فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1395)

According to the views of leading theorists in the field of industrial development studies, specifically those who have focused on developing countries like Rodrick, Evans, Chang and Block industrial policy making should take place in realm of "strategic network cooperation" or a kind of "embeddedness" among government and pioneer entrepreneurs. In this study, we tried to study mechanisms through which such "embeddedness" has occurred (transpired) in the rapid growth of the biopharmecutal sector in Iran. Through such processes and mechanisms, the policy needs of the private section has been swiftly transfered to policy makers in the government section. Based on a qualitative strategy, empirical data gathered through interviews with 39 influential persons in Biopharmaceutical sector. Then data has been thematically analyzed and codified, and finally, three main embeddedness mechanisms and procedures has been identified. The most important mechanism was, university researchers, take ‘consecutive’ administrative (management, executive) positions in both government and industry. In this process which we name "institutional circulation" policy needs of the private section as well as essential information and knowledge transfers easily to the policy makers in the government and put the government and industry section in a mutual learning process.

This article examines that how formatting and developing technological capabilities in the industrial organizations. The research strategy is "case study" thus we selected an industrial organizations in the field of maritime. After reviewed literature, conducted deep interviews with officials, managers, consultants and experts were associated with that organization. The literature in this area is tow defect: 1) the most models proposed for the development of technological capabilities focus on mass production, but the nature of our case study is complex products. 2) The basic assumption of these models is cooperation with developed countries, but the sanctions on dual-use products is the obstacle for this cooperation. In this paper, we studied steps in the formation and development of technological capabilities to be identified. Three steps were identified: "investment and the creation of basic infrastructure", "upgrade capability through reverse engineering with limited cooperation" and "reverse engineering for complex products with developing of design and innovation". Finally phases identified in this area compared with conventional models and the differences between them were investigated.

Cloning technology development into reproductive and therapeutic implications in recent years has evoked wide sensitivities across the international community. On one hand, advocates of this technology support it by posing issues like its capability in ameliorating biological deficiencies and curing diseases, and the critics, on the other hand, express concerns by taking moral and societal considerations into account. Developing this technology in Islamic society of Iran, as other societies, requires general understanding and social acceptance. The aim of this research, is evaluating cloning technology, in its two kinds, including reproductive and therapeutic cloning in Iran’s society. For this purpose, Davis technology acceptance model was used. Statistical society of this research includes habitants of Tehran who are 18 and more, and statistical sample, is 316 persons. Questionnaires were used as data gathering tool, and data analysis method contains descriptive statistics indexes, ANOVA test and correlation test through SPSS and smartPLS softwares. Research findings indicate that general understanding of reproductive human cloning is negative, whereas about therapeutic cloning, it is positive. Likewise, gender, is a factor affecting this technology’s acceptance, means that men are optimist about cloning technology and women are pessimist about it. This research findings can offer remarkable policy implications to science and technology policy makers of our country.

It is about 15 years since the filed of technology and innovation management is established in Iran and following that, the field of technology and innovation policy is started from a decade ago. In both levels of M.S. and Ph.D., the courses and programmes have been started focusing in universities located within Tehran, mainly in faculties of Management or Economics. The aim of this paper is to explore the social contruction of these fileds to explore the thinking and viewpoints of their active people. We defined them as the main author of the papers in three main Persian journals, i.e. science and technology policy quarterly, management of technology development and management of innovation. We developed a conceptual framework for this purpose and data gathering has been conducted through online questionares. The analysis of data reveals that there is a convergence between the local community and international community in terms of knowing the context such as prominent figures and schools, while there is large gap in areas have more to do with content and concepts.

Research centers are one of the fundamental elements of every country’s national innovation system (NIS) and play a significant role in innovative activities. However, there are few researches about the effect of such institutes on innovation systems. The present study firstly investigates the role of knowledge in Knowledge Based Economy and secondly the role of research centers in NIS and organizing innovation ecosystem. Finally a framework for existing and desirable status of such institutes has been presented. The study focus is on Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) as one of the most fundamental Research and technology organizations in Petroleum Industry of Iran. Two valid and reliable questionnaires were designed for this purpose. Answers from 109 experts in the field, were collected and then analyzed. The normality was tested using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Then, the p-value of indexes was observed using one-sample T Test. Moreover, the independent t-test indicated the p-value difference between the existing and desirable status of research institute effectiveness. Furthermore, the results show that RIPI requires focusing on three functions for achieving the favorite status: distribution of knowledge and technology, financing and innovation facilitating and policy making. In the related literature these functions are known as the main functions for innovation ecosystem formation. In this regard, planning the activities in Research Institute of Petroleum Industry in future should be performed in a way that it becomes a dynamic Innovation Ecosystem Builder in petroleum, gas and petrochemical industries.

One of the key aspects to ensure long-term competitiveness of organizations, countries or regions is the knowledge development, which the research centers play an important role. The rapid growth of demand for research and development has been tend to emergence of range of research centers. Along with the emergence of such centers, mechanisms adaptation seems to be essential to assess their performance. Several studies in the field of evaluating the different organizations performance (such as services, manufacturing, etc.) is done, but in the field of research centers performance evaluation, research is rare. Given the urgency of this matter, in this paper the performance of National Research Institute for Science Policy (NRISP) has been evaluated using EFQM framework (version 2010) in terms of its enablers (5 dimensions). The results in each dimension shows that the NRSIP in the field of "leadership" is more desirable than other areas, and in the field of "partnerships and resources" the situation is worse than other areas.