فهرست مطالب

Plant Production - Volume:9 Issue: 2, Apr 2015

International Journal of Plant Production
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Apr 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/11/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
|
  • G. Colla, Y. Rouphael, P. Bonini, M. Cardarelli Pages 171-190
    The aim of this study was to assess whether seed coating with microbial consortium based on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices BEG72, Glomus mossae and Trichoderma atroviride MUCL 45632 could improve seedling establishment, yield and grain quality (protein content and mineral composition) of wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). As a first step, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a growth chamber to verify the capability of seed coating with endophytic fungi to promote emergence and plant growth of wheat seedlings. Two additional experiments were carried out under open field conditions, to evaluate the effects of coating with beneficial fungi on SPAD index, chlorophyll fluorescence, yield, grain quality and mineral composition of winterwheat. In the growth chamber experiment, 17 days after sowing, the SPAD index, the number of leaves, shoot and root dry biomass of seedlings were significantly higher by 10.0%, 28.6%, 23.1% and 64.2%, in coated as compared to uncoated wheat seeds. In the open field trials, use of the uncoated seeds led to a significant reduction in grain yield by 24.3% and 7.7%, during the first and second growing season, respectively, compared to the coated seeds. Grain quality of wheat, in particular protein content, K, P, Fe and Zn concentrations were improved by AM fungi and Trichoderma inoculation. Uncoated wheat plants exhibited a strong variation of yield between the two growing cycles (2.8 and 3.6 t ha-1 for 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively) in comparison to coated seeds (3.7 and 3.9 t ha-1 for 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively). The increase in grain yield and yield stability with coating seed treatment was associated with an increased level of macro and micronutrient uptake, higher SPAD index and photochemical activity of PSII. The application of coated seeds containing Glomus and Trichoderma can improve the crop performance of wheat in a sustainable way.
    Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Mineral composition, SPAD index, Trichoderma atroviride, Triticum durum Desf
  • S.B. Lokhande, K. Raja Reddy Pages 191-210
    Nutrient (N) stress affects cotton growth, primary physiological processes and fiber properties. This study utilized two sunlit growth chambers to compare cotton (cv. TM-1) responses to two levels of N nutrition imposed at the onset of flowering stage of development, 100 and 0% of optimum N, in plants grown under otherwise optimal temperature and soil moisture conditions. Flowers and bolls were tagged daily to estimate boll maturation period (BMP). Leaf N concentration was determined every four days from flowering to maturity. Plant height and main stem nodes were determined every four days from emergence to 25 days after treatment (DAT) and photosynthetic measurements were recorded weekly from 0 to 56 DAT. Plant and boll-component dry weights were recorded at end of the experiment.Fiber quality was determined in samples of lint that were grouped based on average leaf N concentration during the BMP. Total plant biomass was reduced 23% by N deficient treatment and these plants produced 14 bolls per plant as compared with 21 bolls in N sufficient plants. Stress-induced decrease in leaf N was associated with linear decreases in leaf photosynthesis (r2=0.92) and stomatal conductance (r2=0.86). Fiber length and strength increased linearly with increase in lean N concentration, while fiber micronaire and uniformity declined linearly with increase in leaf N concentration. Among the measured fiber properties, fiber micronaire was the most sensitive to changes in leaf N followed by strength, length and uniformity. Knowledge of the functional relationship between leaf N concentration and a fiber property can be used to develop a fiber quality submodel for cotton under optimal temperature and water conditions.
