فهرست مطالب

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences - Volume:11 Issue: 1, Mar 2017

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Mar 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/02/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 22
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  • Farideh Bastani, Azar Ramezani, Hamideh Azimi Lolati, Hamid Haghani Page 1
    Background
    Providing care for the elderly with psychiatric disorders is a long-term and stressful process leading to some negative outcomes on the caregivers’ physical, psychological and social health. In addition, it seems that the caregivers’ attitude toward providing long-term cares affects their performance and behavior.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to outline the caregivers’ attitude toward providing long-term cares for the elderly patients with psychiatric disorders.
    Patients and
    Methods
    The current descriptive study was conducted on 200 elderly patients with psychiatric disorders, referred to the Zare teaching psychiatric hospital in Sari, Iran. The participants were selected via convenient sampling method. The sampling lasted from June to mid-November in 2015 .Two questionnaires were applied to collect data , the demographics (the elderly and caregivers) and the short form of Klein attitude toward the provision of long-term care scale (ATPLTC scale). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as independent T-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test.
    Results
    The study results indicated that the mean ± SD age of the caregivers was 51.24 ± 12.16 years. Ninety-four percent of the caregivers were married and the education level in 49% was above high school diploma. Sixty-seven percent of them reported average economic status. The findings showed that 71% of the caregivers had negative attitude toward long-term care giving. There was a significant relationship between caregivers` education level (P = 0.017), other family members with psychiatric disorder (P = 0.036) and the weekly hours caring for the patient (P = 0.032).
    Conclusions
    The caregivers’ negative attitude toward caring for the elderly patients with psychiatric disorders is an alarm for the mental healthcare policy makers and psychiatric/mental health team workers. To promote the mental health among the elderly patients with psychiatric disorders and those of their caregivers, it is necessary to develop family-oriented education, counseling and supportive programs and perform more studies on the issue.
    Keywords: Attitude, Caregivers, Elderly, Long, Term Care
  • Abbas Attari, Asefeh Mojdeh, Fakhri Al Sadat Khalifeh Soltani, Mohammad Reza Najarzadegan Page 2
    Background
    Previous studies have suggested inflammation as the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
    Objectives
    In this study, we evaluated the effect of adding aspirin to antipsychotic treatment on severity of symptoms in schizophrenia.
    Materials And Methods
    This was a triple-blind, prospective clinical trial study that was conducted at Noor hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Science during year 2015. The patients were randomly, through a number table, were divided to three groups of 20 members labeled intervention 1, intervention 2 and control. Patients in each group were initially evaluated through the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scale in terms of severity of schizophrenia symptoms. In addition to antipsychotic medication, the intervention 1 group received daily aspirin for six weeks at a dose of 325 mg, while intervention 2, in addition to antipsychotic medication, received daily aspirin with a dose of 500 mg for six weeks. Then PANSS scale was evaluated at the end of the intervention and the results were compared through repeated measure and logistic regression.
    Results
    The results showed that the effect of adding aspirin to antipsychotic treatment was greater regarding the final outcome, positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology in four weeks after discontinuation of the intervention compared to the other time points (P
    Conclusions
    Regarding the effectiveness of aspirin in reducing the severity of positive, negative and general psychopathology of schizophrenia, results of our study reinforce the role of inflammation in the etiology of schizophrenia.
    Keywords: Aspirin, NSAID, PANSS, Schizophrenia
  • Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Alireza Noroozi, Kimberly Page, Minoo Mohraz, William Mcfarland, Hossein Malekafzali, Mohsen Malekinejad Page 3
    Background
    Iran has a large population of non-injection opioid users potentially at risk of initiation of drug injection.
    Objective
    We implemented a qualitative study to characterize the factors facilitating transition from non-injection drug use (NIDU) to injection drug use (IDU) and vice versa.
    Materials And Methods
    We conducted 42 in-depth interviews among purposefully selected groups of injecting and non-injecting drug users and health workers, in 2011 in Tehran, Iran. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded using OpenCode 3.6 software.
    Results
    The predominant factor for transition from NIDU to IDU was a high level of drug dependence. IDU decreased the cost associated with drug use by several fold in the short-term. The influence of other injectors, either by learning directly from, encouraged by, feeling coerced by, or identifying with a lifestyle was also mentioned as a causal factor in the transition to IDU. Pleasure-seeking or desire to experience an immediate rush were rarely reported; rather, themes of the need to maintain functionality, reduce pain, and overcome financial difficulties emerged. Vein damage and other IDU-related physical health problems, as well as pressure from family were reasons for reverse transition (IDU to NIDU).
