نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 44، تابستان 1395)

To determine the effect of a chitosan on aging accelerated soybean seeds, a study was conducted based on completely randomized design in factorial experiment with three replications in 2015 Science and Research Laboratory of Shahed University, Tehran. The first factor was levels of accelerated aging including 0, 24 and 48 hours storing of seeds in saturated humidity at 41°C temperature. The second factor was chitosan different concentrations including 0, 0.25 and 0.5% w/v rates. In this experiment, morphological traits such as number of normal seedlings, seedling length, shoot relative water content of, shoot to root ratio and biochemical characteristics such as chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll a to b ratio and the amount of carotenoids in soybean leaves were measured. Chitosan had positive significant effect on aging accelerated soybean seeds germination, also effecting on chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids amounts in soybean seedling leaves tending to morphological characteristics improvement. Chitosan has also increased the number of normal seedlings resulted from aging accelerated seeds, shoot to root fresh weight resulting in modulating destructive effect of accelerating of soybean seeds. Therefore, chitosan effecting on physiological traits and soybean seedling germination of soybean seeds could reduce the damage on soybean seeds caused by aging acceleration as a priming environment friendly and safe treatment.

Because of the importance of medicinal plants cultivation with organic manner and the advantages of biological fertilizers, the experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications in pot condition using three times at 10 days interval with foliar application of concentrations of 25, 50 and 100% vermicompost tea. Two weeks after the last spraying, canopy diameter, plant height, crown diameter, root length, node number, distance between the first node from the crown, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, plant fresh weight, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight were measured. The growth indices increased with increasing of concentration of vermicompost tea so that vermicompost tea 50% showed higher plant height, leaf number and plant dry weight. Vermicompost tea 100% treatment was the highest amount of root length, width and height of the leaf, stem fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight. Vermicompost tea may have a positive effect on growth indices related to the ability of nitrogen uptake by plants or growth hormones effect of earthworms on vermicompost tea. Given the pace of the transfer of nutrients from the leaves to the different plant parts, spraying bio- fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers can education in the cultivation of medicinal plants recommended less use of chemicals occurs, have a positive effect.

Drought stress is the main limiting factor of crop growth and yield in arid and semi-arid regions. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants with various medical applications. To study the effect of deficit irrigation on hyssop morphological traits including plant height, leaf, shoot and stem weight, root volume and density and root to shootratio, an experiment was carried out based on randomized completely design in four replications at Research Greenhouse of Agricultural College of Shirvan. The irrigation deficit levels were 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity as control, mild, medium and severe stress, respectively. Increasing of deficit irrigation from medium to severe stress declined plant height, leaf, stem and shoot weight, root volume and weight. However, root dry to shoot weight ratio increased with increasing deficit irrigation level. On the whole, the experiment results showed relative tolerance of hyssop to mild stress. Therefore, hyssop planting in arid and semi-arid with mild stress is recommending.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress in seedling growth stage in growth chamber condition. In this experiment temperature levels include -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C applied on five chickpea genotypes such as Arman, Azad, Pirouz, ILC482 and Kaka as factorial based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications. in the of chickpea genotypes With increasing stress cold(Reducing the temperature from 15 to 0 ° C) Level of electrolyte leakage increased and the temperature a 0 ° C reached to maximum This average increase was 21.32%. The temperature range is applied, respectively Azad and ILC482 genotype have the highest and lowest electrolyte leakage were. With decreasing temperature to 0 ° C peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity increased in all genotypes. For temperatures less than 0 ° C genotype was different answers. The highest peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity was related to the genotype ILC482, while genotypes were Azad and pirouz has the lowest enzyme activity. different answers at low temperatures probably due to the influence of of enzymes and other materials that cause reduce damage that reactive oxygen species. Overall, compared to other genotypes ILC482 genotype seems to are the more resistance to cold. According to the results, it is recommended In areas where air temperature in the cultures winter and is waiting to reduce severe The genotypes that are more resistant to cold stress should be used such as ILC482.That Less damage to the In effect of cold on the plant.

