Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2017

SP-A and SP-D are hydrophilic proteins which regulate the inflammatory response of the lung. Pasteurella multocida is one of the most common bacteria isolated from calves suffering from shipping fever pneumonia, one of the most problems in dairy herds.
Evaluation of surfactant content may provide a valuable diagnostic tool for detection of calf pneumonia due to Pasteurella multocida and also state of treatment.
Ten Holstein-Frisian bull calves aged 4 months with body weight of 120 ± 5 kg were selected for study in two groups. The Pasteurella multocida (PMC66 Razi) was used in the present study for inducing pneumonia. The Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) process was done in selected calves. BAL fluid was collected and centrifuged and finally the sediment (crude surfactant) was reserved at -20˚C.The cytological evaluation and surfactant content was assayed by ELISA, TPL kit assay and HPLC.
The serum levels of SP-A and SP-D in pneumonic group were significantly elevated. Although the increased Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) level of SP-A in pneumonic cases was found as compared with the control animals, but the statistical analysis didnt show any significant differences between two groups. The level of SP-D in BALF of pneumonic group significantly elevated. The amount of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in pneumonic group decreased significantly in comparison control group.
Pasteurella inducing pulmonary can changed the major component of lung surfactant which evaluation of these markers can be helpful as an appropriate tool in diagnostic state of pneumonia and healing.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been incriminated as a primary pathogen related to acute hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Three major antigenic variants of CPV (CPV-2a/2b/2c) have so far been identified. This study was carried out to investigate the frequency of CPV-2 and its variants (CPV-2a/2b/2c) in a population of healthy and diarrheic dogs in the north west of Iran.
A total of 35 stool samples from healthy (n=16) and diarrheic (n=19) dogs were screened for all variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer pair 555for/555rev resulting in a PCR product of 583 bp in length. The resulting fragments were further digested by MboII endonuclease that selectively recognizes the restriction site “GAAGA” unique to CPV2c only. All undigested samples were subjected to PCR assays with primer pair Pab (which detects both CPV-2a and CPV-2b types) and primer pair Pb (which detect only CPV-2b type) primer pairs. The relationship of health status, breed, age, sex and vaccination status with PCR results were analyzed using statistical tests.
From a total of 35 samples, 10 samples were found to be positive by 555for/555rev primers that were further analyzed by MboII digestion of PCR products. One sample was characterized as CPV-2c and nine samples were categorized as CPV-2a or CPV-2b. All nine undigested samples resulted positive by PCR using Pab primers, out of which 7 resulted positive by PCR using Pb primer pairs, indicating that they are of CPV-2b variant.
It seems that CPV-2b is prevalent variant circulating in the North West of Iran. Results also indicated that CPV-2a and CPV-2c are affecting dogs, suggests constant surveillance and monitoring of CPV variants.

Fasciola species are parasitic trematode with world wide distribution that infects wild and domesticated herbivores, particularly ruminants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the intra species variations of F. gigantica, from goats and buffalos isolates in two common geographic climates of Iran.
Fasciola species were collected from goat, buffalo, sheep, and cattle in different regions. Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) of mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) was amplified from individual trematodes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using universal primers, and the amplicons were consequently sequenced and sequencing data were analyzed, using Clutal W software against the GenBank database.
A monomorphic DNA segment of approximately 499bp was seen in Fasciola isolates. The results of the amino acid sequence alignment defined strictly conserved amino acid residues in buffalo isolates of F. gigantica and partially conserved residues for goat isolates of F. gigantica. There are four tandem amino-acid replacements in the goat isolates at the position of 135-138, where Leucine (L), F (Phenylalanine), T (Threonine), and D (Aspartate) sequences changed into S (Serine), L (Leucine), H (Histidine), and L (Leucine), respectively. Furthermore, a replacement in the sequence of amino acid was found in isolates from buffalo at the position of 154, where Serine (S) was transformed into Leucine (L).
CONCLOUSION: The findings our study indicate that the variants of goat and buffalo can be responsible for persistence of Fasciola infection in the endemic areas of Iran. It seems that biological differences could be occurred by considering a variety of F. gigantica-hosts in Iran. Thus, suitable approaches are required for effective treatments and useful control strategies.