    Conclusions
    New harm reduction approaches could focus on blocking the transition from NIDU to injection and promoting the return to less harmful routes of administration.
    Keywords: Iran, First Injection Episode, Initiation of Injection, Protective Factors for Injecting, Reverse Transition, Risk Factors for Injecting
  • Kolsoom Rajabi, Mani Bahrami Monajemi, Sepehr Setareh, Javad Setareh Page 4
    Background
    One of the prime areas in psychiatry is concerned with assessing emotions. Assessment of physiologic responses can be attained by various approaches. One of them is analyzing Electroencephalography (EEG).
    Objectives
    In current study, we aimed to assess Alpha wave in frontal region after inducing specific emotion by showing evocative video clips.
    Materials And Methods
    After a baseline in Eye Open situation recording, we showed 5 video clips that each induced specific emotions from five major ones (Neutral, Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Fear) to 66 healthy individuals, including 33 males and 33 females between 20 - 40 years old and EEG recording was continued simultaneously. Then, we analyzed their brain waves. Absolute power of Alpha wave Bands (Alpha 1 and Alpha 2) in frontal region (FZ, F4, F3) was analyzed via Wilcoxon test.
    Results
    With respect to eye open situation, all video clips made significant change in Alpha 2 in F3 and F4 (P
    Conclusions
    The most trenchant impact with respect to Alpha band was sadness, and the most exclusive finding in FZ was Alpha 2. Nonetheless, in two other zones (F3, F4), Alpha 1 was exclusive and Alpha 2 variability was non-exclusive. It appears plausible that sadness activates neuron groups, which are involved in generating Alpha waves.
    Keywords: Alpha Rhythm, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Frontal Cortex
  • Niloufar Tahmouresi, Julian Schmitz, Caroline Bender, Brunna Tuschen-Caffier Page 5
    Background
    Previous research has consistently shown that parenting behavior and children’s psychopathology such as internalizing and externalizing problems are closely interrelated. However, little is known about the impact of culture in this field.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to investigate parenting behaviors, childhood psychopathology, and their interrelation in Iran, representing a rather collective culture, and in Germany, representing an individualistic culture.
    Materials And Methods
    In this comparative study, participants were 221 children from Iran and Germany, who voluntarily agreed to participate. The sample was collected between 2010 and 2011. Levels of children psychopathology were assessed, using the child depression inventory (CDI), and youth self-report (YSR) questionnaire. Parents completed children behavior check list (CBCL), and parenting scale (PS). Repeated measures ANOVAs, independent sample t-test, and Spearman correlations were used.
    Results
    Iranian parents reported a more frequent use of parenting style of laxness when compared to German parents (P
    Conclusions
    The study suggests that dysfunctional parenting such as over-reactivity is related to children’s psychopathology across different cultures. Nonetheless, our research also provides evidence that specific parenting practices and the reported levels of childhood psychopathology differ between collective and individualistic cultures, and that culture seems to be an important factor in this field.
    Keywords: Children, Culture, Depression, Dysfunctional Parenting Discipline, Externalizing Problems, Internalizing Problems
  • Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Zahra Chitsaz, Mohammad Shokrzadeh, Amin Ataie, Ramin Ataee Page 6
    Background
    Eryngium species is reported to have variety of activities and has been used in traditional medicine for many years. In spite of the CNS and antioxidant activity of E. caucasicum, nothing is known about its anticonvulsant activity.
    Objectives
    In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activities of methanolic extracts of E. caucasicum on maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice.
    Materials And Methods
    The anticonvulsant activities of methanolic and polyphenolic extracts of E. caucasicum inflorescence at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 were determined by Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced convulsions in mice.
    Results
    Normal saline treated mice showed tonic hind limb extension for duration of 12.35 ± 0.46 seconds in the MES model. Methanolic extract at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 and polyphenolic extract at 200 mg kg-1 induced maximum protection against seizures, and polyphenolic extract at 200 mg kg-1 had 66.6% protection. PTZ (100 mg kg-1) induced tonic seizures in all the control mice. The most rapid onset of seizure relating to polyphenolic extract (50 mg kg-1) before PTZ was 9.59 ± 23.56 seconds and it was 103.0 ± 6.36 seconds at 200 mg kg-1.
