فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 37، پاییز 1395)

Business has social, economical, and environmental consequences and it is necessary to attend the corporative social responsibility and business ethics. This study aimed to analyze the corporative social responsibility and the business ethics in the five provinces among agricultural enterprises.
This research is the descriptive-correlation research. Population of study includes all corporation managers of provinces like; Kermanshah, Fars, Zanjan, Markazi, and Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad. Among all, 150 samples were selected by simple random sampling. The data were gathered by the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using the correlation coefficient, independent t test and Kruskal Wallis test.
The results indicated that corporate social responsibility among 65.4 percent of firms were the lower than average (4.33). Also, the state of business ethics among the 52 percent of firms was the higher than average (4.32). There was the significant positive relationship between corporative social responsibility and business ethics with the age, number of staff and the work experience of firm's manager. The results showed that there was the significant difference between the average of business ethics and corporative social responsibility in terms of gender of manager, field of study of manager, location and type of business.
In corporative social responsibility, it is a priority to developing the action plans related to social and nonsocial stakeholders. Also, there is an important need for attention to price and distribution norms and obligation and disclosure norms in the business ethics.

Considering perceived organizational politics and psychological capital and their effects is among the most fundamental research topics in organizational areas. Therefore, the present paper has attempted to investigate the interactive role of perceived organizational policies and Psychological capital in predicting professional ethics and turnover intention in the Kurdistan University’s staff.
Research method of study is descriptive - correlation. The statistical population of this study included all male and female employees of Kurdistan University (N=245) in educational year of 2014-2015. Sample of study comprising 180 employees in Kurdistan University were selected by using simple random sampling. The data were collected through standard questionnaires like; perceived organizational politics, psychological capital, ethics and turnover intention. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and moderated multiple regression was used by SPSS.
Results indicated that perceived policy negatively associated with professional ethics (-.18) and positive relation with turnover intention (.35). Psychological capital has positive relationship with professional ethics (.66) and negatively associated with turnover intention (-.16). Also, interactive role of perceived organizational policies and Psychological capital in predicting professional ethics and turnover intention was confirmed.
The results of this study hold out that negative relationship between the perceived policy and professional ethics reduced with moderating role of psychological capital and a positive relationship between the perceived policy and turnover intention reduced with moderating role of psychological capital.

Ethical treatment towards animals is an issue in ethics. One question is whether ethical ideology can affect the individual’s attitude towards animals. The present study was conducted to answer this question with the aim of measuring students’ attitude towards animal and its relationship with ethical ideology.
This research was conducted using descriptive-survey research. The study population was consisted of students of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan University and Gorgan Islamic Azad University. Based on stratified random sampling, 400 students were selected as sample group. Researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. Obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software. Statistics such as frequency, mean, correlation coefficient and mann-whitney test were used for data analysis.
Students’ attitude towards animals was rated in moderate. Women's attitude towards animals was more favorable than the men. There was a significant positive correlation between idealism and attitude towards animals. No significant correlation was found between age and attitude towards animals.
Students’ attitude towards animals is not enough favorable. Therefore, there are concerns about unethical treatment of animals because attitude is influential factor on behavior. Because of the direct relationship between ethical idealism and attitude towards animals, it can be concluded that the promotion of idealism can lead to a better attitude towards animals. In this regard, the inclusion of appropriate educational content in lessons for students and use of resources of Islamic-Iranian tradition and local culture are recommended.

What is more and more attended in civil projects is weak engineering ethics in the professional interactions. It is due to the inattention to ethical challenges in engineering societies. The present study aims to investigate the ethical challenges in civil workshops.
This study is a descriptive survey. Population of study consisted of all engineers that working in two major construction projects. By using simple random sampling method, 100 subjects were selected. Data were collected by research made questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics.
The results show that 44% of the subjects believe that moral discourse is not in civil workshops and 87% believe that the relationship and influence are factors in hiring. 79% of respondents are not aware of the provisions of the Code of Ethics of Engineering and 78% of them believe that the cause of this problem is inadequate education. Finally, 53% believe immorality in workshops related to the immorality in society.
According to the results, it can be said that low levels of awareness of engineering Code of ethics stems from inadequate education at university level. Ethical challenges in the workplace lead to lower job satisfaction and bad experiences for jobseekers. It can adhere to ethical principles of social influence.

