Dental Research Journal
Volume:14 Issue: 2, May 2017

The purpose of this review is to have an overview of the applications of the autologous fibrin glue as a bone graft substitute in maxillofacial injuries and defects. A search was conducted using the databases, MEDLINE or PubMed and Google Scholar for articles from 1985- 2016. The criteria were “Auto graft”, “Fibrin tissue adhesive”, “Tissue engineering”, “Maxillofacial injury”, and “Regenerative medicine”. Bone tissue engineering is a new promising approach for bone defect reconstruction. In this technique, cells are combined with three-dimensional scaffolds to provide a tissue-like structure to replace lost parts of the tissue. Fibrin as a natural scaffold, because of its biocompatibility and biodegradability, and the initial stability of the grafted stem cells is introduced as an excellent scaffold for tissue engineering. It promotes cell migration, proliferation, and matrix making via acceleration in angiogenesis. Growth factors in fibrin glue can stimulate and promote tissue repair. Autologous fibrin scaffolds are excellent candidates for tissue engineering so that they can be produced in faster, cheaper and larger quantities. Additionally, they are easy to use and probable of viral or prion transmission is largely decreased. Therefore, autologous fibrin glue appears to be promising scaffold in regenerative maxillofacial surgery.

Intraoral ancient schwannoma is a rare type of oral schwannoma, which is encapsulated and well demarcated from the surrounding tissues. Ancient schwannomasare associated with conventional features of neurilemmoma; however, they are distinguished from other types of schwannoma due to factors such as the long history, cellular architecture showing hypocellularity, and hyalinized matrices.This systematic review was performed through searching in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using related keywords (intraoral, oral, ancient, schwannoma, and neurilemmoma). Eventually, 26 case reports were systematically reviewed by the researchers. Required data were extracted by one researcher, and all the selected articles were reviewed in full text after screening. This systematic review aimed to determine the most significant influential factors in intraoral ancient schwannoma and evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this regard.

Following loss of teeth, atrophy of alveolar ridge of the jaws is a substantial problem and unintended outcome that compels clinicians to perform bone reconstruction ahead of implant placement. Although autogenous bone is recommended as the gold standard in bone reconstruction, aninvasive second surgery harvestinga limited volume of bone (from intraoral source) has led a significant approachingthe use of synthetic bone substitute materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histologic and histomorphometric properties of porous titanium granules (Natix®) used in horizontal reconstruction of alveolar ridge before implant placement.
In the present quasi-experimental clinical trial, four patients (three females and one male) needed horizontal bone augmentation on ten areas of edentulous mandibular ridge before implant treatment. During surgery, the buccal aspect of edentulous ridge was augmented by NatixÒ, covered by resorbable membrane (CytoplastÒ). After 8 months, 10 core biopsies were obtained.
In histological study, no foreign body reaction at the site of the newly formed bone or around the biomaterial residue was observed. Newly formed bone was fully vital with large lacunae containing osteocytes. In 60% of cases, connective tissue was observed at the biomaterial – new bone interface. In histomorphometric study, mean percentage of bone formation was 40.56% ± 19.83% and mean bone trabecular thickness was 39.98 ± 17.54 µ.
Despite acceptable histological and histomorphometric bone formation findings, in clinical terms, no increase was created in the horizontal dimension. Thus, it seems that application of this biomaterial in horizontal reconstruction of alveolar ridges with noncontained defects is inappropriate.

Totalantioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels have not been reported in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients treated with a topical corticosteroid. This study evaluates TAC and MDA levels in unstimulated saliva of OLP patients. Such measurements may need to be supported by clinical observation.
Twenty patients with OLP participated in a study conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Salivary TAC and MDA were determined by biochemical analyses before and after 5-week triamcinolone acetonide (0.2%) mouthrinse treatment. Subjective symptoms as well as lesion status pre- and post-treatment were measured using visual analog scale (VAS) and clinical scoring system, respectively. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for the evaluation of MDA and TAC parameters, VASs, and rates of clinical scores. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine the relationship between different variables.
A statistically significant increase in salivary TAC was found after treatment. There was no significant difference in the reduction of salivary MDA levels in OLP patients after treatment.
Posttreatment analyses revealed a significant degree of recovery and pain relief of OLP lesions. Hence, triamcinolonmouthrinse by reducing oxidative stress is an appropriate treatment in OLP patients.

