نشریه ره آورد سیاسی
پیاپی 39-40 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

Possessing a large amount of oil and gas reserves, the Middle East and Persian Gulf are the most impressive regions in the eco-political developments of world. On the other hand the heading opponent countries to the present leadership of international system, seeking to bring it to standstill are located in the region. In this respect these countries searching an increasing role and effectiveness, tried to cultivate their own capacity what for instance could be seen in Iran- Iraq and Syria gas pipeline proposal aimed to afford Iraq and Syria gas needs as well as export it to the European countries. In light of the proposal, the central question of the paper is “what are the challenges and opportunities ahead of energy geopolitics of Axis of Resistance? The author believes that geographical and discourse proximity, increasing importance natural gas and easy availability to the world markets are the opportunity and insecurity in Iraq, Syrian political crisis are the challenges ahead. In the result he believes that in compared with challenges, opportunities are more sable whereby in the successful pass scenario, the pipeline will be the chokepoint with unique role in the world energy system.

Collapse of Some of the Arab States in MENA region has changed the structure of power. Undoubtedly one of the important aims of the uprisings is the reforming of the government structure which in this road, need a special pattern. Asking “what is favorite regional pattern of the policy of revolutionary new-elected states, in this article the verity of regional patterns is assessed as well as the opportunity and challenges of the pattern of the Islamic Revolution has been explained. the Islamic Awaking accounts for a powerful desire to democracy and political Islam among Muslim world where the pattern of Islamic Revolution of Iran has the upper hand compared with rivals because of the leading traditional influence in MENA region and the forth full of political Islam in the country.

Political protest is a phenomenon that all societies and governments have experienced it to somehow and are familiar with it. But in spite of the fact that this sociological-political phenomenon has always been existing; there isnt an analytic framework to explain its concept. This failure is mostly because of lack of an exact conceptual autopsy of this concept. The approaches are not illustrated and they are one dimensional and finally there aren’t certain variables to explain it. In fact the main purpose of this research is making an analytic framework for illustrating the concept of political protest. So in this essay we are going to make an analytic framework for the concept of political protest by considering the four variables that were mentioned above. In this essay there will be an exact autopsy of the concept of political protest; approaches of analyses will be introduced and finally we tried to make model with three variables and a theoretical framework for explaining the political-sociological concept of political protest.

one of the aspects of relationships between Iran and United Kingdom is the cultural communications that makes a base for other aspects of relationships between two countries. In fact; the field of culture especially political culture can be effective on political; economic and social relationships between two countries. Therefor cultural communications is an issue of much importance to relationships. This research tries to answer to this question that "how can we analyze the cultural relationships between Iran and UK based on cost-benefit approach and cutting off or maintaining cultural relationships with UK results in what kind of costs or benefits for Islamic republic of Iran. In accordance with this research's approach that is not based on hypothesis testing strategy; in Current Conditions we cannot make a hypothesis but the final conclusion of this research is that in current conditions the costs and disadvantages of maintaining cultural relationships with UK is far more than its benefits and advantages. Therefor maintaining cultural relationships of London-Tehran not only doesnt obtain national interests of Islamic republic of Iran but also it is a serious threat and obvious cultural invasion against Iran.

United States of America doesn’t have a long history but reviewing any subject that is related to United States demands considering the history and nature of this point of view toward world and if the subject is related to United State's hegemony it doubles the importance. Devil making is the most important keyword that brings unity to citizens and authority and motivation of struggling for government of United States. Of course it's clear that United States which is an offspring of a new era that west started it will use media to make war. Media including newspapers, photos, and cinema are serving United States. Of course the vicissitudes of using of these tools by politicians is undeniable but maybe it could be argued that Americans always have used the most efficient medium for their purposes. In this essay first we explain what distinguishes United States from others that is what makes Americans to make devil of others in their citizen's minds. After that we will consider the quality and quantity of challenges and threats that United States faces and finally we will review the tools used by this country to counter the threats that has faced. Nowadays undoubtedly the burden of US bellicose diplomacy is carried by computer video games.

After the collapse of the socialist Soviet Union in 1990s and independence of countries that were under its domination; Iran was neighbor to new born countries such as Caucasus in its northern borders in central Asia. One of these countries is the republic of Azerbaijan that a relation between Iran and this country is very important because of many reasons. Despite several opportunities and advantages of for expanding cooperation; in practice we observe low level; ordinary and sometimes conflicted and confused relations between countries. In this research we use a descriptive-analytic method in order to understand what were the Integration and Fragmentation factors of reciprocal relations between two countries in past two decades. The hypothesis of this research is that despite several factors for Integration; there is cool relationship between two countries because of inverse function of some Integration factors and dominance of Fragmentation factors and the relationship between two countries is not in suitable condition. The results of the research support our hypothesis. At the end we will introduce some strategies for increasing the Integration between two countries.

The concept of smart power that has been proposed two decades ago by Joseph Nye has the ability to be reviewed in context of different discourses. Especially it can be considered in Iranian- Islamic political literature. One of the most important sources about this political literature can be found in Imam Khomeini's thought.in this research we will discuss about the concept of smart power in contemporary political literature that is mostly from Joseph Nye's works. After that we will review Imam Khomeini's works and remarks in order to consider the resources (opportunities); tools and damages (challenges) of the smart power in thoughts of Imam Khomeini. The method of research is descriptive and our pattern is opportunity and challenge.