مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (امرداد و شهریور 1397)

Labyrinth weirs are considered from important hydraulic structures to regulate the water level and control flow in canals, rivers and dam reservoirs. In this research a comparison of numerical modeling with softwareFLOW-3Dwith laboratory results in the case oflabyrinth weirs has been carried out. To review and evaluate different scenarios of overflow location like changing the geometric arrangement and labyrinth weirshas been considered In terms of form and direct or reverse direction weirs discharge coefficient. Therefore, selected a labyrinth weirs model with three side angles 15 and 22.5 and 30 degrees have been selected. To calibrate the selected models according to laboratory conditions5 discharge in the range of 2.8 to 18.1 liters per second were chosen to pass them. Numerical model after calibration Simulated with laboratory results different scenarios of overflow application. Results show outputs of numerical model with experimental results good coordination. In the same vein amount of discharge coefficient in weirs form-1 and the inverse form increase of discharge coefficient with increasing the side of the weirs has been found.

The importance of shallow water flow in water engineering has led to the governing equations to be studied in various methods. Numerical techniques like finite element are one of these methods. These methods solve differential equations in simple and complex geometric cases by meshing on the computing domain. Recently, Mesh less methods that need no meshing or re-meshing on the domain are being used to solve differential equations in both simple and complex geometric cases. In this research, shallow water equations were modeled using Mesh less local Petrov- Galerk in with moving least squares approximation function. Then, the convergent in the variable velocity field problem was solved and the model error rate was calculated. it was indicated that the model has a good accuracy, so that the mean error and root mean square error were -0.0326 and 0.15627 respectively..Then, the water flow was calculated from the overflow of Siah Bishe dam and the results of the model were compared with the measured values. Which confirms the accuracy of solving the equations of shallow water using the Petrov- Galerkin method.

Drought has always been one of the major hazards in semi-arid and arid regions of the world. Drought caused a series of effects on many sectors of economics , especially natural resources. During two last decades, Iran has suffered from several severe to extreme agricultural droughts which caused significant decreases in agriculture yields. In this paper, it’s tried to estimate drought and evaluation performance of the NDVI based Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDINDVI) and the LAI based Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDILAI) using vegetation and temperature MODIS products in Northern Khorasan during three years 2003 , 2008 and 2013 (as wet, Dry and normal years respectively). The results showed that TVDILAI index has performed better than TVDINDVI index. The result of linear correlation analyzed between indices and the cumulative precipitation of the currently 16 days ,early 16 days and early 1 month, 2 month, 3 month, 5 month and 7 month showed the indices, specially TVDILAI, had a close relationship with early 2 month precipitation than the others. This is due to the delayed responses of vegetation to precipitation.

A field research was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the application of Improved Farm Practices including adjusting border size, improving soil fertility by changing the fertilizer application program, and using cleaned and disinfected seeds on water consumption and crop yield in four barley farms located in the Miandoab region. The new farm technological practices were applied in treatment farms in order to compare the results with the corresponding values obtained from the control farm, where agricultural practices were performed by the local farmer according to his own knowledge. Crop growth indices such as leaf area index, cluster and plant height during the growing season and thousand seed weight and grain yield at the harvesting time were measured. Soil water moisture content of the root zone layer during the growing season and the depths of the irrigation water and the surface runoff of each irrigation event were measured. In order to qualify the effectiveness of the new technological practices applied, the performance indices such as Water Productivity (WP), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), and Water Application Efficiency (Ea) were calculated by collecting the required field data from each one of the farms. The results indicates that the application of new farm technologies increased WP of the treatment farms as compared to the control farms about 20% and improved WUE about 24%. Adjusting the border size decreased the irrigation time and the depth of deep percolation. It furthermore, increased the Ea of treatment farms about 20%.