In dental histology, the assimilation of histological features of different dental hard and soft tissues is done by conventional microscopy. This traditional method of learning prevents the students from screening the entire slide and change of magnification. To address these drawbacks, modification in conventional microscopy has evolved and become motivation for changing the learning tool. Virtual microscopy is the technique in which there is complete digitization of the microscopic glass slide, which can be analyzed on a computer. This research is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined virtual and conventional microscopies on student learning in dental histology.
A cohort of 105 students were included and randomized into three groups: A, B, and C. Group A students studied the microscopic features of oral histologic lesions by conventional microscopy, Group B by virtual microscopy, and Group C by both conventional and virtual microscopies. The students’ understanding of the subject was evaluated by means of a prepared questionnaire.
The effectiveness of the three methods of teachingon knowledge gains and satisfaction levels was assessed by statistical assessment of differences in mean test scores. The difference in score between Groups A, B, and C at pre- and post-test was highly significant. This enhanced understanding of the subject mightbe due to benefits of using virtual microscopy in teaching histology.
The augmentation of conventional microscopy with virtual microscopy shows enhancement of the understanding of the subject as compared to the use of conventional microscopy and virtual microscopy alone.

One of the most effective ways for distal movement of molars to treat Class II malocclusion is using extraoral force through a headgear device. The purpose of this study was the comparison of stress distribution in maxillary first molar periodontium using straight pull headgear in vertical and horizontal tubes through finite element method.
Based on the real geometry model, a basic model of the first molar and maxillary bone was obtained using three-dimensional imaging of the skull. After the geometric modeling of periodontium components through CATIA software and the definition of mechanical properties and element classification, a force of 150 g for each headgear was defined in ABAQUS software. Consequently, Von Mises and Principal stresseswere evaluated. The statistical analysis was performed using T-paired and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests.
Extension of areas with Von Mises and Principal stresses utilizing straight pull headgear with a vertical tube was not different from that of using a horizontal tube, but the numerical value of the Von Mises stress in the vertical tube is significantly reduced (P0/05).
Based on the results, when force applied to the straight pull headgear with a vertical tube, Von Mises stress are reduced significantly in comparison with the horizontal tube. Therefore, to correct the mesiolingual movement of the maxillary first molar, vertical headgear tube is recommended.

The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between salivary cotinine level and psychological dependence measured through Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) questionnaire among tobacco users.
This was a cross sectional study, conducted on tobacco users. Participants with the present habit of tobacco chewing and smoking above age of 16 were included in the study. A standard questionnaire form of FTND Revised Version for smoking and smokeless form of tobacco were given to each subject. Each participant was asked to answer the questions as per their experience of tobacco consumption and calculate the total point score or FTND score. Salivary cotinine level assessment was done by using commercial available NicAlert kit.
When salivary cotinine level was correlated with different variables of both groups, it was observed aweak correlation between salivary cotinine level and FTND scoring in smokers group (r=0.083) and also in smokeless group (r=0.081). When two groups were compared for salivary cotinine level, statistically significant difference (P=0.021) was observed with higher level of salivary cotinine in smokeless group as compared to smokers group.
Salivary cotinine and psychological dependence through FTND scoring are not strongly correlating with each other. This indicates that dependence over tobacco is a separate phenomenon and cannot be assessed by salivary cotinine level. It is well accepted that salivary cotinine level is influenced by age of individual, duration of habit and type of tobacco consumption.