    Conclusions
    E. caucasicum methanolic and polyphenolic extracts had an antiepileptic effect against seizures induced by PTZ in mice, but the effect of polyphenolic extract was more potent.
    Keywords: Eryngium caucasicum, Flavonoids, Kindling, Maximal Electroshock, Pentylenetetrazole, Poly Phenol, Seizure
  • Nahid Fathi, Afsoon Hassani Mehraban, Malahat Akbarfahimi, Hooshang Mirzaie Page 7
    Background
    There is no valid and reliable Persian tool to exclusively assess all of the components of attention.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to define content validity and reliability of the Test of everyday attention for children (TEA-Ch) in Iranian normal children aged 8 - 11 years. In addition, we defined the construct validity of TEA-Ch with four subtests of Wechsler intelligence scale for children.
    Materials And Methods
    Ninety-six 8 - 11 year old students in Tehran filled the first version of TEA-Ch (A) and four subscales of Wechsler’s intelligence scale for children. Thirty- five students were simultaneously scored by two raters. Moreover, the second version of the test (B) was administered on 18 students within two weeks after the first version. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the raw scores in each of the TEA-Ch subtests. Discriminate validity between the TEA-Ch and the four subscales of the Wechsler’s intelligence scale for children-fourth edition (WISC-IV) was assessed, using Pearson’s correlation of SPSS Version 16.
    Results
    The experts confirmed the content validity of the TEA-Ch after translating some items and modifying them based on Iranian language and culture. The moderate to good test-retest reliability was indicated with the ICC from 0.40 to 0.82. Moreover, the relationship between the scores of the two raters in TEA-Ch was 0.78 to 1, indicating excellent inter-rater reliability. Only five subtests of TEA-Ch were correlated with Wechsler’s subscales (r = -0.314 to 0.339).
    Conclusions
    According to the results, the test is valid and reliable and can be used for normal Iranian children. Furthermore, attention needs to be assessed by special tools and the results revealed that TEA-Ch is designed to achieve this goal.
    Keywords: Reliability, Test of Everyday Attention for Children, Validity
  • Maryam Rasoulian, Amir Hossein Jalali, Sepideh Habib, Marzieh Molavi Nojomi, Atefeh Ghanbari Jolfaei, Jafar Bolhari Page 8
    Background
    World health organization (WHO) stated that domestic violence (DV) is a health-related priority. Despite the unpleasant consequences of violence, this matter still is not considered serious enough in many countries including Iran.
    Objectives
    To better understand the issues, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence in Iranian families.
    Materials And Methods
    In this cross sectional study, according to a previous study, four provinces with the highest rate of the violence and one province with the least rate of violence in Iran were selected. The subjects who met the including criteria and attended the selected health care centers of these provinces were invited to complete the demographic questionnaire and domestic violence questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire which measured frequency of different types of domestic violence life long, and during the last year . Finally 2056 filled questionnaires were collected.
    Results
    Lifetime and last year prevalence of domestic violence was 52%. Nearly half of the subjects (47%) reported the presence of DV from their spouse in day to day life. In this study, only 3% of respondents had sought help for violence. Illiteracy, low income, lower age at marriage, shorter duration of marriage, physical disease, mental disorder and substance use were significantly prevalent in the group with higher rate of DV.
    Conclusions
    The prevalence of DV is quite high in Iran; however, its disclosure is very low.
    Keywords: Domestic Violence, Prevalence, Risk Factor
  • Masoumeh Bagheri Nesami, Aref Kazemi, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Farshad Nasiri, Jasem Davari Page 9
    Background
    Nurses are an important part of the health system, thus it is essential to evaluate the quality of their working life. Based on various studies, positive religious coping has positive consequences such as higher self-esteem and better quality of life.
    Objectives
    The present study aimed to determine the association between religious coping and quality of work life among nurses during year 2015.
    Materials And Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted on 285 nurses of four training-therapeutic hospitals (who were selected with the multi-stage sampling method) of Sari city. Data collection tools consisted of a 31-item standard questionnaire of religious coping and Walton’s standard questionnaire of quality of working life that included 32 items. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson and Spearman correlation).
