نشریه اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی
پیاپی 30 (زمستان 1392)

Resilience is one of the main structures of personality for understanding motivation، emotion، behavior and capacity to withstand stress and disaster. Resiliency is defined as a power or an ability to return to early life and beginning of a new condition by reducing stressful pressures or distortion of it and replacing it with joy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between defensive styles of early maladaptive schemas with resilience. So، in a descriptive study، 250 high school students in Tehran were selected by multistage cluster sampling and were tested in terms of defensive style، early maladaptive schemas، and resilience. The results of multiple regression analyzes indicated that there is a positive correlation between the resilience with mature defense mechanisms and a negative correlation with early maladaptive schemas cuts، rejection، autonomy، impaired performance، other directed and impaired limitations. Also، it was found that mature and immature defense styles are predictors of resilience and immature defense style predict reduced resilience and early maladaptive schemas of resiliency. It seems that mature defense-style along with maladaptive autonomy schemas، impaired performance، over hyper vigilance and inhibition can also predict the improvement or increase of the resiliency.

Ambiguity of tolerance, is accepting uncertainty as part of life and intolerance of ambiguity are beliefs about worry, negative problem orientation and avoidance coping style. The present study aimed to investigate the contribution of the five factors of personality in the prediction of ambiguity tolerance. To this end, in a descriptive study based on regression analysis, 248 patients (136 females and 112 males) were selected in multi-stage cluster sampling among students of Islamic Azad University of Kish International branch; they were tested in terms of ambiguity tolerance and the five major factors of personality. Regression analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the neurosis factor and ambiguity tolerance and a significant positive relationship between extroversion and agreeableness with tolerance of ambiguity. The Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the neurosis factor can alone explain 29 percent, the two factors of the neurosis and agreeableness 33%, and three factors neurosis, agreeableness and extrovert, 34 percent of the variance score of the tolerance of ambiguity. Results generally indicate that high neurosis can lead to reduced ambiguity tolerance and extraversion and agreeableness leads to increase in student's tolerance for ambiguity. So it looks like because neurotic people are emotionally unstable, worried, and anxious and immediately react to pressure cannot have a high tolerance for ambiguity. This characteristic results in the ability of neurosis to predict ambiguity tolerance.

Researchers and therapists, focus on the importance of self-disclosure as one of the Consultant techniques and its dramatic impact on the relationship between the counselor and client. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of consultant self-disclosure on decision-making and client Satisfaction in Thalassemia genetic counseling before marriage. So, during a study of analog (simulated) 131 couples referred to the Counseling Center of Medical Genetics in Isfahan and they were selected through available sampling. They completed a scenario of one session of genetic counseling for Thalassemia conveyer couples in one of three states without self-disclosure, professional self-disclosure and personal advisors self-disclosure of the consoler. Results were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and chi square were indicators of wide range of ideas such as the clients willingness for decision making, a request about more information for testing and possible options, expressing ideas and feelings or uncertainty in decision making and indicated that the consultants personal self-disclosure has affected the decision making of a client. Personal self- advice-seekers have described personal self-disclosure more satisfying compared to professional self-disclosure. It seems self- disclosure of genetic counselor is a potentially useful technique. In which a Proper, elegant, discreet and objective use of it can lead to positive outcomes such as the client’s satisfaction.

Stuttering is one of the most controversial illnesses and a multifaceted psychomotor speech disorder which happens in the normal flow of speech. Effectiveness of stuttering therapy in adulthood varies based on the basis of stability, a negative attitude, motivation and enthusiasm. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of syncretistic method of cognitive- speech in adult stutterers who speak Persian language. So, during a quasi-experimental study, 38 adults with stuttering in the age range of 18-38 were selected through available samples and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Treatment intervention for subjective groups was conducted through six experienced speech- and language pathologist, which lasted 16 individual sessions during 4 months. Subjects were tested before and after the intervention in terms of intensity of stuttering, obvious stuttering characteristics, cognitive profile Stuttering and internal Stuttering properties. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the fluency of speech, oral reading fluency and cognitive profiles in the two groups. According to research findings, the results of this study were consistent and in line with the results of other studies and the integrated method of the cognitive-speech were more effective in the treatment of adult stuttering. Using this method is recommended to all speech therapists.

Psychological well-being includes the receipt by a person to a degree of coordination between certain and outlined objectives with performance outcomes that can be obtained in the process of continuous assessment and it leads to inner satisfaction and relative stability in the sequence of life. The aim of this research was to predict psychological well-being among male students through the elements of self-efficacy and psychological hardiness and perceived social support. For this purpose, in a descriptive study, based on regression 300 male students were selected in the form of multi-stage cluster sampling from schools of Isfahan city. They were tested in terms of self-efficacy, hardiness, perceived social support and psychological well-being. Results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy, perceived social support and psychological hardiness and psychological wellbeing and predictor variables, can predict changes in psychological well-being among male students. Based on these data, individuals who have high self-efficacy, psychological hardiness and perceived social support have higher psychological well-being.

Methamphetamine, is a stimulant and addictive substance that stimulates the brain and nervous system severely, chemically it has a greater effect than amphetamines. There is no single biological treatment for the substance abuse of this material. Therapeutic concentrations are focused on psychological interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy in the prevention of slip-dependent individuals on Methamphetamine. For this purpose, in a quasi-experimental, pre-test - post-test and random assignment, 30 men with Methamphetamine substance abuse who were detoxified under supervision of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences were chosen from available samples. They were assigned to two groups of experiment and control randomly. Groups were tested with regular urine tests during the intervention. Then the experiment group underwent 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Results of chi-square tests indicated that a significant difference existed in the recurrence rate of students in the experimental and control groups. It seems that group cognitive-behavioral therapy helps the patients deal with the reality of drug use, get aware of the negative consequences of using it, and have a strong incentive to continue to leave.

Social phobia as a harsh, irrational fear which is considered as the action of a person getting ridiculed or criticized by others in social situations has a significant impact on persons’ social life. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy based on presence of mind on anxiety symptoms of patients suffering from social phobia. For this purpose, in a clinical trial 40 patients who suffered from social phobia and referred to Imam Hussein hospital were selected from available samples and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Subjects were evaluated in terms of anxiety at the beginning, end and 4 weeks after the completion of the study. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the presence of mind. Analysis variance of the subject scores in social phobia and anxiety after the intervention and in a 4 week follow up indicated that there is a significant difference between anxiety symptoms in experiment group compared to the control group. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on the presence of mind in the reduction of anxiety symptoms of patients suffering from social phobia along with the stability results in the follow up, indicated that the present method is an effective and recyclable one.

Spiritual intelligence is the intelligence with which we discuss issues of meaning and value, and we solve them. Intelligence which acts and lives in a wider, richer and more meaningful state and with the help of that we can estimate a series of behavior or a path of life more meaningful than others. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of spiritual intelligence training on change of attitude towards drugs in a group of high school students. For this purpose, in a quasi-experimental in pretest-posttest form, along with the control and follow-up groups, 60 students were selected using multi-stage sampling technique and were tested in terms of their attitudes towards drug use, a desire to use drugs and the dangers of drug use. The experiment group underwent 12 sessions of spiritual intelligence training, each session lasting 90 minutes. The groups were tested on attitude towards using drugs, a desire to use drugs and the dangers of drug use at the end of training and one month after completion of it. The result of covariance analysis indicated that spiritual intelligence training tends to be effective on the attitude of students towards the use of drugs, drug use and the dangers of drug use. This effect remained constant over time. It seems that spiritual intelligence is an integrative ability which flexibly questions one’s knowledge and leads towards improvement of it.