پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1395)

Historians had different kinds of obstacles in their way of writing the history in the past, and maybe the biggest problem was telling the truth according to the cruelty of the kings, and suppression of absolute society in that time can be seen variously in historical writings. In a quick research, these effects can be observed in the form of paradox and metaphor and sometimes vagueness with complex goals in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi . Anyway Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is one of the most valuable literary works in the field of history writing. in this article we pay attention to the ways of Bayhaqi in writing the truth and we also talk about how he managed to enlighten a corner of the truth in spite of absolutism and cruelty of the king. It is obvious that in the past, historians had a complicated and difficult job at writing the truth according to the fact that they were working for the kings. so always there were obstacles in their way. they would write only what the king wanted or they would clarify a corner of the truth by means of literary tricks like metaphor an paradox so they could fulfil their obligation

About 1500 BC, Urartu civilization took power in West Azerbaijan, East Anatolia and North Kurdistan. They were contemporaneous with the Assyrians in northern Iraq and the Elamite civilization in the West of Iran. Further details of the civilization of Urartu, were found in the Assyrians writings. Urartu kingdom after years of war and competition with Assyria, in the 8th century BC were vanished and the remaining came under the power of the Medes.
in the land that was widespread from shore west of the Caspian Sea to Modern Syria and the Mediterranean Sea, Urartu built cities and palaces, castles and numerous temples, gardens and orchards and created many rivers and canals to provide their water needs, and they were skillful in metal-working. They were neighbors with the Medes and the Persians for two hundred years. It seems because of that, and after the Persians took power, they have learned lots of methods and ways of constructing buildings from Urartu and used them in the creation of magnificent palaces such as the Apadana in Susa and the Persepolis. This article attempts first to look at the history and architecture of Urartu, and then based on analytical-comparative method, study the influence of the Urartu architecture on the Apadana Palace of Darius in Susa. The results show that although the Achaemenid civilization benefited from all their Past civilizations to form their glorious buildings, but more significant role is the role of Urartu. The role that less than it is remembered.

Thanks to Islam and Muslims throughout history, civilization created in Islamic countries that the Islamic civilization. This civilization is taken up at some point in history, and in a short time, in addition to mastering a wide range of countries in the world that day Brphnh , extended the frontiers of science and culture so that, radical changes occurring in the world Vrdkh can not ignore the magnitude of its impact on other civilizations Grft.dr this article, we explain the major factors that play a role of Islamic civilization in Europe was the awakening? Islamic philosophy and how it's going to affect the philosophy of medieval Europe during the Renaissance intellectual groundwork for Europe and its transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era provided? Secondary research questions are:- What factors are driving the growth and flowering of Islamic civilization was at that time?
- What is the status of Europe in the Middle Ages?
- How the translation movement in Europe could familiarize them with the work and achievements of Islamic thinkers?
It looks and it is assumed that during the Crusades and business travel and cultural exchanges and scientific Muslims and Europeans offering information and scientific achievements between the two civilizations was provided. This research method to validate data collection, library and the credibility of the fundamental objective and the nature and method validation, Ali - historical and analytical.

Transportation is always considered, in all times and in all places, an important factor affecting the trade. This factor and its related elements have had a specific importance when evaluating issues of business and the merchants in Qajar period. Undoubtedly, one of the most important and effective component in the backwardness of Iran's trade was the unsuitable situation of the transportation during Qajar period. The findings of this study have showed, according to the witnesses, there were few main roads in Iran not comparable with countries dealing them. The attack to the caravans by the tribes, lawbreakers and thefts were the very important concerns for businessmen. Sometimes the relative security had been made by the compassionate and worthy rulers but it was not sustainable. Communications equipment, such as post and telegraph was incompatible and the businessmen were in trouble in many cases. The competitive activities of some states such as Great Britain and Russia, in this regard especially the railway, should not be ignored. The aim of the present study is to explain the inhibiting factors of the transportation in the roads and their impacts on the trade during Qajar period using the descriptive/ analytic method based on the contents of the newspaper “Kolkata Habl al-Matin”.

Giving and receiving gifts in Imam Ali' era has involved the researcher for a while. Therefore, a study has been done to observe what the conditions of giving and receiving conditions are. Analysing literal, historical and document from the first centuries of Islamic era and the Nahj (written by Imam Ali), we aimed to find an answer to the question. The results showed that Imam Ali had criteria for giving and receiving gifts. One of these criteria was that the gift must not be from the public treasury. The gift must be simple and ingenuous. It must not be given in anticipation of getting a position. He was eager to receive gifts from the secluded poor or ex-wealthy societies. He was willing to give and receive gifts from neighbours. He severely criticized and responded to the brokers who provided gifts from the public treasury.

The development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay attention to it with this approach and analytical method and we have tried to answer to some of questions about the causes of undevelopment In the field of trade in Iran. Progress and development in every country there have had total cultural immersion with the culture of development. The safavids in Iran came to power coincided with the start of development in Europe and they were attempts to revive the ancient Iranian authority. The safavids welcomed political and military reasons from arrival of Europeans in Iran. But the Safavids never used from this opportunity for to know the material culture of develop in Europe. Iranians did not follow Europeans in the field of trade and its industries such as waterways and land roads, money, navigation, freedom of trade and commercial corporations. Safavids Despite extensive relations established with Europe and Europeans, they did not adopt No element of material culture of development in Europe .In this article we have tried to review the material culture development in Europe and to compare that with the situation of Iran in the Safavids period.

Agriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing their rule, Umayyad caliphs made efforts to improve the conditions of agriculture and farming. The present paper will answer the raised question here: What were the policies of Umayyads in the aspect of agriculture and land-holding system? In order to answer the question, different types of land-holding system of Umayyads and their actions on expansion of agriculture in Iraq and Sham are analyzed in this paper. The finding represent Umayyads earn huge income through taxes on land-holding and agricultural products and they exercised different types of land-holding systems. These actions led to preparation of situations for expansion and improvement of agriculture, damns, streams, qanats as well as lands measuring and land tenancy.