Human being is the fundamental cause of movement and development in universities and work ethics in their work environment may leads to the survival and growth of these institutions. The leadership of higher education institutions has to provide employees with a healthy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the secure-based leadership and work ethics among staff of Urmia University.
The study was descriptive-correlation. Population of study includes all employees of Urmia University (N=494). Among all, 183 were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were collected by two questionnaires; “Secure-Based Leadership comb 2010" and "work ethic Gregory in 1990" was used. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple regressions).
Multiple regression analysis revealed that there is a relationship between secure leadership and job satisfaction, healthy relationships and corporation in work. There was no relationship between secure leadership and seriousness in work. Results also showed that calm and dependability, Positive mindset and risk opportunity are good anticipants of work ethics.
The results suggest that due to increased security leadership, work ethics can increase among university staff.

One of the main factors for making internal organization is the ethics climate which include pattern that guide employees behavior and show the moral characteristic of each organization. This study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational ethics climate and organizational outcomes that is mediated by organizational commitment and job engagement.
this study is a descriptive-correlation research. Population of study includes all employees of an industrial company in Khuzestan province (N=842). Among all population, 210 subjects were selected randomly. Research tools include the ethical climate scale, organizational commitment scale, job engagement scale, Organizational Citizenship Behavior scale, Counterproductive work behavior scale. Data were analyzed by Pearson coefficient and structural equation.
Results showed that ethical climate had a positive direct effect on organizational commitment, job engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, and a negative direct effect on counterproductive behavior.
Findings also indicated that organizational commitment and job engagement mediated the relations between ethical climate with organizational citizenship behaviors and counterproductive work behaviors.

Nowadays, human resource empowerment with ethical approaches and applying the ethical leadership has been considered more by educational environment. Therefore, the first aim of this study is identifying and analyzing of ethical leadership status from students viewpoint and their empowerment, and then identifying the relationships between ethical leadership and student’s empowerment.
This study is a descriptive – correlation research. Population of study includes all students of University of Shahid Bahonar of Kerman that according to Morgan table and based on stratified random sampling method, 375 students were selected. The instruments included two questionnaires. Data analyzing were conducted in descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and PLS software.
The results confirmed a significant and positive relationship between ethical leadership with student empowerment. Also, from viewpoint of students, ethical leadership and empowerment dimensions are desirable. Among the variables of ethical leadership, integrity has most relationship, and power sharing has least relationship with student’s empowerment.
Final result of this study is that ethical leadership and its dimensions has a significant and positive relationship with students empowerment.

Paralleling the many scandals of organizations and consequently damaged public trust to them, positive organizational scholarship focused on the notions such as virtue, moral character, and virtuous organization. With this approach, the purpose of this study was to examine the factorial structure and internal consistency of organizational virtuousness questionnaire.
Research method was descriptive-correlation. Statistical population was Roads and Urban Development General Directorate staff of Kerman and 118 subjects were selected using random sampling. To investigate the factorial structure of organizational virtuousness questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis was used and to determine its internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used.
The results showed that the factorial structure of organizational virtuousness questionnaire consists of five dimensions of optimism, trust, compassion, integrity and forgiveness, was confirmed. The internal consistency of the questionnaire components being in the range of .709 to .830 that was acceptable.
According to the findings, validity and reliability of five-factor version of Organizational Virtuousness Questionnaire, is good and can be used in future research.

Users especially investors, as suppliers of capital and the most important groups of accounting data and financial report, need reliable financial information. In regard to the role of auditors, The present study evaluates the relationship between auditor professional ethics and audit quality.
The research method is descriptive-correlation . The population of study consists of auditors of the Iranian Society of CPAs. Among all subjects 312 participants were selected by simple random sampling. The instrument was the researcher made questionnaire. The questionare includes 12 questions for audit quality 12 and 37 questions for auditor professional ethics. Data were analyzed by multivariate regression.
The results showed that the auditor's straightening to integrity and honesty, independence and impartiality of the auditor, auditor commitment to professional behavior, auditor commitment to confidentiality and auditor's professional performance affects on audit quality .
according to the effect of professional ethics on audit quality, it is necessary that organizations pay more attentions to ethical codes of audit.

