فصلنامه پژوهش های نوین روانشناختی
پیاپی 5 (بهار 1386)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common disorder. Various investigations prove the biological basis for PTSD. There are only a few quantitative Electroencephalographic (qEEG) studies of PTSD patients. The aim of this study was to find out organic basis for PTSD by qEEG. The mental method of study was retrospective. The experimental group was comprised of 15 veterans with PTSD and 15 healthy subjects. The artifact free EEG epoch was analyzed by fast fourier transformation (FFT). Power values of particular frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta) were observed on the frontal, centraland occipital regions. PTSD patients had decreased alpha activity over frontal and central regions. No significant differences were noted between two groups in theta, beta and delta activity. These results suggest a cortical hyper excitability and prolonged wakefulness of PTSD patients and may help explain dysfunctional regions in thispatients.

The present research attemps to survey recalling memories by depressive and manic patients and normal people in the light of the theories mood-dependent recalling, mood-congruence recallling and association network. Researches done formerly predicted that the depressive people recall sad memories while the manic recall cheerful ones. In this research the present researches offered the following five hypotheses: 1- The depressive patients recall sad memories more often than cheerful ones. 2- The manic patients recall cheerful memories more often than sad ones. 3- The rate of recalling sad and cheerfulmemories are the same among the normal people. 4- The rate of recalling sad memories among the depressive is greater than the one among the manic and the normal people. 5- The rate of recalling cheerful memories among the manic is greater than the depressive and the normal people. Three groups of ten members each (10 depressive, 10 manic and 10 normal people) were chosen in order to carry out an experiment: on five hypotheses. Having recorded the memories of the three groups and also having them analyzed, the results showed that the depressive patients recall sad memories more often than cheerfulones and the manic patients recall cheerful memories more often than sad memories; and the rate of recalling sad and cheerful memories are the same among the normal people. There is no difference among the three groups (depressive, manic and normal) in recalling sad memories. However, the depressive people significantly differ from the manic and the normal people on account of recalling cheerful memories.

Happiness is most basic concept investigated in positive psychology. The goal of present study was to examin motivational dimensions of happiness. To achieve this purpose, the effect of goal orientations included mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance on happiness were studied. Participants were 490 students, including280 girls and 210 boys, selected from different colleges of Shiraz University. The measures of study were Revised version of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ-R) and Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ). Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated inorder to determine of reliability of the measures. For testing validity of the instruments factor analysis and item-total correlation methods were used. Additionally, convergent validity of OHQ-R was considered by calculating correlation between this measure andAndrew and Withy single item questionnaire. The results showed acceptable reliability and validity of instruments. By using simultaneous multiple regression method, regression of happiness on different goals was calculated. Results showed that mastery goal,positively, and performance-avoidance goal, negatively, were significant predictors of happiness. In relation to performanceapproach goal, direction of prediction was positive but amount of it was low. These results confirmed the research hypothesis about theeffects of goals on happiness and motivational dimensions of it, too.

The purpose of the present research, was to investigate the relationship among body image concern, fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem with social anxiety. Two hundred and nine high school girls, responded to body image concern inventory (Littleton et al, 2005), fear of negative evaluation scale (Dolfi Mousavi, 1380), social anxiety scale (Dolfi Mousavi, 1380) and Rosenberg' s self-esteem scale (Mohammadi, 1384). In thisresearch, in order to do data analysis, multiple regression method was used and results showed that: 1) "self-esteem" and "fear of negative evaluation" were the best predictors of "social anxiety", respectively and "body image concern" accompanied by them, hadnot significant contribute in prediction of dependent variable; therefore, it was omitted from the equation. 2) Among two subscales of "body image concern", body dissatisfaction factor could significantly predict "social anxiety". Conclusively, the results ofthis research showed that self-esteem is the best predictor of social anxiety in adolescent girls.

We studied the patterns of activation over the cerebral cortex in reaction to affective film stimuli in four groups of extroverts, introverts, emotionally stables and neurotics. Measures of extraversion and neuroticism were collected and resting EEG was recorded from 40right handed undergraduate female students (19-23) on one occasion for five 30-s periods in baseline condition and in affective states. Mean log-transformed absolute alpha power was extracted from 15 electrode sites and analyzed. Results supported the role of right frontal region in negative active affect (anxiety) among introverts and emotionally stables. Asymmetry in posterior region was also suggested a role for right central region in active affect in all groups and a role for left central and parietal regions in negative passiveaffect (sadness) among neurotics.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between psychological hardiness, thinking styles, social skills and school achievement among junior high school boys in Eshnaviyeh during the year 1384-1385. The population of the study comprises all boys enrolled in junior high schools in Eshnaviyeh (N= 1588), out of whom a sample of 210 boys were selected by simple random sampling method. Data was collected using a researcher’s constructed questionnaire, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, educational records,questionnaires on psychological hardiness, thinking styles and social skills. Also research method was correlation method. Results have revealed a significantly positive relationship between psychological hardiness (r=0/32), thinking styles (r=-0/16) and social skills (r=0/12) with school achievement. From three predicting variables they have only variables of psychological hardiness and thinking styles prediction ability of academic achievement students.

Studying the criteria choosing a discipline by candidates determines the ideals and goals of the young, and also the challenges they confront. Recognizing volunteer's criteria provides higher education decision maker with the possibility to consider ideal criteria ofvolunteers who are choosing disciplines. The statistical population was the 18339 volunteers who were permitted to choose a discipline in the city of Isfahan in the academic year of 2002-3. The sample included 1500 people of this population.The research method was a survey and its tool was a questionnaire including 36 statements based on the five degree Likert scale. The considered criteria of volunteers have developed through studying research backgrounds, using documents, interviewing students and considering scientist's points of view. We analyzed the research resultsby using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. In addition to studying considered criteria of all the volunteers, these criteria have been considered according to their course fields in high school, age, number of participating in exam, and their parent's literacy.