    Keywords: Cotton, Nitrogen deficiency, Fiber length, Fiber strength, Micronaire
  • K. Zuk, Golaszewska, T. Kurowski, D. ZaŁ, Uski, M. Sadowska Pages 211-236
    One of the goals of organic crop production is to grow species which combine traditional pro-healthy properties, innovative cultivation practices and harmony with the environment. Among the ancient species the spring spelt is especially predisposed for organic farming. In comparison with common wheat spring spelt has a relatively short research history on physiological analysis of growth and development. The objective of this study has been to compare the agronomic performance and growth characteristics of spring varieties of Triticum spelta L. and Triticum aestivum L. cultivated in the organic farming system and sown on different dates. The basis for the research were data from field plot experiments arranged in completely randomized blocks carried out in 2010 and 2011. The factors were cultivars: two cultivars of T. aestivum (Trappe, Waluta) and two cultivars of T. spelta (Roter Sommerkolben, Speltz aus Tzaribrod) and sowing terms: optimal and postponed by two weeks. During the seasons there were assessed: weed infestation and disease resistance, leaf chlorophyll index, biometric measurements associated with plant morphology and yielding and nutritional value of grains. It was stated that cultivars of T. spelta are more tolerant to unfavorable environmental conditions than cultivars of T. aestivum, showing better adaptability to habitat conditions, when-due to the worse weather-the uptake of nutrients from soil can be limited, stronger competitiveness against weeds and higher tolerance to diseases of leaves and stems. The content of chlorophyll in spelt wheat grown in organic cultivation as well as yields are very stable across years. Under unfavourable weather conditions during the season, spelt wheat can give yields which compare to yields of common wheat, but when in the favorable weather conditions common wheat varieties generate yields higher by 42% (cv. Trappe) up to 47% (cv. Waluta).
    Keywords: Chlorophyll content, Grain quality, Organic farming, Triticum aestivum L, Triticum spelta L, Yielding
  • W. Duan, Y. Shi, J. Zhao, Zh. Yu Pages 237-256
    A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different depths of nitrogen (N) fertiliser placements on N accumulation, remobilisation and NO3−-N content in soil of rainfed wheat. Nitrogen was applied on the surface (D1) and in the 10 cm (D2), 20 cm (D3) and 30 cm (D4) soil layers from 2010 to 2012. Compared with D1 and D2, D3 and D4 treatments obtained significant higher N distribution amounts in grain and N accumulation amounts at maturity. D3 and D4 treatments increased the N accumulation amount of vegetative organs at anthesis and at maturity. D3 treatment resulted in significantly higher N translocation amounts from vegetative organs to grains compared with D1 and D2 treatments and had no significant difference with D4 treatment. Compared with the D1 and D2, D3 and D4 treatments obtained significant higher NO3−-N contents in the 20 cm to 120 cm soil layer at anthesis from 2011 to 2012. However, D3 treatment showed no significant differences with D1 and D2 treatments at maturity in terms of the NO3−-N contents in the 40 cm to 100 cm soil layer. D4 treatment produced the highest NO3−-N contents in the 40 cm to 140 cm soil layer. Grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity were significantly increased by D3 and D4 treatments. These results suggest that the D3 treatment facilitates the best wheat production and highest efficiency among all treatments.
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertiliser placement, Nitrogen accumulation, Nitrogen translocation, Nitrate, nitrogen content, Grain yield, Rain, fed wheat
  • S.Buranova, J. Cerny, M. Kulhanek, F. Vasak, J. Balik Pages 257-272
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term (16-years) nitrogen efficiency after the application of organic and mineral fertilizers at two sites Lukavec (S1) and Suchdol (S2) with different soil and climatic conditions in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) and to determine grain yield and nitrogen content with regard to the requirements of protein content for baking quality of wheat. After the application of NPK treatment the highest average values from both sites of grain yield (6.22 t ha-1), nitrogen content (2.01%) and nitrogen uptake (123.6 kg ha-1) were determined, which means 78%, 26% and 121% increases compared to the unfertilized treatment. At the less fertile S1, located on Cambisol, the significant effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield was observed. The yield of the NPK treatment was by 144% higher compared to the unfertilized Control treatment. The limit of 11.5% of protein content for bakery wheat was not achieved for any of treatments at S1, at S2 for unfertilized treatment and treatments with organic fertilizers. Lower values of recovery efficiency of nitrogen and N inputoutput balance were found at S2 situated on Chernozem.