Poor denture hygiene can be a potential source of systemic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of microwave radiation with that of chemical and mechanical techniques in disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with Staphylococcusaureusand Pseudomonasaeruginosa.
Seventy-two sterilized mandibular dentures were separately contaminated with S.aureus (n = 32) and P.aeruginosa(n = 32) and then incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The contaminated dentures were disinfected as follows: chemical disinfection with Corega tablets; chemical disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde; mechanical disinfection by brushing the denture; and physical disinfection by irradiating with 650-W for 3 min microwaves with six samples in each subgroup. Six dentures served as negative control group, and six contaminated dentures with no disinfection served as the positive control group. 10-3‒10-6 dilutions were cultured in the nutrient agar, with colonies counted after incubation at 37°C for 48 h. To evaluate long-term disinfection, the containers with nutrient agar and dentures were stored for 7 days at 37°C to evaluate turbidity. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-test (α = 0.05).
There was no evidence of bacterial growth at 48 h and turbidity after 7 days of incubation of dentures disinfected by microwaves, glutaraldehyde, and Corega tablets, which was statistically significant compared to the positive controls (P Microwave radiation, 2% glutaraldehyde, and Corega tablets disinfected complete dentures contaminated with S.aureusand P.aeruginosain the long and short terms.

Third molar development is the only available option for estimating the age of individuals after puberty. Since this tooth has very high interethnic variability, formulas calculated to estimate the age from its development stages cannot be generalized to other populations and should be adjusted for each region. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate this method in a sample of Tehran individuals for the first time, and also to compare the development of third molars across sexes and arches, and to estimate cutoff developmental stages for legal minor/major identification.
A total of 150 dental patients aged between 15 and 25 years old were prospectively enrolled, and their Demirjian stages were recorded. The associations between chronological age and Demirjian stages were evaluated. Dental formation was compared between sexes and jaws. Cutoff stages were determined to identify legal minor/major cases (above or below 18 years old). Age estimation formula was found for this population.
Of the 150 included patients, 56 were males. The difference between the ages of males and females at each given developmental stage was nonsignificant (P> 0.05), except for the H stage. Age difference between same stage teeth of the maxilla and mandible was nonsignificant. Each of the G and H stages was significantly above 18 years old (PDevelopment of third molar might complete after the age 22. Iranian individuals with third molars at the G and H stages are likely above 18 while those at E and F are likely below 18. Pace of molar development differs for jaws, but intergender differences are open to further investigations.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of three desensitizing dentifrices on dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) and salivary biochemical characteristics.
A randomized, parallel arm, triple‑blinded, clinical trial was conducted over a period of 12 weeks, with a total of three visits: baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Calcium sodium phosphosilicate, potassium nitrate and amine fluoride dentifrices were compared. A total of 68 subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included and randomly divided into four groups. Visual analog scale scores for controlled air stimulus were used to assess dentinal sensitivity and salivary pH and buffering capacity were recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks.
All groups showed a reduction in sensitivity scores at 6 and 12 weeks. The calcium sodium phosphosilicate group showed a higher degree of effectiveness in reducing DH than potassium nitrate, amine fluoride dentifrices, and placebo for sensitivity measures. Salivary pH of calcium sodium phosphosilicate group was more toward neutral, and the buffering capacity of the same group showed significant changes from baseline to 6 and 12 weeks compared to the other groups.
The desensitizing toothpaste containing calcium sodium phosphosilicate was found to be more effective in reducing DH and showed improvement in salivary biochemical characteristics over a period of 12 weeks compared to others.

Periodontal surgery associated with prior waxing, mock-up, and the use of digital tools to design the smile is the current trend of reverse planning in periodontal plastic surgery. The objective of this study is to report a surgical resolution of the gummy smile using a prior esthetic design with the use of digital tools. A digital smile design and mock-up were used for performing gingival recontouring surgery. The relationship between the facial and dental measures and the incisal plane with the horizontal facial plane of reference were evaluated. The relative dental height x width was measured, and the dental contour drawing was inserted. Complementary lines are drawn such as the gingival zenith, joining lines of the gingival and incisal battlements. The periodontal esthetic was improved according to the established design digital smile pattern. These results demonstrate the importance of surgical techniques and are well accepted by patients and are easy to perform for the professional. When properly planned, they provide the desired expectations. Periodontal Surgical procedures associated with the design digital smile facilitate the communication between the patient and the professional. It is, therefore, essential to demonstrate the reverse planning of the smile and periodontal parameters with approval by the patient to solve the esthetic problem