    Results
    Among 285 nurses, 70 (24.6%) were male and 215 (74.4%) were female with an average age of 33 (SD = 6.95; 95%CI: 32.19 - 33.81) years. The mean and standard deviation of religious coping and quality of work life for nurses were 101 ± 16.798 and 85.57 ± 16.769, respectively. Based on statistical test of Pearson correlation, a direct and significant relationship was found between variables of religious coping behaviors and quality of working life of nurses (r = 0.387, P
    Conclusions
    The results revealed that there was a significant association between religious coping and quality of life of nurses, and it seemed that by making efforts to improve the quality of religious coping in this group and by frequent training sessions, the quality of life of nurses can be improved.
    Keywords: Health Promotion, Nurse, Quality of Working Life, Religious Coping
  • Hasan Karami, Jamshid Yazdani, Najmeh Khalili, Mehdi Pourasghar Page 10
    Background
    Functional constipation is common in children and may cause many behavioral and psychological problems that could ultimately affect the quality of life.
    Objectives
    The present study aimed at comparing the functional constipation and emotional, social, physical, and educational functioning of children with chronic constipation and healthy individuals, and also distinguishing the level of awareness about quality of life in children and their parents.
    Materials And Method
    This was a case control study. The study population included 208 children (12.4 years) and their parents who visited the children’s gastroenterology clinic of Boo-Ali Sina hospital. Using available sampling, 104 children with chronic functional constipation problems and their parents were selected as the sample and compared with a control group (n = 104) for quality of life satisfaction. Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze data, t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used with SPSS 18.
    Results
    The results of the data analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.000) between the quality of life in patients and the control group. Parents of patients with chronic constipation also reported lower quality of life in their children.
    Conclusions
    According to the results of the present study, there was a correlation between the quality of life and constipation; and a decrease in quality of life was observed in children with this disorder. Therefore, psychological evaluation and treatment strategies may be effective in improving the functional constipation and quality of life.
    Keywords: Children, Constipation, Quality of Life
  • Marjan Teimourzadeh Baboli, Yadollah Zahed Pasha, Seyedeh Shokoufeh Mousavi, Soraya Khafri, Mohsen Haghshenas Page 11
    Background
    The exact etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not yet been understood.
    Objectives
    The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of hospitalization at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) independent of other variables such as preterm birth and low birth weight on the incidence of ADHD.
    Materials And Method
    This retrospective cohort study was done on an Exposed group of 100 preschool children with a history of NICU hospitalization at Amirkola children’s hospital, and an unexposed group of 100 children without such a history. Standard checklist of Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) was used to diagnose ADHD. Information on gender, current weight, birth weight, gestational age at birth, and type of parturition was also collected and obtained data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS software and unconditional logistic regression analysis.
    Results
    Among the total number of 200 children, 20.5% of children were diagnosed to have ADHD. The incidence of the disorder was more in children with a history of hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit than children without such a history (27% and 14%, respectively). Low birth weight and preterm birth were associated with the incidence of ADHD (P value = 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). Logistic regression showed that each day of NICU hospitalization was associated with 1.16 times greater risk of developing ADHD in the future when compared to children without a history of hospitalization (P value = 0.006).
    Conclusions
    The risk of ADHD is independently increased with hospitalization at the NICU.
    Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal, Preschool Ages
  • Hasan Sabori Moghadam, Abbas Bakhshipour, Yousef Jamalpour, Mohammad Ali Nazari Page 12
    Background
    Although conduct disorder during the past few decades experienced a rapid extension, few researches are done on the role of executive function in this disorder. The current study aimed to investigate the role of executive functions in task disorder.
    Materials And Methods
    It was a causal-comparative study. The study sample consisted of adolescents with conduct disorder kept in a juvenile institution in Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. The sample of 60 patients included 30 adolescents with conduct disorder and 30 normal ones. The accessible sampling method was used and continuous performance tests and the Wechsler subscale of similarities and numerical memory were performed on them.
    Results
    There was a significant difference in the executive functions of working memory and fluid reasoning, between normal adolescents and the ones with conduct disorder. The mean of fluid reasoning (P > 0.001) and working memory (P > 0.001) in normal adolescents was significantly greater than that of the ones with conduct disorder. But there was no difference between the two groups in sustained attention. The performance of the conduct disorder group in functions of working memory and fluid reasoning (P > 0.001) was lower than the normal group.
