نشریه شناخت اجتماعی
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

There is a wide range of research on time perception and processing which is related to all organisms’ behaviors. Also, there is a vast literature in social psychology to assess how behavior is shaped by time including topics such as time management, time orientation, or the relative value to past and future. The main aim of the present study was the assessment of relationship among social procrastination, waiting anxiety and time perception. In this study, 300 female students were selected by convenience sampling. They were assessed using social procrastination inventory with two subscales, waiting anxiety standard questionnaires and time Perception measured with four methods of production, reproduction, verbal estimation and comparison by standard software. Multivariable regression results showed that Incuriosity positively and self concentration negatively (social procrastination subscales) predicted time perception with verbal estimation method. Waiting anxiety, age and self concentration predicted time perception by production method. Also, Logistic regression results showed that age is able to predict time perception by compared method.

Religious beliefs have an important effect on psychological and social life. Most of these beliefs are transferred from parents to children. in this descriptive - cross sectional research, 260 male and female students of universities selected by multi-stage random sampling and they and their parents completed the Mabade-2 questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, t-test and multiple regression analysis methods. Results showed that there were significant relationship between the practice of religious beliefs of children and their mothers (r = 0.31, p<0.01) and their fathers (r = 0.23, p<0.05). Regression analysis showed that the practice of religious beliefs in children could be predicted significantly by their parent's practice of religious beliefs (P<0.01). In additional analyses, it revealed that the practices of religious beliefs of daughters have high correlation with fathers and the practices of religious beliefs of sons have high correlation with mothers. Parents religiosity and the practices of religious beliefs have influence on children religiosity and their practices of religious beliefs.

The current study aimed to assess the effect of bilingual social context on children's episodic memory. To do so, 27 bilingual children at 24, 30 and 36 months of age were selected using convenience sampling and the monolingual group was matched with them. To assess the memory skills, their elicited Imitation was investigated in three phases with action memory test and three types of assessment of base line, immediate and delayed performance in children were compared. The data were analyzed using variance analysis and the Tukey test. the results revealed no significant differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. But the difference between genders was significant (i. e. girls gained higher scores). Also, there was significant difference between the base line, immediate and delayed performance. That is, the immediate and delayed performances were better than base line performance. Based on this study, children’s language skills is an important factor in the sequenced imitation task. Accordingly, the current findings suggest that at least by 2 years of age, the language available to children is an important determinant of what gets into memory.

Anxiety disorder, particularly social phobia, is one of the most important disorders. The main aim of the present study was to assess the relationship among metacognitive beliefs, problem solving ability and social phobia disorders symptoms in students. The subjects were 284 male students selected from the University of Tabriz using cluster-random sampling. All of the subjects were asked to answer demographic questions as well as problem solving scale, metacognitive beliefs and social phobia questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analyze. The results showed that there were significant relationships among metacognitive beliefs, social problem-solving ability and social phobia symptoms. Among these, positive beliefs about worry need to control thought and social problem solving had a significant role in predicting social phobia disorder symptoms, but cognitive awareness, cognitive confidence, and uncontrollability did not have a significant role in predicting social phobia disorder symptoms. Metacognitive beliefs are effective factors in general health. In addition, it is possible to promote students’ mental health by changing metacognitive beliefs which enhance maladaptive and negative thinking styles or general negative beliefs.

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulties in social interactions with peers and are confronted with peers rejection and social isolation. However, some researchers do not have agreement about this issue. So the purpose of this study was the comparison of the social cognition ability in ADHD children and normal children. For this reason, Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) was conducted to 25 ADHD children and 25 normal children who were matched for age and IQ. The results indicated that the performance of ADHD children in RMET was significantly lower than the control group. Since the mind reading is one of the most important elements of the social cognition, it can be concluded that impairment in mind reading ability is one of the affective factors in failure of these children in social interactions and interpersonal relationship.

One of the updated cognitive models in the domain of interaction between individuals is cognitive model of social information processing. Through successful social interaction, this model has been able to assess the causes and prevention of Emotional- behavior problems in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was assessing the relationship between social information processing model and oppositional defiant symptoms in elementary students. The method used in this study was descriptive and Correlational. The samples used in this study were 100 elementary students that were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling from different areas of the Isfahan. Research tools included Behavior Problems Inventory Achenbach and Social stories Brayan and Turkasya. Multivariate regression (stepwise) was used to analyze the data. Stepwise regression analysis showed that in the first step of interpreting, 46% of the variance of problem of defiant and in second step, 49% of the variance of problem of defiant are predicted. Based on the results, the model of social information processing can predict oppositional defiant symptoms. In other words, students who have obtained lower scores in social information processing showed a higher rate of oppositional defiant symptoms. Overall, the results of this research, confirmed efficiency of Social information processing model in predicting oppositional defiant symptoms.

