نشریه پیام باستان شناس
پیاپی 25 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Gavroud mountain valleys plain in the east of central Zagros with an area about 985 km2 is located in the northeast of Sonqor and due to favorable environmental condition has embed numeral settlements in chalcolithic periods. The cultural relationships in this plain were revealed by potteries from regional cultures including Godin, She-Gabi and Dalma. Also this evidence indicates a parallel and convergence evolution in chalcolithic culture of the study area with central Zagros. This study investigates affecting environmental variables related to settlement patterns. Results revealed that settlement site selection in Gavroud plain in chalcolitic eras was affected by bioclimatic and environmental conditions and land use capability. It could be mentioned that high density of water bodies such as springs and streams flowing in mountain valleys provide suitable conditions for development of chalcolithic cultures. Also it is worth noting that the penetration of Dalma culture through the plain indicates the high potential of the area to provide human requirements and to formulate ultra-regional relationships.

JeyranTappe Cemetery of Jezlandasht is located in Zanjan province, Tarom city, near the village of Jezlandashht. As a result of two exploratory excavations in this cemetery, valuable findings were obtained regarding to Iron Age. These findings reflect the burial tradition in the cemetery, including jewelry, weapons and pottery. Although only 8 graves have been explored in this cemetery, the variety of pottery related to their form is significant. Generally, 44 intact potteries were collected from JeyranTappeh Hills, which were classified into 13 species based on shape and form. These species include pots, cups, bowls, saucers, pots, jars, small containers with rounded bodies and flat floor, glasses, pots and tubular containers. Some of these species are divided in to sub-species. These containers are brown, gray, black, and mostly wheel maker. In terms of the number and quality of gray potteries, they have a higher number and quality than other pottery. Based on the study and comparison of the pottery, there are similarities between this site and the sites such as Godin, Dilman, Hasanlu, Gholi Darvish, Khorvin, Pardis, Gui Tappe, Dinkhah, Haphtvan, Hassan Bolaghi Cemetery in Zanjan Province and many other sites related to Iron Age. There are the most similarities between this site and other Iron Ages cemeteries such as Marlic, Ghale Coti and Dilaman. It is most similar to the Gilan Iron Age cemeteries, such as Marlik, Qaleh Kuti and Dilman. Based on all this information it can be said that JeyranTappe is related to Iron Age II. Based on the information obtained from the potteries it may be said that this cemetery was used in Iron Age II period.

One of the most important Iron Age's sites in central plateau is Sarm hill. This site is located in 16 km South Eastern of Kahak district, county of Qom. Sarm iron age cemetery is one of the biggest cemeteries in the north central of Iran. Among the important findings of this cemetery are metal objects. In this study, all the metal objects of the cemetery were studied which have not been introduced so far. Accordingly, the current study tries to introduce typology and classification of metal objects of Sarm grave by studying them. Metal objects of the cemetery were divided into two groups i.e. weapons and ornaments. Most of these objects were made of bronze and a few of them were made of iron. The applied method in this research was descriptive-analytical. After the introduction, description and classification of these objects, the type, materials and frequency of them were studied; and afterwards, the objects were compared to the similar samples in central plateau using library study method. The result of the study showed that the materials, shape and construction methods of metal objects from Sarm cemetery are comparable with other cemeteries such as Sialk A, Sialk B, khurvin, Gheitarieh in new Iron Age of central plateau.

Rumshagan plain located west of Lorestan province, is one of the almost unknown regions in Iran's archeology. Despite the fact that in this area there are several works and settlements of the Parthian period, no targeted research has been carried out so far. Certainly, the study of these settlements can provide a clearer perspective on the material-cultural status of the region as well as how its cultural interactions with neighboring areas are. For this purpose, in this article, the findings of the Parthian potteries obtained from the survey of the enclosures of the Rumshagan settlements were studied, typology, comparison and analysis. As a result, four types of ordinary pottery, glossy, painted, and glazed were identified. The comparative study and comparison of pottery shows that the material culture of this region during the Parthian period, despite the influence of some indigenous local features, is ultimately part of the western cultural landscape of the country. Other research findings highlight the link between the culture’s pottery culture and neighborhoods, such as Southwest, Northwest, and Mesopotamia.

Harsin County is one of the central Zagros areas that have delicate geographical and biological conditions by having mountains, valleys, and lots of water sources to make settlements. Archeological discoveries and confirmations say this area has been a residential one in Parthian era. After researches and investigations of writers, 30 Parthian areas along with potteries and prominent data were analyzed. Sampling was done on a total of 350 potsherds, and as a result, 250 pieces belong to Parthian era and the rest belong to the former and later eras. In this article, information about Parthian potsherds was supplied and the conclusion was the resemblance of the cultural data of the area with the pottery samples of central Zagros, via the pottery typology and comparing studies. The criterion for identifying and classifying of potteries was based on Haerink’s ideology of classifying Parthian’s pottery. According to the studies, Parthian potteries of central Zagros include special types which were identified in majority of Parthian sits of the area. Studies show resemblance of pottery tradition in this area and many of central Zagros areas, and the cultural commercial relationships are the result of this resemblance. Harsin county is no different, so that it`s potteries resembled to most of the central Zagros’s. The prominent pottery types of the area in Parthian era can be classified in four groups of simple, engraved, enameled and clincky.

Tappe Karasf which is laid on southwest corner of Karasf city is located in Khodabande county, Zanjan province. This site is part of a bigger mound that, unfortunately, most of it has been destroyed by human activities during last years. A salvage excavation was carried out during March and April 2016, because of massive destructions, and the mission was mainly concentrated on gathering maximum information. During this season of excavation, 3 trenches and 5 test trenches excavated to understand the architectural remains and cultural sequence of the site as well. Expedition managed to identify architectural remains belong to middle Islamic era (Sixth & Seventh Centuries A.H.) along with Islamic pottery herds, specially incised decoration under white and green glazes, and a particular type of pottery well known as Garrus ware

Siraf is the birth certificate of Iran's seafaring history and represents a part of the historical and cultural identity of our land. Economic and social life of this famous and important port in times of prosperity represents a brilliant and dynamic civilization which has been continued from Sassanid era to a few centuries after Islam. Developments in Abbasid Caliphate in the 3rd and 4th centuries and the formation of the Iranian Buyid dynasty have been one of the reasons for this flourishing. Throughout history, geographers, historians and Muslim tourists have repeatedly spoken of it and have to describe and define it, and underwater archaeological excavations and surveys that have been conducted in recent; has help to learn more about this ancient port. In this article, we intend to introduce and describe this port and study the reasons for the rise and fall it.

Some sites of rock art have been discovered in southeastern of Kurdistan and northeastern of Qorveh city on the foothill of young volcanic mountains (Siah and Gharineh) which some of its rock art manifestations contain important elements that in terms of work style and morphology are comparable to the petroglyphs of different regions of Iran and other areas of Kurdistan. Some of these carvings have been made in several different periods by overlapping on the boulders. Qorveh motifs include cupules in different styles, linear, single and group, human motifs in various combinations and modes, including various scenes such as hunting with a bow and arrow, horseman in a hunting mode, group dancing and other various modes and animal motifs comprising antelope, ram, ewe, deer, gazelle, boar, camel, snake, feliformia and also other animal-like and human-like which have been displayed in graphic and abstract forms as well as geometric shapes and symbols.