Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2014

Xylazine hydrochloride, α2 adrenoceptor agonist, is an analgesic, sedative, tranquilizer, and muscle relaxant agent in veterinary medicine which is mostly used as in pre-anesthesia in veterinary medicine. One of the main adverse effects of xylazine which limits application of this medication in small animal veterinary practice (mostly in cats) is nausea and vomiting which can end up with aspiration pneumonia. In this review, we will discuss the efficacy of prophylactic administration of different antiemetics with different mechanism of action in preventing vomiting in cats treated with xylazine hydrochloride. All medications such as acepromazine, promethazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, dexamethasone, maropitant and vitamine B6 have been shown to have antiemetic efficacy on xylazine induced emesis in cats. These mentioned medications have different antiemetic mechanism of actions. It can be concluded that all these medications not only inhibit α2 adrenoceptor but also may exert their antiemetic effects directly on nucleus tractus solitarius and vomiting center.

Addition of the drugs to lidocaine to induce epidural analgesia in order to elongate and enhance the analgesia has been investigated previously. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of epidurally administered xylazine either in combination of lidocaine or alone in rabbits.Design: Experimental studyAnimals: Twelve healthy and adult male New Zealand white strain rabbits weighting 2.2±0.3 kg were used in this study. Following the epidural catheterization of all rabbits under general anesthesia they were randomly assigned to three equal groups of A, B and C. The next day administration of 4 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine, 3 mg/kg of 2% xylazine and 2 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine-1.5 mg/kg of 2% xylazine mixture was performed in group A, B and C respectively through the epidural catheter. The motor activity, the onset time of blockade, the duration of blockade, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were recorded prior and during analgesia. Values were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05) and no complication occurred during a week after induction of epidural analgesia. Either of the alone drugs or their combination is safe to be used into the epidural space in rabbits. Clinical Relevance: By considering the reduced dose of xylazine, the combination of xylazine and lidocaine seems superior to induce epidural analgesia in rabbits.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of tramadol administration on sperm quality and testicular tissue in mice. Design: Experimental study Animal- Sixty:three mature male mice Procedures: Mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=21) and the following treatments were intraperitoneally administered, 3 times a week, for 6 weeks: Control male mice were given physiological saline. Two other groups were given different doses of tramadol including 10 mg/kg (group T1) and 20 mg/kg (group T2). Seven mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 3, 6 and 12 after the beginning of treatments. Left testes were removed for epiddydimal sperm quality and histopathological evaluations. The results showed that sperm concentration, motility and vitality in group T1 and T2 were significantly decreased (PMicroscopic examinations revealed that tramadol in both doses damaged the testicular tissue at weeks 3 and 6, so that more degenerative changes were observed in group T2 at week 6. Most of histopathological parameters returned to the normal structure in groups T1 and T2, at week 12. Conclusion and clinical relevance: According to the results of present study, it can be concluded that long-term administration of tramadol have adverse effects on sperm quality and testicular tissues and these effects are dose dependant. Also the negative effects of tramadol on testes are reversible.

The purpose of this study was to compare two portal laparoscopy and conventional approach for ovariectomy in queen. Design: Retrospective study. Animals: Adult healthy queens (n=24). Procedures- Queens referred to the small animal hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran for neutering were randomly assigned for two-portal laparoscopy (n=12) and midline open ovariectomy (conventional approach; n=12). General anesthesia was performed using the combination of ketamin (5.5 mg/kg; i.v.; Ketalar®, Alfasan) and diazepam (0.27 mg/kg; Valium®, Caspian, i.v.) followed by isoflurane in oxygen entubation. Surgical time, length of surgical incisions and recovery time were significantly lower in laparoscopic (11.9±0.95 min, 15.9±0.18 mm, 40.4±4.29 min) compared to conventional ovariectomy (20.7±0.95 min, 27.4±1.27 mm, 58.5±5.58 min; P<0.05). In conclusion, two portals laparoscopy is a simple, safe and suitable approach for elective neutering in queen.

The aim of this study was to determine the normal ultrasonographic and morphologic appearance of mammary gland and teat in Caspian mares during lactation and dry period. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Seven mature Caspian mares Procedures: Using a 6.5-8.5 MHz linear transducer the ultrasonographic appearance of lactating and dry mammary glands was determined in 7 mature Caspian mares aged from 5 to 12 years. In macroscopic study, parameters of length and width of teat, length and thickness of udder were evaluated by a caliper. During the ultrasonography, the ultrasound probe was placed in horizontal and sagittal position related to the examined subject. Two methods of examination were used – direct (transcutaneous ultrasonography) and immersion of the examined organ in water (“water bath” method). The teat was best scanned in sagittal position, whereas the mammary parenchyma – in horizontal probe position. The application of the “water bath” method was more effective when examining the mammary papilla, and the transcutaneous method – when examining the structures in the other areas of the mammary gland. Mean teat measurements by ultrasonography including teat canal length, teat cistern diameter, teat wall thickness and middle cistern wall thickness were 8.87, 10.37, 1.75 and 6.44 mm respectively. No significant differences were found between the mentioned parameters of fore and hind glands in one udder. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: There were differences in the visualizations of the separate structures of the udder, depending on the presence or absence of the milk. According to the results of present study it is recommended to perform ultrasonography of mare’s mammary gland during lactation period.

To evaluate growth characteristics and differentiation capacity of equine mesenchymal stem cell (eMSCs) derived from bone marrow (BM). Study design: In vitro experimental study. Animals: Four young adult horses (2-5 years old) Procedure: Cell morphology and growth characteristics of eMSCs harvested from BM were evaluated in standard culture conditions. eMSCs in passage 3 were subjected to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation induction to investigate their differentiation potential.PCR analysis of differentiated cells was done to determine differentiation. The cells expanded to sufficient quantity for therapeutic purposes within days and they survived to later passages while sustained their fibroblast-like morphology. Positive osteogenesis was detected via Alizarin Red staining and adipogenesis was confirmed by Oil Red O staining. The cells were more potential to differentiate into osteoblasts rather than adipocytes. PCR analysis approve relative expression of osteogenic and adipogenic genes. Conclusions and Clinical relevance: The results of this study further support eBM-MSCs as a cell population with the capacity to proliferate and differentiate down the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Equine BM is a potentials source of MSCs for cell-based regenerative therapies in horse.

Case Description: Three female Pomeranian dogs with mean age about 1-year-old and history of seizure and sudden shock were referred to Small Animal Hospital of University of Tehran. Clinical Occipital Dysplasia was diagnosed by radiographic findings in rostrodorsal- coudoventral oblique view in all cases. Treatment and Outcome- These dogs recovered by 14 days administration of Glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory drug and Vit B1 (300 mg/BW). Clinical Relevance: Diagnosis and treatment of the abnormality in this paper can show a good direction toward same problems, that clinicians may encounter them.

Case description:A 6 month old common mynah (Acridotheres tristis) of unknown sex, weighing 200 g, was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Ferdowsi University. The mynah had history of swallowing a foreign body for one day.Clinical Circular-like radiopaque foreign body was seen from thoracic inlet to distal end of the celomic cavity in the lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs. Treatment and outcome- Because the foreign body can cause obstruction and this condition is life threatening, the surgical removal was done. The crop was approached through 3-cm incision to remove the foreign body. Exploration in the crop was done and the foreign body was removed carefully. The crop incision was sutured in one simple interrupted layer. Procedure resulted in a favorable outcome for the bird.Clinical Relevance: Successful surgery of foreign body has not been described in mynah frequently. According to circular-like foreign body that extends from crop to abdominal cavity this situation is a very rare case.