Consuming energy and its costs in the irrigation network of Moghan plain analysis in WaterGems Softwar was estimated for three different methods using the grouping intakes method of lands and assumed that no changing of irrigation systems and compared with the existing strategy. The height range of 210-220 meter from sea as optimize height recommended wich 77 % of area was less than that. The result showed that the application of PS2 station could be provided pressure required for irrigation form 506 ha of lands. The annually energy costs were this existing strategy with 90 Rials rate 0.87, with 1000 Rials rate 9.65 million Rials per hectare. Althogh total costs irrigation work was 350.93 and 1261.12 billion Rials. While the annually energy costs in the grouping intakes method with 90 Rials rate 0.55 and with 1000 Rials rate was equal 6.14 million Rials per hectare and its total costs were 324.21 and 895.7 billion rials. Provide PS2 station was casued to decrease at consuming energy and number of pressur relif valves respectively about 37.2% and 44% compared to the existing strategy. Applying the grouping intakes method in the design of irrigation under pressure systems will reduce the costs of energy and irrigation supplies and become more economical of agricultural products.

In this research, with a new approach based on entropy theory, the regional value of sampling wells in central aquifer of Birjand Plain and the groundwater quality in terms of drinking is studied. Regarding the formation of the plain, as well as the chromium and nitrate problems of groundwater in the region, the qualitative monitoring of nitrate and chromium amounts using entropy theory has been investigated to determine the number of wells in the aquifer to accurately monitor these two parameters. The results of the trend of chromium and nitrate in the region showed an increase in the amount of nitrate and chromium in the statistical period of 2005-2014 in most of the wells studied. The highest rate of nitrate was related to well No. Rakat 11, and on the chromium values related to the wells Nos. 4 Rakat Modares. The results of the qualitative monitoring of these two parameters showed that of 19 wells in the plain, well Nos. 3 of Rakat and 4 of Modares regarding the transmission of chromium data and wells Nos. 5 Rakat and 13 of Ali Abad in terms of transfer of nitrate information in The critical situation (the lowest rank and the weakest position) and the use of their data are not accurately describing the aquifer information. Other important results obtained in this study are the location of all wells in poor and qualitative conditions in drinking water based on weighted entropy. Based on entropy of the water quality index, 63% of the total groundwater samples were rated three and 37% ranked four in terms of water quality for drinking.

At the moment, the importance of managing the proper use of water resources due to climate change, rainfall reduction, population growth and water consumption is considered. In this regard, the design, construction, and evaluation of an easy-to-use tool for cucumber irrigation on a smartphone was designed to enhance irrigation efficiency. In this research, the design and construction of an online drop irrigation control system was performed based on obtaining information about the greenhouse cucumber product such as moisture content, ambient temperature and soil by sensors. The most important components of this system include microcontroller, wireless sensor stations, control and information processing station, wireless sensor, humidity meter, temperature sensor and ambient humidity sensor, solenoid valve and water meter. The programming language used for the microcontroller was BASIC, and for the design of electronic circuits, the PROTEUS software was used. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software. There was a significant difference between product yield and mean water consumption at 5% and 1% for both online and manual control methods, respectively. In online irrigation control system, the lifetime of greenhouse cucumber plant was 18 days longer than manual irrigation system. The results of cucumber production in online drop irrigation system were 101.23 t/ha more than manual drop irrigation system. In this system, the management of time and space and the cost of irrigation (removal of workers for irrigation) is not comparable to manual method. Therefore, the use of an online control system can be a reliable alternative to manual irrigation and the efficiency of this system is more favorable.

Prediction of the flow discharge accurately is a key point in the optimum planning and management of water resources. The Ghorghanrood watershed is one of the watersheds in the north of Iran that it is located in Gholestan Province. The impact of drought and rain on basic fluctuations and overall flow of the river plays a major role in planning of implementation of watershed resources. In this research, the KNN model and M5 decision tree were used as one of the methods of data-mining for estimating the flow discharge of Ghorghanrood River that it is located in Sarmo Station. In this regard, the raining and flow discharge data of Sarmo Station (in Mohammadabad) under five various scenarios by applying transfer functions on the data. The results showed that M5 decision tree has mostly superiority over KNN model and reaches more accurate prediction. Also, in the defined scenarios, the b and c models which respectively include all data and daily raining data, last day raining and two days before raining, result the most accurate estimation. These two scenarios are under the transfer function, the five-day moving mean and have R2 standard of 0.999 and MAE and RMSE standards of 0.001.

