on Islamic historic and geographic books between the third up to eighth centuries, itineraries of foreign travelers like Hieun Tseang and Marco Polo and contemporary archeological findings. Wakhan road not only covered trade in Marv quarter, Balkh quarter, Chaghanian and Ghobadian regions, Khottalan region, Badakhshan region and Wakhan region but also created a vast commercial web through all its length, from Amul to Khotan.

One sign of ignorance of the Arabic peninsula has been girls buried alive, the subject that its existence is considered, specified and criticized by the Holy Qoran.One of the issues associated with this phenomenon is the vogue among the Arabs.About the prevalence of girls buried alive by ignorant Arabs there have been different opinions: 1.Allocation of this issue to a tribe or people of a tribe. 2 Prevalence of this issue among similar tribes.3. This is common among some tribes.The other thing is allocation of this issue to men or ordinary among parents.This paper will attempt to address these two issues .