نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال هشتم شماره 27 (تابستان 1395)

Indian style is the most diversified poetry style in Persian that its distinction by the former and after styles is obvious and has its own principles and rules; so as distinction between frequency of paradoxical images besides diverse like synaesthesia, abstraction, allegory and etc. The special attention of the poets of this style to paradox and the role of this literary device in the structure of their poetry leads the writers of the current article to investigate the reasons behind the high frequency of the paradox in their poetry. This paper’s authors are looking for the reason of why Indian style poets are so interested in use paradoxical images. Based on results of this study, paradoxical images have function as making ambiguity, brevity, being two dimensional, newness and making surprise and delight that are so like Indian style poetic and aesthetice norms that these reason make poets like this style.

One of the significant features of the prominent poets of Hindi Style which distinguishes their poetry from other styles is Disagreement or norm deviation. Disagreement in Hindi Style happens when the poets use non-conventional point of view to achieve an “alien meaning” and develop different original meanings and implications. Unlike the habit, they judge about the meanings and common stereotypes in Persian literature, famous fictional mystical and mythical elements such as Ab-e-Hayat, Khidr, Alexander, Jaam-e-Jam, Joseph, Abraham, Jesus, Solomon….In other words they normally criticize and point negative attitudes towards the things that in the long literary tradition have been praised and viewed positively, Or vice versa. The author of this study has extracted the reading against cases from the poetry of Biddle, discussed them alphabetically and benefited from other poets wherever it was necessary. The aim of this study is to determine the Disagreement and diversion of norms in Hindi style in Bidel’s poetry. The results demonstrate that following the famous poets of Hindi style, norm deviation can be observed with a high frequency in Bidel’s poetry.

Since the manuscripts reflect past of culture and language of every nation, recognition and introduction manuscripts, is to turn the page of golden leaf from nation’s language, culture and civilization. Among these treasures, valuable copy of Roqa`at written by Mirza Amanullah Hosseini pseudonym to Amani, which is a grand example of ancient`s composition with scientific, historical, social and educative contents.
This research was done after correction Amanullah`s manuscript and Comparing it with two copies in Astan Ghods and Melli libraries.
The purpose of this study is to introduce the writer of this opus and to regenerate this manuscript as one of the written resources of 11th century and study it`s content features for showing the value of it`s useful informations. This study had been done by analysing and describing the context`s of Roqa`at.

In the present study, it has been attempted to have a look upon foreign policy of Iran and India particularly on analyzing thecooperation and confrontation between the two countries during a time prior to Iran nuclear deal. In fact based on the same comparative studies it has become possible to find some ways into legal and political problems and dead-ends; because comparative studies would provide the researchers with some sorts of benefit out of their experiences and trial and errors of different nations. The recent regional upheavals, particularly the new wave of Islamic Awakening in the Middle East and North Africa on the one hand and long-standing conflict between Iran and America, Iran’s stand points towards Southeast Asia, America and Israel's influence on the region, particularly in the Indian subcontinent and Iran and India’s political function in the fields of cooperation or competition, the areas of convergence and divergence range for this interaction, have all enhanced the necessity of doing this study. The seminal question, therefore, of the study is that where is Iran’s position in India’s new foreign policy? And how in future this relation would pave the ground for further convergence and cooperation? If Iran and India, while keeping development, continue to maintain their stability, this rapid growth of their capabilities will continue for decades. The continuation of this development, in addition to stabilization, can change the distribution of power and rearrange the role of performers in the international level will driving India into a great power in the area and so it could play a great and essential part by making a fundamental change in or re-modifying the constituents of international system.

From the beginning of the seventh century, with the expansion of Persian language and literature and also other countrie's tendency and familiarity with the works of Iranian poets and writers, some of the sublimes started to interpret Iranian famous works, inside and outside of the borders.
Mohammad bin DavoodAlaviShadiabadi, the Indian scholar, is one of the famous commentators of Anvari poem collection. He had been living in the mid-ninth century and the early tenth century, had interpreted Anvari's difficult verses to make it easier for the people to understand, following by the NaseroddinKhalaji's order, in literature history for the first time. In terms of priority in description, the use of Hindi words, domination on astronomical content, historical events, the expression of revelation of some verses, and the effect on the next commentators made it really prominent. Besides, Shadiabadi had interpreted Khaghani’s poem collection as well as some other literary works.This study aims to explain Shadiabadi's work's characteristics and his style in interpretations, considering his four interpretation manuscripts.

Parthia (Persian: Ashkâniân) (250 B.C. 226 A.D.)was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the Unite Arab Emirates. This phase, contemporary to Mauryan and Kushan periods in India, is culturally very significant. It witnessed the fusion of Hellenic, Iranian and Buddhist arts. There was also the exchange of religious ideas as indicated by Kanishka’s coins.The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, etc. Around 20 A.D. Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in the conquered territories. in an area covering today's Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of Northern India. The Kingdom's capital was Taxila (Pakistan) According to Chinese historical sources, the first missionary Buddhist monks to travel to China were Parsi scholars,The Parthians of east Iran and Central Asian translated Sanskrit texts into Chinese. An- Shih-Kao was a Parthian prince who became a Buddhist monk.Following the weakening of the Parthian empire. the Suren, a noble Parthian family of Arsacid descent, started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians. Trade developed greatly under the Parthians and many Parthian coins have been found beyond its ancient boundaries. Parthian control of the overland trade routes between east and west, the Silk Road and the Persian Royal Road. This control of trade was to be the foundation of Parthian wealth and power.This article tries to explain policy –economic and cultural relationship between Indo-Parthian by using descriptive-analytic methods supported by library documents and sources.

One of the major disputed issues, among the British officials after their dominance of India, was to change the educational system of the country. A schism emerged amongst the administrators of East India Company, politicians, orientalists and scholars regarding how to administer Education System in India. Some of them opposed the interference of the Government in educational affairs. Besides, they were against the introducing of English Education System for Indians. In their viewpoint, such activities shall prove detrimental to the interests of English Rule in India. While others believed that for the betterment of Indians, they should be familiarized with English language and modern western Sciences. Despite conflicts, eventually they decided to import modern education system to India and eliminate the local and traditional system. Resultantly, many schools, colleges and universities were established in the country.
This article deals with the conflicts between the supporters and dissidents of modern education system and evaluates the replacement of indigenous education system with modern education system under the Rule of East India Company.

Islamic mysticism in Persian literature is an expression of the degree of peacocks in various works of Persian language has diverse effects. The prospects for the deception when the other schools such as Hindi-Buddhist mysticism is adjacent to the flirting seriously. Iqbal comprehensive poet around subcontinent ornament of science and religion , and together and enjoys , on the principles of mysticism and Irfan , with regard to school with rich Indian Irfan and studies and garlic and travel in Western countries , new ideas and reviews has expressed strong . Iqbal Lahori for the withdrawal of the Muslims of isolation and the silence that Islam has led to a retreat from the other side of the bed , and the arrival of the development of colonialism has made expensive to other species of privacy . In this research and with reference to the documents, and the authorities are specific to Iqbal at the deserted Bob also affected by common ideas in Irfan subcontinent and resulting from the perspective of Iqbal and involvement in the Muslim community in social issues , will examine the .