Deficit irrigation as a tension producing factor effects on vegetative and physiological characteristics of plants. In order to investigate the effect of the amount of irrigation water and the method of applying deficit irrigation practices on the yield, quantitative and qualitative parameters a Hayward cultivar Kiwi, experiment was made on of Hadishahr (5 kilometers from Babolsar) with 5 treatments and 3 replications during 2 growing years. The treatments under investigations were full irrigation (100% water consumption requirement), deficit irrigation (DI) at 2 levels of 60% and 70%, partial root drying irrigation (PRD) at 2 levels of 60% and 70%, respectively. Investigations of the effect of treatments was measuring quantitative and qualitative measurements of fruit samples including: volume, fruit size in different directions, fresh and dry weight, moisture content, treatable acidity and soluble solid materials in each processing stage. The amount of water consumption of irrigation treatment in full irrigation in total growing season and applying deficit irrigation were 239 and 141 mm, respectively. The water savings in deficit irrigation treatments were respect to total irrigation at the level of 70% was 15.33% and 25.26% in the whole period of irrigation and the duration of applying irrigation treatments, and 16.79% and 25.75% respectively in irrigation treatments. Based on the mean comparison between irrigation treatments in harvesting stage, the effect of treatments on fresh and dry weight, volume and Y dimensions were meaningful but not in X dimension, soluble solid materials, moisture content and dominant fruit acidity. The results indicate that applying deficit irrigation treatments not only improve fruit quality, but only is an approach for improvement of water crisis and reaching a sustainable agriculture.

Optimal use of agricultural inputs, especially water, will result in sustainable agriculture and food security. Therefore, proper management of soil moisture and the use of new methods to maintain and increase soil moisture storage capacity are important. Thus, the aim of this research was investigation the effect of irrigation management with injection superabsorbent gel and organic matter on water use efficiency and quantitative and qualitative yield of orange. The experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Miyandoroud region, Mazandaran province in 2015 and 2016. Three irrigation management including 100, 75 and 50% of plant water requirement were chosen as main plots and two superabsorbent gel injection depth including 30 and 60 cm were chosen as sub plots and four organic matter level (superabsorbent gel, vermi-compost, combined of organic matter and superabsorbent gel and control treatment were chosen as sub sub plots. The results revealed that the most fruit weight and fruit volume were obtained for 100% of water requirement irrigation management with gel injection in 30 cm of soil depth. Moreover, the maximum fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit weight was achieved for 100% of water requirement irrigation management with combined applied of organic matter and superabsorbent gel. According to findings of treatments interaction, there were observed the negative correlation between TSS percentage and fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit weight. Based on triple interaction of treatments, with decrease of water usage based on water requirement the young branch length, leaf area, pH, growth density, WUE, tree yield and yield per hectare were statistically significantly decreased that the negative impact of that at gel injection in 60 cm of soil depth and control treatment was more than other treatments. The highest WUE (16.14 kg.m-3) was obtained for 100% of water requirement irrigation management with gel injection in 30 cm of soil depth and combined applied of organic matter and superabsorbent gel. Moreover, the most tree yield was produced with 100% of water requirement irrigation management with gel injection in 30 cm of soil depth and consumption of superabsorbent gel, vermi-compost and combined applied of organic matter and superabsorbent gel. The maximum yield per hectare was achieved by 100% of water requirement irrigation management with gel injection in 30 cm of soil depth and consumption of vermi-compost and combined applied of organic matter and superabsorbent gel (44.03 and 46 ton per hectare, respectively). Therefore, combined applied of organic matter and superabsorbent gel can increase the moisture storage capacity by increasing the WUE and thus improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of orange.