ABSTRACT Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria not only increases plant growth and seed yield but reduces chemical fertilizers rate and increases the efficiency of fertilizer consumption, too. To evaluate the effect of Pseudomonas putida inoculum under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted on soybean as second crop in Bilehsavar Moghan region. Experimental factors consisted of inoculated and non-inoculated seeds with P. putida, and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha as urea). The interaction of bacteria and nitrogen fertilizer on pod and grain per plant, branch number and grain yield was significant. Inoculation with bacteria and application of fertilizers increased the number of pods and seeds per plant, number of branches and seed yield, while plant height were significantly decreased in inoculated treatments increasing nitrogen level from 50 to 100. Also, nitrogen fertilizer application increased and decreased thousand seed weight in inoculated and un-inoculated treatments, respectively. The highest grain yield 3006 kg/ha obtained in 100 kg/ha nitrogen application with inoculation with bacteria. On the whole, in soybean second crop, application of 100 kg N/ha under P. putida inoculation is recommending.

Structural changes, including gradual and identified variations in soil properties is a function of physiography, geomorphology and a set of interactions of soil forming factors. Even after classification or zoning of soil properties and displaying them in the form of map units, the units are not completely homogeneous, and show significant spatial variations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of common methods of interpolation to estimate and delineate one of the qualitative and impressive characteristics of the soils, that is, calcium carbonate equivalent in the farms located in Aidoghmoush dam downstream in Miyaneh county. A total of 62 topsoil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm was randomly collected and analyzed in laboratory. After checking the normality of the data, isotropic experimental variogram was calculated and variography results were analyzed. Geostatistic methods of Kriging and inverse distance weighted were used for interpolating and zoning of soil lime. Exponential, Gaussian and spherical models were fitted to experimental variograms. For evaluation of interpolation methods cross validation, mean absolute error, mean bias error, root mean square error and coefficient of determination were used. The results showed that in lime estimating and changes, Kriging method was superior than inverse distance method because of the 1.86% mean absolute error as well as the exponential model than other models met stronger spatial structure. So the results of this study with regard to the best method of interpolation used in draw the calcium carbonate zoning map, it can be suggested that the use of geostatistics to efficient use of calcareous soils in studied area to achieve the precise management of these soils.

To study the effect of urea application in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and determination of effective traits on its yield, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replications was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, during 2012. Studied factors were urea rate levels as 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha and urea application times 100% in sowing time, 50% sowing time + 50% stem elongation, 25% sowing time + 50% stem elongation + 25% early flowering). Application of 200 kg/haurea had the highest seed number per anthodium. Number of secondary branches in 100 and 150 kg/ha urea application was more than 200 kg/ha. Safflower fertilizing with 150 kg/ha urea as 25% sowing time + 50% stem elongation + 25% early flowering lead to seed production with higher thousand seed weight of 31.8 g. Seed yield in fertilized plats with 150 kg/ha urea at 50% sowing time + 50% stem elongation was greater than other two urea doses. When plants fertilized with 150 kg/ha as 25% sowing time + 50% stem elongation + 25% early flowering or 50% sowing time + 50% stem elongation, oil yield was higher than 100% urea application in sowing time. The results of regression analysis revealed that thousand seed weight and number of secondary branches had higher positive effect on safflower yield. It is recommended to application of 75 kg/ha of urea in two or three parts of growth period for obtaining higher oil yield in safflower.

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) have been always considered for its antimicrobial potentials. To evaluate the effect of coneflower methanol, ethanol, acetone, HCl and aqueous extracts and also flower essential oils, the bioassay and minimal bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations testes were carried out on some plant related bacteria including Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwinia amylovora, Rhizobium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Rhodococcus faciens. Gentamycin® and dimethyl sulfoxide nutritive solvent were considered as positive and negative controls, respectively. For each bacterium, experiment was considered as completely randomized design with 24 treatments and three replications. Each bacterium reacted in different way against coneflower various organs extracts and flower essential oils. On the whole, coneflower essential oils were more inhibitive than extracts. In addition, Gr+ bacteria, especially R. faciens, did not get affected by coneflower extracts, however, essential oils were inhibitive, bacteriostatic and even bactericide. Antibacterials were accumulated in roots and flowers than leaves and stems. Acetone was the least effective solvent in antibacterials extractions. It seems coneflower has high potential for plant microbes’ biocontrol.