A range of studies have shown that the time perception is influenced by numerous factors. In the present study the hypothesis was that gender and emotional dimensions (valance and arousal) of Persian words influence time perception. fifty-eight volunteer undergraduate female students of the University of Tabriz participated in the experiment. A set of emotional Persian words (in the five dimensions including happy, calm, neutral, angery and sad) were projected to all participants for 800 and 2000 milliseconds (ms) via a computerized test. The participants were asked to reproduce the words. Three-factor ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, paired and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results rvealed that the rate of error (underestimation) for the long duration was more than the short duration. Coefficient of variation for the happy and calm words was higher than the angery, sad and neutral words. These findings indicate an effect of emotion on time perception. The results are interpreted in the framework of the intentional time perception and arousal time perception models.

This study aimed to assess the effect of group pressure on hypothesis testing. To do so, a hundred and three participants (Control: n=51 and Experimental: n=52) were randomly selected from among undergraduate students. All participants were tested using the stipulated version of Wason Selection Task (Lotfi and Zare, 1388) and some informative items for Group Pressure. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test and crosstabs statistics. The results of the study indicated that: (1) In response to the situation for the critical test of hypothesis, most participants tended to choose either unrelated or correct responses. (2) Participants were not significantly different in terms of their psychological desire to keep the initial hypothesis, the choice for the correct response, and the choice for the wrong response. (3) When confronted to a situation which directly challenges their psychological desires, subjects tended to resist against group pressure. Findings in the present study are discussed by the methodological theory of binary explanation of social behavior, as well as psychosocial and cognitive components.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of achievement goals in the relationship between need for closure and cognitive engagement based on students’ academic procrastination. To do this, 268 third grade high school students (161 female & 107 male) from Shiraz were selected through multistage cluster sampling and answered a self-report questionnaire including need for closure scale (NFCS), achievement goals scale (AGS), cognitive engagement scale (MSLQ), and academic procrastination scale (PASS). The results showed that in an academic procrastination context, need for closure dimensions have significant negative indirect effects on deep cognitive strategies through the mediation of achievement goals; whereas, this effect on shallow cognitive strategies is significant, negative, and indirect. The findings demonstrated that the direct effect of need for structure on mastery and performance-approach goals is significantly negative; but this effect on performance-avoidant goals was significantly positive. Moreover, the direct effect of need for certainty on mastery goals and performance-approach goals was respectively negative and positive, both significant. The direct effect of need for certainty on performance-avoidance goals was not significant. The effect of each of the achievement goals on shallow and deep cognitive strategies was different.

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of group critical thinking training on social self-efficacy and resilience of narcotics anonymous (Na). The research was semi experimental with pretest – post test design. Using Gaudino & Herbert social self-efficacy questionnaire and Conner & Davidson resilience questionnaire, 30 narcotics anonymous (Na) with low social self-efficacy and resilience were randomly selected and were voluntarily assigned to experimental and control groups (15 persons in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of critical thinking skills (a session weekly) and the control group did not receive any training. After the training, social self-efficacy and resilience of the experimental group were measured again. Analysis of one way covariance method (ANCOVA) showed significant differences in both social self-efficacy (37.96) and resilience (32.69) with P<0.0001 between the experimental and control groups. On the other word, group critical thinking training increased social self-efficacy and resilience in narcotics anonymous. The results of the present study indicated the importance of group critical thinking training on increasing self-efficacy and resilience of narcotics anonymous. The results confirm the results of other research and encourage providing group critical thinking training to help high social self-efficacy and resilience of narcotics anonymous.

Justice is an important managerial issue which has received considerable attention world-wide. Over thirty years of research on justice in organizations indicate that individuals are highly sensitive to executing justice in allocation of complications, procedures under which the complications are allocated and behaviors that are conducted. Social capital is a modern concept that plays a more important role than that of physical and human in the organizations and societies. Nowadays, in sociology and economy it has received widespread attention in managements and organizations. In the absence of social capital, other organizational capitals will lose their effect and cannot be used optimally. Therefore, knowledge of the amount of social capital is important. This study aimed at studying the importance of organizational justice and its impact on the social capital of employees. A questionnaire comprising of two main sections was designed. Then, among 215 employees of medical department of Ayatollah Taleghani with Bachelor of Science, 95 individuals were selected randomly to fill out the questionnaire. After collecting the data, analysis was carried out by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations coefficient and T test. Results and The results indicated that there is a meaningful relationship among employees sensitivity to justice execution (procedural, distribution justice and organizational justice) and their social capital level. Also, there is a positive meaningful relationship between understanding distributive justice, procedural justice and creating trust in organization.