فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1394)

Regarding the importance of education of media literacy in media policy making and lack of serious studies in this case, the present paper which is a descriptive and inferential research, tries to achieve a comprehensive model of "media policy making through promoting media literacy approach" by studying concepts, necessities, and different models of media policy making and media literacy. In this research, in order to reach the defined goal, the levels of media literacy of the target sample (384 young students) have been measured. Then the influential factors on media literacy have been elicited. Also a series of interviews have been run with social communications and media management scholars, managers and high ranking employees of IRIB who were chosen through purposive and snowball sampling in order to evaluate the accuracy and validity of the proposed model and determine the role of media literacy in policy making process of IRIB. Finally, based on the proposed model, the factors of media literacy in part of IRIB programs have been studied and analyzed.

Although the news texts are produced by media professionals but the main subject of this article is how audiences understand and grasp them. In the other words, how the texts are understood and decoded? This research is based on a theoretical framework developed by Stuart Hall and Laclau and Mouffe'. To examine this idea, a mixed method has been used. In order to recognise how audience confront the 20:30 news program, in-depth interviews were done, and for measuring their political attitudes a questionnaires have been used. The research findings show that the audiences, who have broader access to different discourses, decode the news programs 20:30 differently. Based on their political tendencies towards conservative and liberal attitudes as well as some variables such as cultural capital, structural position and subject position in which they are located, they will decode the texts differently.

One of the forms of tourism that has always attracted many people in our country is rural tourism. Tourism is a phenomenon that increases social interaction and increased social interactions can affect people's attitudes and behavior and this extension provides the possibility of cultural change. The Asiabsar village located in the Mazandaran province has been one of the tourism destinations in recent years. This study aimed to investigate cultural changes of the natives of mentioned Village which are caused by interactions with tourists. The method used to collect data in this research was survey. Data collection instrument was structured questionnaire and the obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The average test was used to investigate the correlation between tourism and cultural change components. Findings from this study suggest that tourism involved in changing the style of clothing, food consumption, expanding consumerism, language and local dialect and style of wedding in the village.

Today, Tourism is more than an economic activity and as a world and social phenomenon has certain complexities which are the result of displacement of people from different cultures and their communicationse and interactions in peace time. In this regard, understanding cultural differences is an essential factor in developing a successful tourism industry. This study aimed to examine cross-cultural differences in tourism and the ways the local community encounters with them. This was a qualitative study. Research participants included twelve persons from local people in Ghara dagh (Arasbaran) Area who were selected by purposeful sampling. This study indicated that determinants of tourist– local community contact, the role of culture in tourism, types of intercultural encounters, the cultural differences between tourists and local community, the cultural differences problems of tourist–local community contact, the impact of cultural differences on the local community and the style of encounter of local community with the tourist's cultural differences are seven main themes related to cross-cultural differences in tourism and 26 sideshows were infulencial factors on main issues.

In this article, we have tried to reconstruct some of the implications of socio-cultural approach for language education, with a view to the theory of discourse ethics.Our main concept is based on the idea that although socio-cultural approach has had many advantages for the field of language education, it has not been able to give a proper moral aspect to language education due to the lack of normative resources for explaining how to reach mutual understanding and agreements in linguistic interactions. It is emphasized that this deficit can be amended by the theory of discourse ethics. After all, the implications of this normative socio-cultural approach are explored in the areas of language-educational research, teaching and evaluation. The moral aspects of these three areas are highlighted.

One of profound problems in human interactions is dogmatism. A dogmatist is so certain about his or her thoughts that assumes them perennial and indispensable, as a result would acquire an offensive morale and pertinacity against the other's attitudes and try to deny them. This kind of behavior leads to a distortion in human interactions and to a conflict between individuls in different social levels, including family and various groups and fractions, and even between two societies. After describing dogmatism and aesthetics, this article analyzes the dogmatists ideas and then it discusses the rules and methods based on social education. After that aesthetic principles based on different scientists’ ideas and the social-educational rules, which can be underestood from these aesthetic principles, will be discussed. Ultimately some aesthetic –social principles, derived from aesthetic- social education will be presented. This essay also deals. with using the above-mentioned principles via educational system to reform the negative effects of dogmatic-social education.

Universalism in the context of information and communication technology has lead to fading of the boundaries of time and place.This process is allowed to enter a new era called postmodernism. Postmodernism has challenged modern characteristics such as reason and progress. The cultures of postmodern societies are surface and moving that is greatly influenced by media. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between universalism and cultural postmodernism among Youth in city of Yazd. Research method was survey and sample contained 384 youth aged 16-29 in city of Yazd. Sampling method was random stratified multistageand data collected by a researcher designed questionnaire. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between universalism and cultural postmodernism. There was a significant relationship between transnational norms of universalism with other aspects of cultural postmodernism, except consumerism. Multiple regression results showed that two dimensions of universalism explain 22 percent of cultural postmodern variance.