    Conclusions
    According to the study findings, compared to the normal group, the conduct disorder group had a lower performance in executive functions. Therefore, to provide therapeutic interventions for conduct disorder, more attention should be paid to the role of deficits in executive functions.
    Keywords: Adolescents, Conduct Disorder, Executive Function
  • Mahnaz Fallahi Khesht-Masjedi, Zoharah Omar Page 13
    Background
    Currently clinicians and researchers in Iran have to use translated western instruments to screen for anxiety and depressive disorders. Although, some western questionnaires translated and adapted for Iranian people have demonstrated suitable validity in Iranian context, considering the difference in the cultural values, it still remains unclear as to whether a realistic picture of this phenomenon in Iranian society has been drawn. Hence, for detecting and monitoring common emotional disorders in Iran, researchers need to reflect the way that young people experience and express this disorder in the Iranian culture.
    Objectives
    This study seeked to address these shortcomings by developing and validating an instrument to measure anxiety and depression among adolescents in Iran with the Tripartiate Model and cognitive content specificity theory serving as the conceptual basis for the instrument development.
    Materials And Methods
    The participants constituted of 579 students from secondary schools, who resided in the north of Iran during years 2011 and 2012. The instrument was developed and validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Phase II) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Phase III) to ensure its reliability and validity.
    Results
    The results provide evidence that the developed instrument achieved sound psychometric properties. The hypothesized two-factor model identified via EFA and CFA in the study consisted of 32 items, with 16 items belonging to anxiety and 16 items to depression. The overall reliability value of Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.87. The CFA results showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices for the revised model.
    Conclusions
    The anxiety and depression (A&D) inventory is a simple, brief, and easy to administer tool. Indeed, the entire 32-item A&D inventory takes no longer to complete than other symptom measures. Therefore, the A&D Inventory can provide differentiated symptoms between anxiety and depression in a very quick and efficient manner for Iranian adolescents.
    Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Development, Student, Validation
  • Mahmoud Malekitabar, Mousa Riahi, Ali Reza Malekitabar Page 14
    Background
    Job burnout is the main problem that a large number of organizations are facing and pertains to various factors. Psychological capital is among the main factors affecting individuals’ Psychological well-being and job burnout.
    Objectives
    The present study aimed to explore the correlation between psychological capital and psychological well-being with job burnout of the management staff of high schools in Saveh, Iran, in 2015.
    Materials And Methods
    It was a descriptive-correlative study. Statistical population of the study was the management staff working as managers and their assistants in high schools in Saveh in Markezi province of Iran. Almost all principals in high schools in Saveh (116 subjects) were selected as participants. Data were collected through the Luthans psychological capital, the Ryff psychological well-being, and the Maslach job burnout questionnaires. Then, data are analyzed step by step through Pearson correlation and regression analysis.
    Results
    There was a significant association between psychological capital and psychological well-being at 0.01 as level of significance. There was also a significant negative correlation between psychological capital and job burnout at 0.05 as level of significance.
    Conclusions
    The finding showed a negative correlation between psychological capital and job burnout among school managers and their assistants. It appears that psychological capital could increase psychological well-being and reduce job burnout, and paying enough attention to this issue could improve the instructional performance of schools.
    Keywords: Job Burnout, Principals of High Schools, Psychological Capital, Psychological Well, Being
  • Samira Abdollahi Chirani, Forouzan Elyasi, Bahram Mirzaian Page 15
    Background
    Sexual function refers to a major aspect of health affecting the quality of life in breast cancer patients. Sexual dysfunction (SD) creates high psychological pressures.
    Objective
    The current research aimed to investigate the frequency of SD and its associated factors in post-mastectomy women.
    Materials And Methods
    The research was a cross-sectional study. Sampling was according to the convenience method. The study was conducted on the women referring to the oncology ward of Tooba post-specialized clinic at Imam Khomeini hospital affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In order to collect data, the demographic characteristics questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire were filled out by the patients. Descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation methods in SPSS 16 were employed to analyze the data.
    Results
    The mean age of 104 participants in this study was 47.33 ± 9.03 years and 91 patients (87.5%) diagnosed with SD. The highest frequency was related to desire and arousal disorders (69.2 and 64.4%, respectively) and the lowest to sexual satisfaction disorder (26.9%). The correlation test results indicate that there was a positive significant relationship between income and sexual function at the confidence level of 95% (r = 0.20, P = 0.05).