The development of injectable sustained-release products are of great interest to veterinary pharmaceuticals and animal health business. Recently, great attention has been paid to in situ gel-forming chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate (chitosan/β-GP) solutions due to their good biodegradability and thermosensitivity.
The general aim of this study was to prepare a novel in situ gel-forming drug delivery system with a sustained release profile for enrofloxacin.
Chitosan, β-GP and enrofloxacin were used in different concentrations and six formulations of chitosan/β-GP were prepared. The properties of the hydrogels including the pattern of drug release, gelation time, syringeability, morphology, FTIR spectra, and in vitro antimicrobial activity were evaluated.
The release rate of enrofloxacin from the hydrogels and syringeability of the final solutions were decreased by increasing in β-GP and chitosan concentrations. All formulations could release the drug up to 120 hours but formulation 1 (chitosan-2%, β-GP-5% and enrofloxacin-1%) gave the best results based on its optimal drug release profile and viscosity. The FTIR studies showed that there were no interactions between enrofloxacin and hydrogel excipients. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the formed gel had a continuous texture, while the swelled gel in phosphate buffer had a porous structure. Microbiological tests revealed high bactericidal activities for this enrofloxacin- loaded hydrogel which were comparable to those of positive control (enrofloxacin suspension) in terms of inhibition zone, MIC and MBC values.
Because of simple preparation and sustained release profile of the drug, this hydrogel could be a promising delivery system for enrofloxacin in animals.

Glucocorticoids are the steroidal drugs which are very widely used in large animal medicine. These agents have advantages in large animals but they have been also associated with many potential adverse effects especially at high doses or prolonged use.
The present experimental study was designed to clarify the effects of dexamethasone (DEXA) and isoflupredone (ISO), as the most common glucocorticoids in large animal medicine, on bovine thyroid hormones.
Ten clinically healthy Holstein calves (6-8 months old) were assigned into 2 equal groups. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and isoflupredone (1 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly in DEXA and ISO groups, respectively, for two consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at days 0 (before the 1st dose), 1 (before the 2nd dose), 2, 3, 5 and 7, from all studied animals and serum concentrations of T3, T4, fT3 and fT4 were determined in all specimens.
Levels of T3 and T4 were decreased significantly after both drugs administrations. The concentrations of T3 and T4 in Iso group were significantly lower than DEXA one (P Pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and isoflupredone have suppressive actions on the circulating levels of thyroid hormones in Holstein calves possibly via inhibition of TSH production at hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid level.

Clinical prostatic diseases occur in 80% of dogs over 5 and 95% over 9 years of age. . It seems that benign prostatic hyperplasia) BPH) affect Scottish terriers more severely than the other breeds.
This study aimed to evaluate the changes of biochemical and hematological parameters in BPH dogs.
Blood samples were collected from 10 male dogs older than five years suffering from BPH which referred to Small Animal Hospital of the Veterinary Faculty of Tehran University. The diagnosis of BPH was based on clinical, laboratory surveys and ultrasonography. 10 normal male dogs with same age, breed and weight were selected as control group. Then serum acid phosphatase (TAP and PAP), CRP, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulins and hematological parameters were assayed and the results were analyzed by Independent student T-test. Also Pearson’s linear correlation test was used to determine the correlation between TAP, PAP, CRP and ESR with length and width of prostate.
The length(p=0.008 (, width (p= 0.01)of prostates were significantly higher in dogs suffering from BPH compared to the healthy dogs .TAP and PAP levels significantly elevated in all dogs in BPH group (approximately 6 times) compared to the controls (P=0.001). Moreover, serumic CRP concentration was elevated in some of BPH dogs (approximately 6 times) (p=0.001). While there were significant ESR elevation in some of dogs in disease group compared to the normal dogs, no significant difference was observed in other biochemical and hematological parameters between two groups (p>0.05). There were a highly significant correlation btween serum TAP and PAP (p≤ 0.01) with prostate’s length and width which was more than CRP.
The serum acid phosphatase, CRP and ESR were elevated in BPH dogs but the increase in serum acid phosphatase was more important than the others. It is recommended that each laboratory should use its own values of acid phosphatase in dogs.

Brain monoamines (such as histamine and dopamine) play an important role in emotions, cognition, reward and feeding behavior. The interactions between histamine and dopamine were studied in many physiological functions but this correlation is unclear in feeding behavior of chickens. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of central histaminergic and dopaminergic systems on food intake in broiler chicken.
In this study we used from intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection for manipulating of histaminergic and dopaminergic systems. In Experiment 1, 3 h-fasted chicks were given an ICV injection of histamine, SCH23390, a D1 receptors antagonist and co-injection of histamine and SCH23390. Experiments 2-5 were similar to experiment 1 except birds were injected with AMI-193, D2 receptors antagonist; NGB2904, D3 receptors antagonist; L-741,742, D4 receptors antagonist and 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine instead of SCH 23390, respectively. In experiment 6, ICV injection of dopamine, chlorpheniramine, H1 receptors antagonist and co-administration of dopamine and chlorpheniramine were done. Experiments 7-9 were similar to experiment 6, except birds ICV injected with famotidine, H2 receptors antagonist; thioperamide, H3 receptors antagonist and α-FMH, alpha-fluoromethylhistidine in place of chlorpheniramine, respectively. Then cumulative food intake (g) was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after the injection.
Histamine decreased food intake compared to the control chicks indicating a inhibitory effect of histamine on food intake and SCH23390 attenuated the effect of histamine on food intake(P These results suggest, there is relationship between histaminergic and dopaminergic systems on food intake in chicken and H1, H3 and D1 receptors are involved in this interaction.

