مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 18 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

The present study tries to investigate the process of historical boundary dissentions between Iran and Ottomans as well as Iran and Iraq from Qajar dynasty period to the beginning of Iraqi eight- year imposed war on Iran. Contemporary with Qajar dynasty, the Poshtkouh Vali clan ruled Ilam province in Iran. They authoritatively defended Poshtkooh territory (Ilam province) against the Ottomans' aggressions. Some of them commandingly controlled the waters of these two rivers. With the onset of Pahlavi regime in Iran and formation of a new government in Iraq after the overthrow of Ottomans Empire, Iran and Iraq disputes over the rivers entered a new stage, and it continued to the beginning of the imposed war on Iran. This research with analytical – descriptive method tries to provide the response to this question: what is the role of rivers of Gangir and Konjan cham in Iran and Iraq boundary relations. This article is aiming to shed lights on the matters of dissensions over the issue between the two countries. It also attempts to discuss and analyze the problem as much as possible. The study comes to the conclusion that unlimited and indeterminate use of the amount of water by Iraqi borderers inhabiting Ilam province border mentioned in boundary assigning protocol in 1914, the severe need of Iraqi borderers to the waters of the two rivers, aggressive behavior of Iraqi rulers in the past years in order to get more concessions in Iran's border, can be considered the main influential factors and reasons for disputes and dissensions between Iran and Iraq. Nevertheless, the role of borderline rivers in conflicts between the two countries is the matter of investigation in this article. Keywords

The Iranian geographer Abū ʻAbd-Allāh Ahmad b. Moḥammad b. Esḥāq b. Ebrāhīm Hamadānī, Ebn al-Faqīh Hamadānī, (ca 250-330 Hegira) described two inscriptions in Alvand Mount in Hamadān in his precious book “Aḵbār al-boldān”, probably written about 290 Hegira. He presented the translation of this inscriptions in his book, but his translation has no resemblance with the texts of the inscriptions of Darius the Great and Xerxes in Alvand Mount and obviously it is a reflection of the contents of the inscriptions of Darius the Great in Bīsotūn Mount and of the Tomb-Inscription of Darius in Naghsh-i Rustam. This study aims at answering these questions: why did the Hamadānīan people, still in third century of Hegira, among all the Achaemenid inscriptions just remember the reflection of the inscriptions of Bīsotūn and the Tomb-Inscription of Darius in Naghsh-i Rustam? And therefore why did Ebn al-Faqīh who talked to the native people, present a reflection of Darius the Great’s inscriptions of Bīsotūn and Naghsh-i Rustam as the translation of the inscriptions of Alvand Mount?

In addition to the Shahi road as the main route between Bushehr and Shiraz, there was another sub-route known as Jareh which was an emergency rout that connect these two cities to each other. After constitutional revolution, structural evolution in ruling system, and lack of enforcement authority of the central government, led to increasing insecurity in Shahi road, the second commuter route of Iran. Therefore Iran government faced with recurrent objections of British which had been affected by these insecurities. For as much as both routes, Shahi road and Jareh road passing from the domain of Qashqaiee nomads, and Solatodoleh powerful Qashqaiee chief had the ability to provide security in both directions so the finger of scorn about insecurity pointed at Solatodoleh and his tribe. Against these suspicions, Solatodoleh tried to open Jareh road. This action leads to the question of ʺwhy Solatodoleh despite his power to provide security in Shahi road, opened Jareh for traffic of caravansˮ. By looking at conditions of Fars and local competitions in this state, it seems that the reason of this decision can be related to change in balance of power against Solatodoleh during the post constitutional events.

The main features of the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah was the multiplicity of intelligence agencies and supervisory authorities. That was because of his concerns about the incidence of domestic oppositions. One of these agencies was the Imperial Inspection Agency, as an intelligence-security organization, established in the late 1330s due to interior circumstances of the country in the years after the coup of Mordad 28th, 1332 SH. The life of this small organization is divided into two distinct periods; the first was under the supervision of Lieutenant General Yazdan-Panah and the second was under the supervision of Fardoust. Lieutenant General Yazdan-Panah was one of the statesmen of the Pahlavi era, who made a lot of efforts to stabilize and perpetuate the regime. During the five decades of life of this dynasty, he was always responsible for important jobs and positions. The task of the Imperial Inspection Angency, in the first period of its activities, i.e. under the supervision of Yazdan-Panah, was gaining information concerning interior circumstances of the country, dealing with troubles such as administrative corruption and officials’ sabotages, monitoring the activities of other security agencies. This paper, through a historical analysis and based on documentaries and library references, studies performance of the Imperial Inspection Agency (e.g. its proceedings and scope of activity) and its consequences in the first period.