    Keywords: Nitrogen, Nitrogen balance, Wheat, Fertilization, Yield
  • B. Jiang, Sh.Y. Yang, X.B. Yang, Y.H. Ma, X.L. Chen, H.F. Zuo, D.F. Fan, L. Gao, Q. Yu, W. Yang Pages 273-290
    The effect of draining crop fields during the wheat season on the soil CH4 and N2O emissions during the rice season in this article. There were four treatments: traditional cultivation during the wheat season + cultivation without fertilization during the rice season (CK1 field), traditional cultivation during the wheat season + traditional cultivation during the rice season (CK2 field), draining the fields through shallow furrows + traditional cultivation during the rice season (CQ field) and draining the fields through deep furrows + traditional cultivation during the rice season (CS field). The results are listed as follows. (1) Draining the field through furrows during the wheat season significantly reduced the CH4 and N2O emissions during the rice season. Compared with the CK1 field, the total CH4 emissions from the CQ and CS fields decreased by 43.1% and 39.9%, respectively; compared with the CK2 field, the total CH4 emissions from the CQ and CS fields decreased by 58.1% and 55.7%, respectively; compared with the CK2 field, the total N2O emissions from the CQ and CS fields decreased by 33.6% and 32.7%, respectively. N2O emissions from the CQ and CS fields caused by fertilization declined by 44.0% and 42.9% compared with that from the CK2 field. (2) Draining the wheat field in winter changed the CH4 emission pattern during the following rice season. The daily average CH4 emission flux from the winter flooded CK1 and CK2 fields were comparable before the field sunning and after the re-flooding and the fluxes from the drained CQ and CS fields before the field sunning were close to that from the CK1 and CK2 fields but were significantly greater than that from the drained CQ and CS fields after the field re-flooding. (3) The soil CH4 emission flux was significantly negatively correlated to the soil Eh. But the correlation was weakened by the drainage treatment in the wheat season. In summary, draining the crop field in the wheat season should be an effective approach to reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions in the rice season.
    Keywords: Quarterly paddy fields, CH4, N2O, Draining the wheat field in winter, Comprehensive greenhouse effect
  • R.W. Neugschwandtner, H. Wagentristlh., P. Kaul Pages 291-304
    European agriculture suffers from a substantial deficit of protein sources for livestock and the projected changes in agro-climatic conditions in Central Europe include a higher risk of drought. To address these challenges, the drought resistant legume crop chickpea was compared with pea, barley and oat regarding its nitrogen (N) yield, protein yield and N use and utilization efficiency under Central European growing conditions. The two year trial was conducted in eastern Austria with calcium ammonium nitrate or the depot fertilizer Basacote® Plus 6M at two levels of N rate each besides an unfertilized control. In 2006, chickpea had the lowest grain yield and grain N yield among the four crops while under drought conditions in 2007 chickpea attained a higher grain protein yield that surpassed those of barley and oat. Under both, the more humid conditions in 2006 and the drier weather in 2007, chickpea maintained a constant partial factor N use efficiency (PFNUE: grain yield per unit fertilizer N) and a consistently high N utilization efficiency (NUtE: grain yield per unit N in the above-ground dry matter) for grain production whereas these parameters were severely decreased by drought with pea, barley and oat. Results indicate that chickpea could be an alternative in a future more dry climate for achieving a reasonable protein yield in Central Europe through its ability to maintain high PFNUE and NUtE under conditions of drought.
    Keywords: Chickpea, Nitrogen use, Calcium ammonium nitrate, Basacote® Plus 6M, Protein yield, Central Europe
  • Sh. Shi, M. Fan, K. Iwama, F. Li, Z. Zhang, L. Jia Pages 305-320
    Coping with water shortages without compromising tuber yield is a major challenge for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in northern China. In this study, we used three potato cultivars with different sensitivities to drought to evaluate the effect of long-term drought stress on morphological and physiological characteristics under field conditions during three growing seasons (2009-2011). Our aim was to identify the specific drought tolerance traits of the potato cultivars to enable their cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Our results show that the drought-tolerant cultivars had higher tuber yields under conditions of drought due an increased number of tubers per hill and increased individual tuber weight. Compared with the drought-sensitive cultivar Neishu no. 7, the drought-tolerant cultivars Kexin no. 1 and Konyu no. 3 had stronger root systems and a higher capacity for water absorption at later developmental stages and a higher leaf relative water content, which conferred enhanced water retention under drought conditions. Moreover, the levels of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide were lower and the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, were higher in the drought-tolerant cultivars under drought stress conditions. These combined characteristics allowed the cultivars to exhibit different levels of water deficiency. The above agro-morphological and physiological parameters could be used as a basis for breeding potato varieties with enhanced drought tolerance.
    Keywords: Potato, Drought, Physiological response, Reactive oxygen species