Studies have indicated that in the fight against administrative corruption, there is need to a collection of deep and genuine ethical values. The aim of present research is to determine relationship between employees’s adhering to ethical virtues with administrative corruption and designing a model.
This study is a descriptive-correlation research. Study population consisted of employees in state agencies of Iran and 3021 subjects were selected as sample by using sampling two-stage cluster. Data gathering tool was questionnaires of employee’s adhere to ethical virtues and administrative corruption. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical (Z test, stepwise multiple regression and ranking test of Friedman).
The results indicated that the suggested model is significant and there is a negative relationship between employee’s adhere to ethical virtues as work conscience, work morality, self-discipline and social responsibility with administrative corruption, and of among the virtues, work conscience has had the most negative relationship with administrative corruption and work morality and self-discipline and social responsibility are in next ranks. Also another finding of the research indicated that status of employee’s adhere to ethical virtues is not in good condition and of among the ethical virtues, work conscience has had the highest rank in study population and dimensions of self-discipline and social responsibility and work morality have been in next ranks.
There is a negative relationship between employee’s adhering to ethical virtues with administrative corruption, and status of employee’s adhering to ethical virtues is not in good condition. Therefore, state agencies need to strengthen the ethical virtues in employees to prevent administrative corruption.

Ethics has long been a human concern. Besides determining the relation between moral intelligence and moral leadership, and work ethic of the organization, the present study, has addressed explaining the role of these components on the organizational health.
The method of this study was a descriptive-correlation. The research population included the staff of organization of the industry, mine and business of Hamadan (N=230). Based on simple random sampling method, the sample size was determined to be 150 people. Four standard questionnaires of moral intelligence, moral leadership, work ethic, and organizational health were used for gathering the research data. Data were analyzed by modeling structural equations.
The results show that the used model is an appropriate theoretical model in the process of formation of organizational health, and all direct relationships between variables in the model are significant. Also, the results of modeling of structural equations showed that, moral intelligence explains 40 percent of the work ethic, moral leadership accounts for 57 percent of the work ethic; moral intelligence clarifies 89 percent of organizational health; moral leadership explains 75 percent of organizational health; and work ethic explains 63 percent of the variance in organizational health.
Based on the findings of this study, ethical indices improve organizational health by ethical factors. Therefore, according to the ethical principles may lead to organizational health.

In this study, the first effect of business ethics and corporate social responsibility in the social legitimacy of business and competitive advantage is studied. Then, the moral Degradation in society's direction and impact of business ethics and social responsibility in improving the organization's performance is evaluated.
the present study is descriptive-correlation. Population of study includes all financial managers who are active in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies in 2014. Among all, 50 companies were selected by simple random sampling. The research tool was C. Petty. Data were analyzed by multivariate regression.
Organizations with social responsibility have more advantages in compare with other organizations. But the organizations that comply with the principles of ethical business in compare with other competitors do not gain any competitive advantage. CSR's legitimacy is respected by the community. But the organizations that respect to business ethics does not have any legitimacy by society. In a society with moral degradation, organizations that have a high social responsibility, has a competitive advantage and legitimacy of the community.
With moral degradation, the society pays more attention to ethical codes by organizations. Internal values of organizations like business ethics has been respected in normal conditions, but with moral degradation will be the essential factor for improving the performance of organizations.

Ethical leadership is one the main important issues in business and researchers follow its impacts in organization but not in temporary organizations with their own requirements. Based on importance of projects in Iran`s economy and poor history, in this research holy defense as project oriented environment and a historical experience and it`s capability to be used in today`s conditions is scrutinized.
This is a qualitative research based on grounded theory method. Populations of study are some documents related to the second year of holy defense that coded in tree levels including open, axial and selective coding and then related categories. For examining the credibility of the theory we interview five of holy defense commanders and based on their opinions we correct some errors in the theory.
The research show that ethical leadership was a key factor in young commander`s transaction with their followers which leads to high motive and performance. Leading role of commanders is the main category and meritorious structure and spiritual vision are the most important contextual conditions.
Despite fundamental changes in the conditions of Iranian society from holy defense, the research show that ethical leadership can cause high motivation and productivity in today`s project oriented organizations. Meritorious structure is in the hands of managers but spiritual vision needs great effort from both managers of organization and also politicians and law makers to correct the business environment of Iranian society.

Ethical culture and organizational structure are necessary items in any professional environment, therefore, in this research we sought to evaluate the effect of ethical culture in the organization.
This study is a descriptive-correlation research. Population of study includes all formal auditors in private and governmental institutes. Among all Auditors, 150 people were selected from the auditors of Audit Organization and private firms to respond the questionnaires. Data analyzed by Pearson correlation test and structural equations.
The findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relation between ethical culture and audit report quality; and there is a significant relationship between ethical culture and underreporting of time.
Existence of an ethical culture and framework decrease the effects of under reporting of time and will increase audit quality.