    Conclusions
    High outbreak of SD in these patients suggest that the therapists involved in oncology should ask the patients about their sexual problems and do thorough evaluations; in addition to guide the patients, they should provide them with required training in order to enable them to manage these problems .
    Keywords: Breast Cancer, Sexual Dysfunction, Women
  • Mohammad Amiri, Reza Chaman, Zakieh Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Khatibi, Mansour Ranjbar, Ahmad Khosravi Page 16
    Background
    Quality of life is an important indicator for the assessment of individual health, decision-making, and passing judgment on the overall health of the community.
    Objectives
    This study aimed at comparing the quality of life among fertile and infertile women and the factors affecting it.
    Materials And Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, the quality of life of 511 infertile women and 1017 fertile women was assessed using the Persian Version of SF36 quality of life questionnaire in 2013. To examine the relationship between demographic variables and quality of life, chi-square test and analysis of variance were used. The relationship between the factors affecting the quality of life was evaluated using multiple regressions.
    Results
    Almost 10.1% of the participants reported low and very low quality of life, 38.6% reported average, and 51.3% reported good or very good quality of life. No significant difference was observed in the level of quality of life in fertile and infertile women (P = 0.8). The subscale mean scores of physical functioning and physical role limitation were significantly lower, and the mean scores of mental health and general health were higher in the fertile women than in the infertile.
    Conclusions
    The results of the present study revealed that infertile women had significantly lower mean scores in the subscales of mental health and general health than the fertile women.
    Keywords: Fertility, General Health, Infertility, Iran, Physical Functioning, Quality of Life
  • Vikas Menon, Arun Kumar Vivek, Siddharth Sarkar Page 17
    Background
    A growing body of evidence suggests that patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) tend to delay help seeking behaviours.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to explore the pathway to care for patients with MUS at a specialty psychosomatic clinic.
    Materials And Methods
    The clinic caters to patients with MUS referred from other departments or directly seeking treatment. After detailed assessment, diagnosis was made as per ICD 10 clinical descriptions, diagnostic guidelines, and management plan. The pathway of care for patients registered in this clinic was assessed, using a structured questionnaire.
    Results
    Pathway-of-care information was available for 49 out of the 53 patients (92.5% of the sample) registered in the first 8 months of the clinic. The median age of the participants was 36 years, of them, 25 (51.0%) were female, 40 (81.6%) married, and 32 (65.3%) belonged to nuclear family. Thirty-three patients (67.3%) visited general practitioners, 13 (26.5%) had visited traditional practitioners and faith healers, 48 (98.0%) had made visits to specialists/ tertiary care centers, and nine (18.4%) had consulted psychiatrists before being referred to our center. The first point of contact was the general practitioner in the majority of the cases (55.1%). Patients had waited for a mean of 21.73 (± 36.55) months and taken 5.53 (± 3.86) consultations before referring to our clinic.
    Conclusions
    Patients with medically unexplained somatic symptoms may undertake considerable number of consultations before being referred to psychiatric treatment services. This signifies the need to train more doctors, particularly general practitioners, to empower them to recognize and manage unexplained medical symptoms.
    Keywords: Help, Seeking Behaviour, Medically Unexplained Symptoms, Primary Health Care, Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, Somatoform Disorders
  • Arash Mowla, Mohammad Reza Kalantarhormozi, Samane Khazraee Page 18
    Background
    Hyperthyroidism is associated with anxiety symptoms.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with anxiety due to hyperthyroidism with patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
    Materials And Methods
    This study was carried out in Abolfazl psychiatry clinic affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences from September 2012 to September 2013. Anxiety severity and characteristics of thirty-two patients with GAD was compared to 34 patients with anxiety due to hyperthyroidism. Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) was used to evaluate the overall anxiety severity and anxiety symptom profile of the two groups.
    Results
    There was no significant difference regarding overall anxiety severity between the two groups (P = 0.65). Autonomic symptoms were more sever in hyperthyroid patients (P = 0.003) whereas anxious mood and fears were more prominent in patients with GAD (P = 0.001 and P = 0.045, respectively).
    Conclusions
    This study demonstrated that patients with GAD reported more psychology symptoms of anxiety whereas physical symptoms of anxiety were more prominent in hyperthyroid patients. Our findings may help differentiate these two disorders in the clinic, based on the symptom profile. However, it is important to note that this study is preliminary, and larger studies are needed to confirm the results.