Based on a 30-year available data during 1980-2010, water saving potentials consumed in the irrigated agriculture of Khuzestan province was investigated. To this end and based on FAO classification system, all agricultural and horticultural crops were divided into 8 groups of cereals, vegetables, legumes, oil crops, sugar crops, root and tubers, nuts and fruits. Then, different management scenarios were defines by combining three planting dates of on time cultivation (local date), early and late plating dates, and furrow, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, and four levels of supplying crop water demand (100, 85, 70 and 55 percent). The best scenario and cropping pattern were determined based on water use efficiency and irrigation water productivity indices, and then, the corresponding indices under the selected scenarios were considered as the benchmark levels. The highest values of water use efficiencies were obtained for sugar crops had the highest water use efficiencies due to their high crop productivity, root and fiber due to their low water requirement, and vegetables due to their low water requirement and high yield. While taking the fifth place regarding water use efficiency, cereals were the largest fresh water consumer in the province due contributing more than 70% in total irrigated harvested lands. Substituting one hectare of irrigated lands under cereals with root and tuber productions, results in an average 3.8 thousand cub meter (63%) saving in net crop water consumption. substituting surface irrigation system with drip irrigation system led to an increase in water sue efficiency in sugar crops, legumes and oil, while such substitution caused a reduction in the amount of produced crop per unit consumed water. A 15% water stress results in a negligible change in water use efficiency due to maintaining crop water requirement at the favorable rates and reducing crop yield by only 1.4-8.3%. Increasing the water stress level up to 30% result in a maximum reduction of 5.6% in crop production per net consumed water. Regardless of the irrigation systems and water stress levels, early planting will increase water use efficiency up to 20%. Hence, a mild water stress and adjusting planting date as well as prioritizing the cultivation of agricultural and horticultural crops based on their water use efficiency could be considered as favorable management scenarios for alleviating pressure on blue water resources in Khuzestan province.

Channels are considered as one of the most important system of water transporting for irrigation purposes, drinking water consumption and flood control. Hence optimizing the design of channel structures can reduce the total cost of a channel. The objective function referred to the costs of channel structures. For this end, Manning equation has been used as an equality constraint. The optimization process was applied in various scenarios for two types of compound channel. The first type of trapezoidal channels had different side slopes, roughness coefficients and the second type was the main channel with side sections having different roughness coefficients. The optimizations were performed using genetic algorithm with depth, bottom width and a side slope variable. The influence of Manning roughness coefficients variation on construction costs for the two types of channel were analyzed. It was inferred that by increasing the roughness coefficients, the cost was increased. Several models with additional restrictions of Froude number, velocity of flow and the top width for the first type of channel were investigated. The results indicated that, Restriction of velocity and Froude number caused increasing cross section area and the cost construction.

Open channels have an important role in transferring water and flood control. Of course, it imposes the high cost to water supply projects. In the present study for the first time, bat algorithm has been usedfor optimal channel design. For this purpose, five different models are considered. In the first model, trapezoidal channel and manning equation are used. The second model is such as the first model, but the trapezoidal cross-section of the channel divided into two triangular segments and one rectangular segment. In the thired one, the maximum velocity is considered as a constraint. The fourth model is such as the second model, but the permissible side slope is considered as a constraint. The fifth model resembled the first model, but Froude number is considered as a constraint. In modeling, the cost of channel construction is considered as an objective function. Optimal parameters of bat algorithm are selected by using thesensitivity analysis. The coefficient of variation of ten random runs for different models is about 0.00001 to 0.00017. The results of proposed algorithm have been compared with LINGO software solutions and several common intelligent algorithms. Based on the findings, the results of bat algorithm significantly are close to the global solutions of LINGO software. The accuracy of this algorithm is also more than the other evolutionary algorithms. According to the other results, using the bat algorithm for the different evolutionary methods hascausedto 32% decreasing in cost. Among five considered models, the second model has the lowest cost. Used second model instead the first model is lead to 47% decreasing in cost. But, adding maximum velocity, permissible side slope and Froud number constraints to the second model has caused to 65%, 39%, and 55% increase in cost. Also, the proposed algorithm converges in 100to 500 iterations.