The use of antibiotics as feed additive in animal feeds due to the appearance of residues in milk and meat and their effects on human health has restricted. Two of essential oils with high potential for use in ruminant diet are Mentha piperita (peppermint) and Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) essential oil.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of essential oils of peppermint and pennyroyal on performance, ruminal microbial population and some blood parameters of sheep.
For this purpose, 9 Dallagh sheep were used in a change over design experiment at three 21-d periods (14 days as adaptation and 7 days for sample collection). Experimental treatments were 1) basal diet without additive (control), 2) basal diet 110 mg/d Mentha piperita essential oil and 3) basal diet 흝 mg/d Mentha pulegium essential oil. Sheep were kept in individual cages and had free access to food and water. Rumen fluid was collected before, 4 h and 8 h after morning feeding and a blood sample was obtained 3 h after morning feeding at last day of each period.
Essential oils had no effect on performance, blood parameters, pH, ammonia, protozoa, and total viable bacterial count of rumen. Coliforms of rumen fluid significantly decreased at 4 h and increased 8 h after morning feeding following peppermint and pennyroyal supplementation, respectively (P although essential oils of Mentha piperita and Mentha pulegium had some effects on rumen microbial population but had no significant effects on performance and blood metabolites of Dallagh sheep.

It is important to understand the efficacy of immunoregulatory materials, herbal remedies or probiotics, in different parts of immune system following vaccination with different tropism.
Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Echinacea purpurea and a probiotic (protexin) on systemic and mucosal immune response in turkey.
A total of 288 1-day-old male turkey poults were randomized into 6 groups as follow: Group T1: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, Group T2: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water and NDV vaccine, Group T3: Positive control that turkey received NDV vaccine without any additives. Group T4: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water without NDV vaccine. Group T5: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water without NDV vaccine, Group T6: Negative control group, neither vaccinated against NDV vaccine nor given additives.
At age of 10 and 20 days, poults were vaccinated with Villegas_Glisson/University of Georgia (VG/GA) strain of Newcastle disease vaccine by eye dropper method. For systemic and mucosal antibody analyses, blood samples and tracheal lavages were collected at different ages. The titers of antibody against NDV were measured using ELISA and HI tests.
Addition of Echinacea to the water increased the systemic IgG, IgA and HI compared to the positive control group. Protexin supplementation to the water of T2 turkeys increased serum IgG and both total and specific IgA compared to the T3 group turkeys. Generally, turkeys that were supplemented with probiotic had higher specific and total tracheal IgA antibody levels than the other vaccinated groups. Among vaccinated turkeys only T1 group showed significantly higher HI antibody titers on day 42.
Results indicated that systemic and mucosal immunity of turkeys following vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) could be improved by supplementation of Echinacea and probiotic. The effect of Echinacea purpurea on systemic immunity of turkeys seemed more pronounced than on mucosal immunity; further, the effect of probiotic on mucosal immunity was more obvious.

The tongue, which plays a very important role in food intake by vertebrates, exhibits significant morphological variations that appear to represent adaptation to the current environmental conditions of each respective habitat.
The aim of the present investigation was to investigate lingual structure in adult budgerigar.
Tongues of 12 adult budgerigars were used in the investigations. Samples of the apex, body and root of the tongue were studied using light and electron microscopy.
The tongue in budgerigar is about 5 mm in length. The deep concave rostral portion of the lingual apex is devoid of any glandular structure and is continuous with a semicircular caudal portion. The caudal portion of the lingual apex is divided into two symmetrical halves by a median longitudinal fissure. The rostral part of the lingual corpus is distinctly divided by fissures of varying depth into many irregular raised areas with different sizes. Several large caudally directed conical papillae are situated on the posterior end of the lingual corpus and along the thick border region between the lingual body and root. There are also some giant conical papillae on the laryngeal mound. According to their positions, the PAS-positive compound tubuloalveolar salivary glands can be classified as dorsal and dorsolateral salivary glands. The dorsal lingual salivary glands are situated beneath the dorsal lingual epithelium. They extended from the caudal end of the fissure on the caudal lingual apex to the front of the laryngeal cleft. The dorsolateral salivary glands on each side extend from the beginning of the body of the tongue to the level of the laryngeal cleft. The ventral side of the tongue is devoid of any glandular structure. Neither the morphology nor the dimensions of the tongue show sex-specific differences.
lingual structure shows considerable differences in budgerigars in comparision to other birds studied so far.