    Keywords: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Hyperthyroidism, Symptoms
  • Saxby Pridmore, Svetlin Varbanov, Ian Sale, Jamshid Ahmadi Page 19
    Background
    Iran has a relatively low suicide rate and the highest road death rate in the world.
    Objectives
    To explore the possibility that driver suicide occurs in Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    Examination of the relevant suicide and road traffic literature.
    Results
    Suicide in Iran includes self-immolation, hanging and other violent methods. It is stigmatized and suicidal intent and actions may be denied. The choice of suicide method depends on availability and culture. Driver suicide is reported in many countries and represents a small percentage of the total number of suicides. It is a method which may hide the fact of suicide and suggest accident. We could find no report of driver suicide from Iran.
    Conclusions
    There is great interest in reducing the road toll in Iran. Driver suicide may be occurring but not being reported. If driver suicide has a role in the road deaths of Iran, identification and quantification would be helpful.
    Keywords: Driver Suicide, Suicide, Suicide Prevention
  • Forouzan Elyasi Page 20
    Introduction
    Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely advised as antidepressants. Association of SSRIs with hair loss is rare and limited to a few case reports. In this case study, two patients developed diffuse hair loss during sertraline treatment.
    Case Presentation
    Mr. A was a 47-year-old married man with a diagnosis of panic disorder according to the DSM-V criteria and specific phobia (claustrophobia). Approximately 8 weeks after starting sertraline intake, he noticed hair loss. Decreasing the dose of his medication led to the resolution of hair loss within 6 weeks. Ms. M was a woman with major depressive disorder who complained of hair loss during treatment with sertraline within only 2 months of treatment (at the beginning of treatment) while she was receiving a low dose of sertraline (unlike the other case).
    Conclusions
    SSRIs-induced hair loss is an infrequently observed adverse effect that may be overlooked. These case reports reinforce the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion regarding any incident of sudden hair loss occurring in persons taking even low doses of SSRIs like sertraline. Hair loss should also be questioned during the control sessions in addition to other side effects as it may influence patient’s outer appearance and negatively affect his/her adherence to treatment.
    Keywords: Alopecia, Male, Selective Serotonin Re, Uptake Inhibitors, Sertraline, Side Effect
  • Penchilaiya Venkatalakshmi, Vikas Menon Page 21
    Introduction
    Dhat syndrome is a culture bound sex neurosis more common in the orient. The condition is primarily characterized by overriding concerns about loss of semen resulting in a variety of physical and psychological problems. Though a variety of modes of discharge of Dhat is described, its discharge through skin lesions, following recovery from dermatologic conditions is not reported so far.
    Case Presentation
    A young, single adult male, hailing from a rural area (Tamil Nadu, a state in South India) was treated adequately for dermatitis artefacta and showed good recovery. He referred to the psychiatry outpatient department with complaints of lassitude and inability to work or concentrate all of which he attributed to the passage of a fluid comprising of semen and pus through the healed skin lesions. His friends reinforced his belief about the nature and origin of his symptoms. There was significant distress and dysfunction in the absence of underlying depression and anxiety. He was effectively managed with a combination of psychoeducation and low dose anxiolytics.
    Conclusions
    Dhat syndrome may present variably with regard to its mode of passage and constituents. Clinicians need to watch for development of Dhat syndrome following recovery from dermatologic conditions. Offering explanations synchronous with patient beliefs about symptoms may result in faster response and greater treatment satisfaction.
    Keywords: Culture, Bound, Dermatitis, Dhat Syndrome, Semen Loss, Presentation
  • Ali Reza Zahiroddin, Zahra Rezaei Page 22
    Rhabdomyolysis is a common condition with potentially devastating complications, and only few therapeutic options are available for the treatment of acute Rhabdomyolysis. In this case, a 56-year-old male who had been drinking alcohol, presented to the emergency department for evaluation of slurred speech, ataxic gait, mood instability, and cognitive disorder. On admission, his creatine kinase (CK) level was 2882 U/L. Despite aggressive fluid repletion, his CK level continued to increase, peaking at 11350 U/L. On administration and after the fluid transfusion with isotonic saline, his CK levels and clinical symptoms improved dramatically. We report this case as it is a rare condition of rhabdomyolysis due to alcohol, with the intent to highlight its clinical features and paraclinical finding.
    Keywords: Alcohol, Creatine Kinase, Rhabdomyolysis