The rapid drop of Urmia Lake water level in the past two decades has led to serious concerns about the future of this lake and the environmental, economic and social negative effects of its elimination. Mitigation of the current problem and restoration of the lake requires a comprehensive approach, which cannot be achieved without detail understanding about the causes of the current situation and the proper assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed measures. In the present study, a custom edition of the SWAT hydrological model, modified according to the conditions and processes of the Urmia Lake watershed (SWAT-LU version), has been developed to evaluate the above-mentioned issues. This paper (as the first of three papers to provide the results of the research), the approaches used in the development, calibration and validation of the model are presented. The results showed that the SWAT-LU model has appropriate capabilities to simulate the hydrological cycle in Urmia Lake watershed and the modifications that have been carried out can well explain the nature of these processes. The calibration indices of the model for about 80% of the hydrometric stations was within acceptable limits and the results of the simulation of Lake Urmia water volume was also very satisfactory. Furthermore, controlling the model outputs for other hydrological components showed the model's accuracy in their simulation. In summary, the results of these analyzes showed that the developed model simulates the components of the hydrological cycle of the Lake Urmia Lake with acceptable accuracy and is a suitable tool for analyzing and evaluating the effect of different measures on the amount of various hydrological components and their interaction.

Knowing the development of plant root area in plant growth duration we aimed to develop the culture of reducing unnecessary expenses in irrigation and, tried to irrigate the plant by as much water as needed in only root zone. So the plant growth divided to 4 monthly stages and by assuming the various root zone depth in different plant growth duration, the plant irrigated with as much water as met the plant need. Based on the results of this research in both gravity drip irrigation and gravity porous pipes irrigation methods, 100% irrigation level had the most effect on two characteristic of productivity and productivity per consumed water in treatments and, deficit irrigation wasn’t effective. Also by reducing the number of plants for each dripper, although because of duplication of number of plants per unit area productivity was increased, but the mean weight and number of corns were decreased and, among the irrigation methods, productivity of gravity drip irrigation in compare with gravity porous pipes irrigation and between amount of irrigation water, full irrigation in compare with deficit irrigation, and the number of plants for each dripper than one dripper for each plant showed more productivity.

One of the best risk management ways is agricultural insurance, but traditional agricultural insurance schemes have problems such as high execution costs and the asymmetric information challenge. Weather index insurance is a different approach for agricultural insurance. One of the most common risks of rain fed production is the risk of rainfall fluctuation. Hashtrud County has the first rank of barley performance in the province. In this research, using the lost cost function, the pricing of rainfall index insurance for barley in Hashtrud County was investigated and then using two methods of mean root square loss (MRSL) and certainty equivalent revenues (CER) The effectiveness of this type of insurance in risk management is evaluated. In this regard, data of barley yield and rainfall data collected during the years 1370-94 are used.The results of the indemnity function showed that in the years 1374-75, 1376-77, 1377-78, 1378-79, 1379-80, 1384-85, 1386-87 and 1391-92 indemnity has been paid. This is because in the years mentioned the annual rainfall was less than 300 mm. Then, using the lost- cost function and the two theoretical distribution of log-logistic and Dagum, the premium rates were calculated to be 18 percent. Finally, its effectiveness was evaluated in risk management due to rainfall variation. The results of both approaches showed that the suggested contract have been profitable for Barley, therefore, it is suggested as an appropriate strategy for risk management in Hashtrud County.

