فصلنامه راهبرد فرهنگ
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1387)

It is true that in a knowledge society one way of measuring the science is to look at the amount of scientific articles produced. Yet, to achieve the status of such society, one cannot rely on a policy of merely increasing the number of articles. In a knowledge society, the production of an article is the result of realization of knowledge and its permeating the fabric of the society. Such production, then, should not be conflated as the cause or be thought of as identical to knowledge itself. The knowledge society is ruled by a form or an aspect of science and what is produced, as books and articles, is the abstract manifestation of an active science which exists in society. Planning is necessary for realization of a knowledge society. One must not, nonetheless, follow other societies while wearing blindfolds. Because educational and research planning must be suitable with a nation’s cultural and historical conditions. And, research priorities should be devised carefully to meet the needs of society. In planning science and research, it is also necessary to consider the permissive capacity of a society for absorbing science and to regard the academia’s readiness for abandoning the seclusion of scientific rehearsals.

The fall of truth in the abyss, and hegemony of the metaphor characterize our days in various fields of knowledge and subsistence (epistemology, philosophy, science, theology, spirituality, ethics, values, history, identity, politics, the law,economics, trade and transactions, industry, the art, literature, comprehension and interpretation, etc.). Tradition, modernity, and postmodernity are periods comprising the life, and historical and cultural identity of the realms and peoples of the West. Traditionalism within its vase of culture and value is meaningful and it may also prove to be useful for the Westerners who suffer spiritual poverty. Analyzing the conditions and circumstances of people residing in other parts of the world in Western historical frames, and proposing and propagating non-prophetic traditionalism and spiritualism, especially among societies that enjoy the rich and strong spirituality derived from Ali’s (peace be upon him) shiite lineage, is one of manifestations of hegemony of the metaphor over the life and historical identity of their missionaries.

In our learning centers the instructor does not perform an educational role, nor does the student play an active role in the learning of materials, whereas, the learner should study the material before attending the class. He should make himself familiar with concepts, theories, laws and principles regarding each subject and express them in the language intimate to himself. The instructor’s duty is to conduct the learners and to solve difficulties and ambiguities they encounter. Using this method, the learners will gradually be familiar with the logical manner of facing the problems, and this method strengthens their ability to follow the reason and avoid the prejudice. They also learn, in educational terms, how to contain their feelings and how to establish rational, sincere, and participatory relationships with others.

Three types of relations, or interactions, can be envisaged to exist between science and culture, based on three definitions of science. According to a positivistic definition of science, the relation between the two is an external one and neither of these two can surround the other. Based on a postmodern definition of science, internal structure of science is defined by culture, and science has a cultural identity. According to rationalist and 'revealed' definitions, science encompasses culture and is capable of critical assessment of culture in a comprehensive manner.

The present article aims to investigate the state of coauthorship in the Iranian articles published in ISI journals and its influence on their impact factor, or citation rate. Using scientometrics method and citation analysis, about 23497 Iranian articles published in ISI journal within the period of 1989 – 2005 were examined. Articles’ bibliographic data were extracted from Web of science (WoS) database. chisquare, U Mann-Whitney and -Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine hypothesis. Results show that in about 23357 articles (95/1%) the first writers were from Iran and about 20718 articles (88/2%) were co-authored. Findings also indicated that in 18291 articles (77/8%) co-author came from Iran. After Iran, a low percentage of co-authored articles came respectively from the U.K., Canada and the U.S.A. Survey results show that there is a significant relationship between existence of co-author in articles and citation they gain, and there are significant differences between citation rates (references made) to coauthored articles by the Iranians and other nationals.

Education and research in general and higher education in particular constitute important factors in creating foundations for development in every society. Thus, in the present era a growing attention must be paid to the view that considers strategic importance of universities as a necessary step to be taken in forging a logical and efficient encounter with the current challenges – including the phenomenon of globalization – and avoiding damage or isolation in the global fabric. On the other hand, one of the basic goals of higher education centers is to develop and expand of fundamental science in the realms of various sciences. Planning of any kind should be carried out considering such goal. Based on this, our main question here is that what consequences globalization has had for the Fundamental research of universities? To answer this question we start with a detailed description of concept and historical course undergone by globalization and also by explaining main assumptions of globalization and its philosophical consequences. Upon exposing some of the impacts of globalization on higher education in general, finally the influences of recent challenges exerted over fundamental academic research have been dealt with. This research for analysis of findings has used a philosophical research method known as analyticdeductive method.

The main aim of this article is to study the impact of social factors on the rate of scientific collaboration among faculty members of Kurdistan University in 2007-2008. The theoretical framework of the article comes from the area of sociology of science, especially theories expounded by Warren Hegstrom and Randal Collins. The statistical population of this survey consists of all 160 faculty members of Kurdistan University in the educational year of 2007-2008. This is a survey which has used the questionnaire for data gathering. The data were analyzed utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that faculty members with high cultural capital and emotional energy, exhibit higher rates of collaboration. There is a reverse relationshipbetween faculty members’ work experience and the rate of scientific collaboration. The variable of communications and interactions show a weak relationship with scientific collaboration. An instance of usefulness of this survey is that it provides an empirical background for drawing the attention of policymakers to the significance of suitable normative environment for the formation and enhancement of emotional energy and cultural capital among the faculty members and planning for scientific socialization.

This research aims at a meta–analysis of the researches conducted about social values and norms. Thirty nine (39) instances of research were selected and analyzed. In so doing, the research is divided in two main parts: first is assessment of the researches in terms of theoretical framework and methodology. In this assessment, various sections of research consisting of introduction (%57), the empirical and theoretical foundations of research (%54), methodology(%59), results (%58), and solutions (%22) is assessed as good from the arbitrators’ points of view. Residuals percent is assessed medium and weak. The second part consists of classification and summation of researches which is done in two manners. First, the most important variables (age, education, gender, socioeconomic position, family, religion, social control) effecting individual observance of the social values and norms were studied. Following that, implicit solutions by several researches for people observance of social values and norms were categorized on the basis of socio-cultural institutions which are being addressed (family, mass media, educational and religion institutions, economic and supportive institutions, and ruler and controller institutions).