نشریه قلم
پیاپی 25 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Fundamentally heterogeneous and highly involving potential or actual reader as co-utterer, the travel story provides a fertile ground for the analysis of dialogical aspects (speaker / hearer) of the text. The interlocutor dialogue conducted between the author and the reader facilitates the phatic function and brings the reader to make judgments and to react following the issue or the speaker’s interpellation. In this study, the issues of the phenomenon of interpellation are considered using the approaches proposed by Bronckart and Charaudeau. Also, the conative function and the question of performativity in the travel story will be studied. Knowing that the tropic and pragmatic rhetoric of the statement are part of the tricks used by travelers to circumvent or disguise the informativeness of some pragmatic reference data, our study treats the question based on the concepts of " illocutionary trope " and " informativeness law" and the issue of preterition developed by Ducrot . Our corpus covers the five stories of French travelers (randomly selected) written during their stay in Iran in the first half of the nineteenth century.

There are poets whom according to the expression of Mallarme, are part of the "obscure poets" or "compicated authors”; Poets to whom the verse, has always been less a means of expressing themselves than a way of suggesting; and it takes its true meaning and significance only in the intellectual contact it creates. It is safe to say that René Char and Ahmad Shamlou, two poets of different nationalities and cultures, can be considered as this kind of poets. These two poets, beginning their approach to Surrealism, succeeded in producing a new demonstration of poetry in which “landscape” has been presented as a subjective and intersubjective motive in poetic discourse. They construct and describe their subjective landscapes according to their childhood memories or past events. They also pay attention to the status of language, temporalization and spatialization. For the two poets studied, "distance" appears as a necessary condition for the maintenance of "desire," which gives them a kind of subjectivism. They try to fill this distance with a landscape that is always in a back and forth between the poet's ego, the world and the words. Despite all resemblances in style, they introduce specific landscapes and themes which characterize their culture and their society.

Reading literary elevations of Sollers requires extensive recognition of myths, literature, music and art, so understanding his works becomes difficult and sometimes impossible without them. To clarify this issue, in this present paper we have studied structural principles of the works of Philippe Sollers, the French contemporary writer, the coordinator of Tel Quel magazine and the founder of L’infini magazine. We have indicated that this writer regards structure as the most important function in creating his literary works. His novels do not follow a consistent plot and only some precise themes are always repeat in them; it means that in each novel we cannot see a new theme. We do not see a coherent plot and any different and various themes in his books. Philippe Sollers emphasizes in his novels just on one, two or at most three themes. In fact, the presence of these plots and themes plays no important role in the creation of his literary works. So, the question we can ask ourselves is that which elements are placed on the top of literary creations of Philippe Sollers and which position could be considered for structural elements? Is the presence of these structural elements, it is sufficient to define and to form these books. The purpose of this research is at first the study on the classification of genres of literary works of Sollers and in the next step, the impact of strong presence of structural elements such as intersexuality and polyphony on his literary works. Afterward we will continue to study rhythm and speed as undeniable structural elements in the foundation of his works.

Sociology of literature is considered as an approach which seeks a trace of social transformations in literary works. This approach has roots in Plato and Aristotle’s philosophical research and has been developed and completed by Lukác's and Goldmann’s studies.The sociological critique has been thoroughly based on structural studies of the theoreticians who believe that content, ideology, and meaning are inseparable from expression and language. The purpose of this kind of critique is to study the role of sociality in the context.
Sorayya in coma is the famous novel of Esmaeel Fassih, the contemporary Iranian novelist, in which the structure of semantic is achieved through formal platforms. Based on the method proposed by Zima et Duchet, we aimed to find the constitutive elements of this novel in order to reveal the meaning, which is the result of the socio-historical conditions of the time of this work.

To date few studies have reported the effect of lived experiences of otherness throughout reading activity by learners as readers, especially in the field of learning/teaching French as a foreign language. We will concentrate on reading practices of the novel “Fear and trembling” by Amélie Nothomb which Iranian students have done. Once describing the methods of yielding and analyzing of data issued from our research field, we’ll present examples of Iranians student’s discourses having experienced situations of encountering with the other in this novel. Our qualitative methodology is intended to promote understanding of identity construction paths of theses readers using data gathered through classroom observations, student’s texts and interviews. The results of the analysis demonstrate diversity of psycho-affective and sociocultural attitudes of readers facing otherness experiences. Some students have difficulties to understand the text because of their negative perception of the otherness in real life.

Michel Tournier and Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio in their respective works, Friday, or, The Other Island (1967) and Desert (1980), lead their protagonists in nature, away from the material domination of the modern world, where they start not only the quest of life but a journey of self-discovery. Thus, the physical journey gradually takes another form, into the inner journey. What is noteworthy in both novels is that the trip is physically first, before turning into inner quest. In other words, it is thanks to the geographical shift that the world view of character's changes. In this perspective, we tried to find out how the geographical shift can make the characters follow an initiatory journey and what the elements that transform a simple shift are in an initiatory journey.