Regarding to high importance of water as an economic input in agriculture and limitation of common irrigation efficiency evaluation methods, evaluation of irrigation systems with economic indices has high priority. The general goal of this research was study of usual irrigation systems in Qazvin area in the base of economic efficiency indices. In the field of economic efficiency, there is no comprehensive research and there is an undeniable necessity for research in modern irrigation systems development in comparison with traditional irrigation systems. This study can help us in planning of modern irrigation systems development. Focus of this study was on evaluation of 42 modern irrigation systems. Among the sprinkler irrigation systems, average of benefit–cost ratio was 1.4 and this index was 2.94 for drip irrigation systems. Hence, both of these systems are beneficial in the area. Drip irrigation systems are more profitable than sprinkler irrigation systems. Average of benefit per drop for crops products such as wheat, corn, maize, barley and alfalfa were 8333.6, 4854.6, 2486, 6685.8 and 4404.5 Rial per cubic meter, respectively. Also, average of benefit per drop for products such as peach nectarine, grape, apple, pear in drip irrigation system was 34716, 34574, 14975.7, 26503 and 31945 Rial per cubic meter, respectively. Wheat and peach had highest values of benefit per drop index among the studied crops fruits. In this study, 10 sprinkler irrigation systems were evaluated technically and average values of Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), Application Efficiency of Low Quarter (AELQ) and Potential Efficiency of Low Quarter (PELQ) indices was 76.8, 64.2, 55.2 and 65.3 %, respectively. Results of 5 drip irrigation systems evaluation showed that Efficiency of Uniformity (EU), Application Efficiency of Low Quarter (AELQ) and Potential Efficiency of Low Quarter (PELQ) indices was 65.26, 51.32 and 57.8 %, respectively. Results of this research, showed that In both systems, the benefit–cost ratio increases by increasing the field area. Also, there is high potential for economic water productivity improving in the studied fields. Furthermore, Irrigation efficiency assessment showed the weak condition of irrigation systems operations in the study area.

The aim of localized leaching is to remove accumulatedsalts from the main activeroot zone in orchards and fields under localized irrigation systems and in the absence of sufficient water for leaching.The efficiency of this method has not been examined in subsurface-irrigated orchard or in conditions of localized application of amendments. Therefore, this study was carried out in winter of 1394 in a pistachio orchard in Fath-Abad area in Kerman to evaluate the potential of localized leaching method along with three treatments of irrigation water, gypsum, sulfuric acid with four repetitions to remove soluble salt from the main active pistachio root zone (wet areas around the subsurface pipe). In this leaching technique which was carried out for 5 consecutive days,two lines of low-flow drip tape at a distance of 40 cm from two sides of the tree row were used to leach salt from wet areas around the subsurface clay pipe. To compare leaching efficiency and changes in sodium and EC levels, soil sampling was carried out before and after leaching at 80 (Length)*120 (Depth) cm profile in 20 cm intervals. The results showed that application of 1000 mm of water led to effective salt leaching from the main active pistachio root zone. The application of gypsum increased the sodium and salts removal compare to irrigation water and sulfuric acid treatments. The percentage of sodium and salts leachate in gypsum treatment was about 61 and 58 percentage, respectively.Iirrigation water treatment with 56% leaching efficiency was more than the efficiency of sulfuric acid treatment (45%). Thus, due to the high efficiency of irrigation water compared to sulfuric acid, no significant differencewith gypsum treatment in salt removal and taking into account economic issues related to the amendments,applying irrigation water alone could be recommended as the appropriate strategies for practical reclamation of the studied soil.