In this study, through reviewing of marriage contracts (matrimony contracts) and investigating its component the basic data and information obtain to recognize the history of Qajar era. Therefore the investigation of each sheet of marriage document regarding its historical importance has a special position in historic studies of the era, for example, Qajar era. The study is important in some respect. First that the study of marriage contracts what benefits and effects have on recognizing the history if this period and how enriches the historic knowledge in this regard on the other hand, this investigation reveals that the history of Qajar era can be studied by investigating marriage contracts in different respects including social, religious, economic etc. By the investigation made in this area، the authors attempt to provide how finding depending on documents and marriage contracts and regulations related to them. Considering the subject nature, the research method in this study is descriptive- analytic, this is، the researchers first try to describe and explain the subject and finally analyze and explain the historic dimentions and angles extracted from Qajar marriage contracts. It is obvious that the information collecting method in this study is mainly based on library and documents.

In the research of historical evolutions continually has been asserted to the role of groups such as politicians, the military and clergymen; nevertheless, there were groups such as artists and craftsmen in the different periods like Timurids era that they played an important role in shaping of these evolutions. Growth and inclusion of art and craft and efficiency of artists and craftsmen in various areas led to the different status for this group than in other periods. On the one hand, the activity and attention to art and craft among various classes (those with the highest levels or slave origin) prevented from establishing of artists and craftsmen in definite social order. On the other hand, the presence and contribution of artists and craftsmen of different nationalities in artistic and industrial activities, their different social origins, their different levels of welfare and livelihood, different attitudes and moral beliefs, their scientific and technological capabilities, interaction with upper and lower classes of society and their reputations among people led to raising the status of this population in the community. The present study aimed to represent different aspects of individual and social life of Timurid artists and craftsmen. The result of this study is important in recognizing status of these groups and studying social history. In this regard, this article based on analytic – descriptive method and historical, social and artistic documents.

It is possible to generally evaluate of the role of the Qizilbashss in the final establishment of Saffavids Dynasty from 3 perspectives; the first phase includes the formation of their relation to the Saffavids practice. In the second phase, with the continuance and spread of their relations to the Saffavids Sheikhs, they based an organized relationship toward obtaining the goals of the Saffavids. And the last phase accounts for their practical activities to empower the Saffavids Sheikhs. Hence, before the establishment of the Saffavids government, they exerted convergent relationships together with any form of assistance and cooperation with the Saffavids and changed the mystical practice to a successful socio-political movement. With the formation of these relationships, the Turkmen groups, later known as Qizilbashss assisted and accompanied the Saffavids institutions in any manner, so after passing through different phases, they finally succeeded. After the establishment of the Saffavids government, there was the potential ground for their convergence to the government structure until the Chaldoran battle. But from the last days of Shah Esmaiel’s rule the grounds for their convergence and disconnection from the government were formed. In order to study this shift in approach, it is required that the up and downs within the Saffavids government be evaluated from an explanatory and analytic perspective. It is possible to study these changes on two general axes; on the first axis, mentioning the effective role that Qizilbashss played in establishing the Saffavids government, their progressive presence and influence in different layers of the government are analyzed. In fact, their prominent position in the government resulted in interfering and experiencing in various grounds. This led to the “admissive and expulsive reaction” of the government to abate their position. The second axis implies the temporal conditions and requirements which according to three variants – the political-official requirements, foreign policies and relations, religious issues – led to a change in their position in the government. It was because of these factors that the prominent position of the Qizilbashss were changed and weakened by the government, whether in a tangible and purposeful or in an intangible manner.

After having granted the south oil concession to William Knox Darcy in 1901 that was led to establish the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), it began to hire Iranian workers to meet its manual labors at the oil-field areas. By gradually arriving labors to Khuzestan province from other parts of Iran and also by developing oil plants, the workers with their serious claims faced the APOC with a major challenge. By settling a large number of laborers in the oil-field areas and wrestling with difficult economic and subsistence situation Finally, organize them and strikes led to a serious confrontation also followed Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Workers demanding higher wages, housing and health facilities, but what seemed to be a priority for the company, saving and efficiency of the oil operations. The study According to the documents of the period and short-pass study on the state of labor Anglo-Iranian Oil Company to evaluate the performance of the company in response to labor's demands.

Family Nobakht One of the families Knowledge friend Khuzestan who were in the first Abbasid era great efforts In way revival of ancient Iranian culture And link ideas Iranians with ideas Shiite demonstrated. Although Islam came to Iran the social classes, As they in the past, in the fall, But some of dynasties, such as family scholar Nobakhti, With the hiring of Office Contact and bureaucratic, while the former maintain their position; Protecting and promoting the most authentic customs and traditions of their ancestors were among the Muslims. Nobakhti family apart from a translation of the books of the Pahlavi Iranian culture of the Islamic world were involved in the transfer, Like other Iranian teachers Abbasid Era Being on such issues as the heavenly kingship and hereditary kingdom in family, And the the question of Eizadi splendor, the thought of Iranian and Shiite thought and matching link noticeable created. The present article followed develop and analyze the citing sources above.