فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 49 (تابستان 1397)

In this research, the impact of the natural and human geography of Kermanshahan on theevents of the First World War is examined. with the onset of First World War in 1914/1332AH, with the formation of the interim government in Kermanshah and the support of theUnited States from them and also the existence of Kurdish tribes in the early years of thewar, the Russian and British armies in western Iran were under pressure, this was due tothe fact that the Kurdish tribes curtailed them by familiarizing themselves with thehighways and mountainous areas, especially the Germans and the Ottoman forces. Thisarticle uses historical research method, based on the description and analysis of the variousaspects of the subject. The main findings indicate that this ancient area is due to certainclimatic conditions such as mountainous climate variation, the existence of tidal rivers,vast plains, ethnic diversity, and the Mesopotamian - Khorasan high way, has played asignificant role in the political transformations of World War I in western Iran.

After the coup and accessing sultane, Reza shah at least apparently showed areligious behavior. But his behavior change from 1306 and gradually showedseverity against some religious ceremonies and spiritualties' actions. Rezashah, influenced by his counterpart ataturk, considered religious anddenomination as a barrier for revival and modernization and desired building amodern iran by modernization in army, administration system , Law system,and education and even conseration organization and renewing power andcourt structures in which religion and spiritualty had a loe function. Is Rezashah encountered uniformally with religion and religious ulens or hid behaviorhas change during years? It can only be judged that for any reason in earlyyears of Reza shah sultanate, religion has been important and spiritualty hasbeen respectabke but gradually hus behavioe is influenced by his powerseeking behavior. Current study wants to answer this question in fact whyReza shah change his religious trend why he didn't continue that but also hechange toward contrasting with a descriptive-analytic procedure considerschallenges between spiritualties and Reza shah and reason of the contrastbetween these two wings.

Tenth to thirteenth Hijrid centuries were brilliant ones for Shiite Indian society, becauseof gaining a part of dynasty of this land, training great scholars, and finally partial freedomof Shiites groups in stating their ideas. Gradually from thirteenth c. forward, those goldentimes decayed. What is continued during these two last centuries are effects such asEnglish intriguing against Muslims after occupying India, Indian sonnies' pressures onShiites as an innovation in the religion, separating Pakistan from India, and finally Indianmovements wanting independency against English are the main impacting reasons on theShiites situation in this land, that is the reason of decaying Shiite society in India. Thispaper decides to survey pressing harms on Shiites especially political, economic,scientific, and cultural …, according to these reasons with a descriptive- analyticalmethod.

rehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations.

This article examines the historiography style of Hamzeh Esfahani, the historian of thefourth century AH. His book is Sanni al-Muluk and al-arz al-Anbia, which was writtento Arabic in 350 AH. There are ten episodes that have been dedicated in several chapterto the history of the kings of Iran, Rome, Greece, the Copts, the Israelites, the Qassani,and Quraysh. The author was heavily patriotic and influenced by Shubia movement,which is very clear in the content of the book. This question arises, what was the basis ofthe insight and method of historiography of Hamzeh Esfahani? The hypothesis is asfollows, his vision is universal and is based on divine appreciation, because it deals withthe history of the various tribes according to divine providence and his methodology isbased on the historiography of the dynasties, which is based on the tradition of Iranianhistoriography. This article with use the method of historical research is based on thedescription and analize, examines the dimensions and angles of the subject gives. Themain findings of the research show, which Hamzeh Esfahani, influenced by SassanidPahlavi texts such as, Xvatai-Namag, as well as with awareness of governments, tribesand various religions, named as the book History of the Prophets and the Kings, So thisway Link and matched between the two and with a clever to draw the attention of thepeople to his book, which is interesting in this regard.

Economical evolution is too important in the era of AqQoyunludespite of the importance of the cultural and political evolutions of Iran insecond half of century 9. Economical policies had been based on landedproperty and breeding system ozoun Hasan, the founder of this dynasty,has been provided a legislation which was great. Most parts of thelegislation was about the rate and kinds of Taxes which farmers and paulterers must obey and pay it to the government. He made equalities allarounnd the country about land taxes. He wrote a legislation aboutdetermining of people complaint , punishment , and fine. Then sent it to allaround the country for obeying. He wanted them to obey, revise, andreform it dueto decreasing of the taxes pressure on people. Some of theother kings decided to follow him and made equalities among theirgovernment to prevent of taxes increasing and removing non slamic taxesand its anarchy. Especially king Yaaghoub tried his best about suyurgal,But Roustam Beig destroyed it and increased suyurgal trans fering andallotting.He increased them as much as he could, Nobody did it before. KingAhmed did reformation about illegal taxes and decreased the effect ofpeople who owend lots of lands by following of ottoman Empire.Therefore the most important question of the present research is that: whatare economical evolutions of AqQoyunlu era? It seems that the present study been determined about AqQoyunlu’s economical evolutions andreformations.It is used of explanatory – analytical Method beased on libraryreferences in this researeh.

Mongol invasion of Iran by insecurity, destroying most of the infrastructure ofcivilization and vacuum left by the fall of the Caliphate was, Sufism reference notonly to escape social pressures Commons promoted A place of refuge areas beyondthe reach of the cultural elit Due to the characteristics of the elders in simplicity,and trust to give general guidanceComply with the law and without burdening thegovernment, the people and government of Sufism was twofold Legitimize thepower structure and social pain relief. The devotion of Governors, and localleaders to Sufism, found in the construction and development of the financialmonasteries. Despite the positive effects of this influx Brtsvf inflict severe damage.Resulting in the displacement and killing of a group of Sufis were It also favorsthe idea of some mystical determinism and rely on God more than ever overcome.And development of folk mysticism leads to banality, the mediocrity and declinein the next century.

The crise that shook the country from the Nazarite era ,due to the lack ofattention to reforms and modernization in the structure of government,increased in the period of hardship and made the government messy. Thefinancial system of the state collapsed and the economic pressure on thepeople doubled ,causing insurrection and social crises throughout the state.Malek Al-Mukherin,one of the official historians of Mozafari 's court in MeratAl-Dawkh, has well described all the riots and crises.This article tries to use the descriptive –analytical method to examine the kindof official historian's look at people's protests and revolts and the level ofattention and attention to people and their problems. He is trying to answerthe following question: What was the kind of view of Abdul Hussein KhanSehpehr as official historian for the riots and social protests?