Flow control and measurement structures such as gates and weirs are important components in irrigation and drainage networks. With regard to the problem of sedimentation in weirs and the accumulation of floating materials behind the gates, a combined weir- gate structure to facilitate draining of materials through the gate and suspended materials through weir. One of its types is half-cylindrical weir–gate which, due to the curvature of the flow lines and adhesion on body of the structure, it has advantages including ease of passage of floating objects, ease of design, higher flow discharge coefficient compared with other combined structures (sharp-crested and broad-crested, etc.). This research was aimed to analyze the hydraulic of passing flow from half-cylindrical weir–gate structure by rotating around the center and edges half-cylindrical from 0° to 180° with fixed gate opening height. Experiments were done in a rectangular and horizontal flume with 11 meter length and 30cm width under three models of half-cylindrical weir–gate with 70, 120 and 160 mm diameters. The minimum discharge coefficient occurred at 90° and its maximum happened at 45° and 30° angles, respectively. For diameters of 70, 120 and 160 mm, the minimum back water was observed at 0°, 45° and 30°, respectively, and the largest one was observed at 90° for all three diameters. Moreover, in relation to the depth of upstream water to the opening of the fixed valve, for the angles, by increasing diameter, the discharge coefficient of the combined structure decreased. The results showed that, in addition to the angle of the half-cylindrical curvature relative to horizon line, the diameter of the structure is effective on the discharge coefficient and back water of the combined structure.

In dry farming, reduction of soil water losses is one of the most important factors of success. In this study, to investigate the effect of different levels of gravel and soil texture on evaporation and soil water content of bare soil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Soil textures were sandy loam, loam and silty clay contain 0, 10, 20 and 30% volumetric gravel. Results showed that soil texture and gravel resulted in significant effect on the amount of content soil water. Maximum and minimum soil water loss was occurred in silty clay soil with 20% volumetric gravel (99.4%) and loam soil with 10% volumetric gravel (88.1%), respectively. The effect of interaction between texture and gravel content was only significant in cumulative evaporation from soil surface. As the amount of gravel increased, the amount of soil decreased. Therefore, soil water content and evaporation decreased. Therefore. collecting gravels from the field and using them as mulch, or cultivating in areas with low gravels level can be resulted in soil water saving in dry farming.

In the current situation, measuring and analyzing the productivity indices of especially water production in the agricultural sector is very important and of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to measure and compare the productivity of irrigation water use in two traditional irrigation methods in wheat crop in Hamedan province. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, at first, 54 entrepreneurs were selected by random sampling method and then the necessary data were collected through field measurement, interview and completion of the questionnaire. According to the research goal, three different types of water productivity indexes including CPD, BPD and NBPD were used. Based on these results, the average physical productivity of water in the wheat product of traditional and modern irrigation system is 0.68 and 1.29 kg / m3, respectively. Also, the average economic WP of water in traditional and modern irrigation system was 3263 and 7237 Rls per m3 respectively. The highest physical and economic productivity of water was determined in Nahavand and Famenin and the lowest in Malayer.

The existence of high uncertainty and the nonlinearity of rainfall and runoff relationships signalize the vacancy of many studies in this direction. The present study is conducted with the aim of simulating and predicting the watershed’s behavior based on the recognition of a part of the relationships prevailing on this complex system. In this study, Cross wavelet transform methods, Kalman Filter and Linear Programming (KF-LP_CW) were used to analysis of 9 compound events of rainfall and runoff in the Sufi Chai watershed with about 250.65 km2 area. Then, to compare the performance of this method, the results were compared with geomorphologic unit hydrograph combination with Cross wavelet (GIUH-CW) and geomorphologic unit hydrograph based on Nash models combination with Cross wavelet (GIUH-Nash-CW). Considering the satisfactory performance of all three models, the final performance of these methods was finally discussed using the evaluation criteria used in the research. Results showed that the KF-LP_CW method simulated the compound events in the calibration and validation stage with a mean square error (MSE) of 2.47 and 3.2, respectively. In the case of time to peak, the mean average relative error (MARE) for the three studied methods was 0.05 and 0.037 for the calibration and validation stages, respectively. The same criteria for peak discharge and base time were 0.07 and 0.06 respectively for the two calibration stages, and 0.18 and 0.07 in the two validation stages. This indicates better performance of the methods in the estimation of time to peak, base time, and peak discharge, respectively.