نشریه اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1393)

The loss of the breast, in many cases means the loss of female identity and affects sexual function. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on sexual self-efficacy in women with breast cancer. For this purpose, during a quasi-experimental study 30 women with breast cancer (18 experimental and 12 control) were selected from available samples, at Shohada of tajrish Hospital in Tehran city. The samples were assigned to both experimental and control groups, randomly. The groups were tested before the intervention of sexual self-efficacy, then the experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of mindfulness training. After the completion of the study and 2 months after that the control group were tested with regards to sexual self-efficacy. The results of the analysis of covariance indicated that Mindfulness training has been effective on increasing the sexual self-efficacy of patients undergoing training, and this effect was sustainable in the follow-up examination. It seems that on the side of other interventions such as medication and medical interventions, Mindfulness can increase the sexual self-efficacy in these patients.

Positive psychology (forgiveness training), can cause an increase in mental health and anger control. The purpose of this study was to teach forgiveness on mental health and anger control of inmates with mass fight crime in central prison of Yasooje. Therefore, 90 patients were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups (60 patients with pretest and post-test and 30 control). The Experiment group was taught forgiveness in 7weekly sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes, but the control group underwent no training. People were evaluated in both pre and post-tests in terms of aggression and mental health. The data variance analysis indicated that the means cores of mental health in experimental group compared to the control group has increased at post-test stage. The mean scores for anger control as compared to the control group at post-test, was found to have a significant reduction. It seems that teaching forgiveness and its components, on one hand can reduce large part of people going to prison and on the other hand it helps to improve the mental health and anger control, especially while they are in prison; what seems to be necessary for the prison guards, staff and managers.

Schizophrenia, is a chronic and debilitating disorder and in this disorder, social skills of patients get severely damaged. Returning to the society programs, in addition to the many features it has, can play a key role in improving the social skills of the patient. This program is one of the sub-programs of social living skills and it is independent. The present study examined the effectiveness of returning to the society programs in improving the social skills of schizophrenic patients. For this purpose, in the form of a quasiexperimental design, 20 patients with schizophrenia who were in relative improvement were chosen from available samples. They were randomly assigned to two groups of experiment and control. The social skills of the groups were assessed both before and after the study. Then, the experimental group received 16 sessions of the returning to society program. Results of covariance analysis indicated that performing this program is effective in improving the social skills of schizophrenic patients. Although these findings are preliminary but it is suggested for this program to be used in improving the damaged social skills in chronic mental disorders such as schizophrenia.

The findings suggests that individuals with high trait anxiety in the recognition of angry faces compared to happy or neutral faces act faster in Comparison with individuals with low trait anxiety. Also, the time of selective attention and bias of recognition about the scary and intimidating stimulus can lead to durability and increased anxiety. The present study examines the role of trait anxiety in the recognition of emotional expressions on the face. For this purpose, in a comparative study, 20 subjects with high trait anxiety and 20 with low trait anxiety (13 males and 27 females) were selected. They were evaluated in terms of the recognition of emotion in emotional images. The analysis of variance scores, the rate of seven emotion recognition (fear, anger, sadness, happiness, surprise, disgust, neutral) in both groups indicated that apart from the excitement and hatred, there is no difference in the recognition of emotions between the two groups. It seems that the trait anxiety is a personality characteristic that reflects the frequency and intensity of the emotional response to pressure. In fact, this trait anxiety is a characteristic of the person and is not related to the property of situation which a person is faced with.

The experiments scale related to close relationship, structure of the relationship, is based on attachment dimensional approach and it is one of the most widely used tests in the field of adult attachment. The present study examined the reliability, validity and factor structure of the experience of close relationship-relationship structure questionnaire. For this purpose, a sample size of 340 unmarried young adults aged 18 to 30 years living in various parts of Tehran, were selected from available samples and they were evaluated in terms of closed relationshiprelationship structure, anxiety, depression and stress. The result of factor analysis revealed that a two-factor model using both factor of avoidance and anxiety in every field fit in Iranian society. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, was higher than 0.70 and was satisfactory; in addition, the test-retest coefficient of the questionnaire after two weeks intervals was between 69.0 to 80.0 respectively. Correlation efficient analysis indicated that the scores of close relationshipstructure of relationship has positive and significant relationship with anxiety, depression, and stress. This relationship indicates convergent validity of the close relationship-relationship structure questionnaire. We can say that the aforesaid questionnaire is a valid and useful tool for carrying out related research in various fields associated with attachment.

War as a factor of intense psychological pressure, has wide individual, economic, social and cultural outcomes, which in the range of the generations might have a significant impact on relations between members of a society. This study aimed to investigate the psychological profile, life satisfaction and coping skills in spouses of warriors having posttraumatic stress disorder. For this purpose, in a comparative retrospective study, 344 patients were selected in a randomized cluster sampling method among the spouses of Psychiatry veterans, prisoners of war and martyrs of procrustean war of Tehran Province. They were tested in terms of symptoms of mental disorder, coping responses, and life satisfaction.. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the subjects have signs of pathologies in majority of sub-scales but no significance was shown in the psychological profile of spouse of martyrs, prisoners of war and veterans. Results indicated that coping strategies of spouses of martyrs, prisoners of war and veterans have significant difference. It seems that the spouses of martyrs, veterans and prisoners of war are different in their coping strategies. However, the continuous use of emotion-focused coping strategies in the relationship and marital issues, can expose an individual's mental health with difficulties.

Depressed mood, effects cognitive processes such as complex thinking, problem solving, memory, creativity and especially attention and information encodingin different ways. The purpose of this study was to compare how to allocate attention to relevant and irrelevant neutral stimuli in induced depressed mood and non-depressed mood. For this purpose, in a comparative study of experimental interventions, 89 cases of non-depressed students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University, and undergraduate students of Kerman Shahid Bahonar University of psychology were selected through screening and were assigned in to two groups, randomly. One of the group underwent induced depression and the focused attention of individuals was measured on the use of the task of cube pattern recognition and decentralized attention. Analysis of variance of scores indicated that in allocating attention to relevant stimuli, there was no significant difference between groups. However, attention to irrelevant stimuli on individuals of induced depression was more than non-depressed subjects. Results indicate that the decentralized mode of attention in addition to depressed mood exists in induced depressed mood as well.

Although conflict is a universal phenomenon, yet the ways in which couples can manage their conflicts is largely different. One of paradigm that has been used to explain conflict and domestic violence is the attachment theory. This study aimed to examine individual’s differences with various attachment styles on conflict resolution tactics. So, during a cross-sectional study of couples in Tehran, 265 patients (140 females and 125 males) were selected from available samples. They were tested in terms of conflict resolution, attachment styles and related experiences of close relationships. Results indicated the differences in the individuals with secure attachment and insecure attachment style were in the techniques of resolving conflicts and the differences of individuals with avoidant attachment and anxious style was at the subscale of mental-cognition violence. Also, it turned out that individuals with a secure attachment style compared to those with insecure attachment styles and avoidant individuals, compared to the anxiety types, have inappropriate functioning in conflict resolution. These results, approves the relation of avoidance and anxiety dimensions with conflict resolution tactics. Thus, according to the findings of this study it can be said that the quality of attachment relationships can determine the pattern of marital conflict behaviors.