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سال دوم شماره 2 (زمستان 1383)

odernism in architecture ~~'- and urbanism has a wide territory. Although, criticizing the "modernism" started decades ago, another running of thought has been challenging and replacing it at the same time:post-modernism. The origin of this view is rooted in recent philosophic as well as scientific developments. Therefore, postmodernismis not only a method of criticism, it opens a new horizon in front of the ones who explores the world after modernism. In this essay, modernism and post - modernism world views have been compared and the impact of each one upon theoretical and practical basis has been considered. Eventually, we have to pass the modernism and enter the era of the post -modernism. From now on Architecture and Urbanism's development depends on their explaining and securitizing in this new movement.

he landscape painting has a significant position in European as well as in Iranian paintings.Painting in Iran, from the fIrst centuries,A.D, to now is being developed based on Iranian specific beliefs and aesthetics.Naturalism and man - Environment interrelationships which has been rooted in ancient Iran are the particular characteristic of Iranian miniatures as an essential and an aesthetician element. Gardens andcourt yards with water streams and all kind of the birds and the plants, according to the most of the specialist are based on the image of the Heaven

The design of landscape is mostly related to the design of green areas that due to their natural beauty and the pleasant surroundings they present, are highly regarded by most people. These qualities in addition to the very active role they play in reducing air pollution, has enabled landscape Architecture to offer some degree of relaxation in the life style of people in this age of industrial and technological competition, which is mostly, hostile, ill- tempered and irritable. Defining the basic principles and creating the right model for designing the landscape of larger cities presents some major obstacles. What will definitely help in removing these obstacles is familiarity with the principles of garden design in previous generations. A correct researched knowledge.

Ornamental plant elements have some roles in environment and landscape more than aesthetics. In these spaces, we should consider both aesthetics and application reasons. Some plants, which have special aesthetic qualities, and can stimulate people senses, have most important roles in this case. In a research, we tried to evaluate the kind of aesthetic opinions of 450 people of landscape users through an opinion assessment. At last, this landscape should be adaptive with people desires and demands. On the other side, with asking this question that is any differences between girls and boys in aesthetic parameters of plant covers and planting design. So, the differences between girls and boys and also students and non-students were studied to make the spaces more applied. With these studies, we can make our principles of designs, more standard and graded. The case in study was “Hasht Dastgah”, Agriculture Faculty,UniversityofTehran, which was 1.7 hectare and designing was done in one part of it, by using 3D Studio MAX ver. 6.0 as 3-dimentional software. The survey which was done among people, was analyzed by using Spss software through Chi-square test and it’s results obviously appeared the acceptance of some factors such as shades, natural forms, intensive culture and scents. Finally by using the results of such studies, we can design spaces, which are not only due to scientific principles, but also in harmony with Iranian native culture, and it’s expectations.

Attention to the water and giving respect to it has very long history Iran, however this phenomenon has reached to its zenith in safavid by building many palaces as weii as gardens. The patterns of these gardens show the Iranian peoples respectful attitudes towards thew. Springs have a special role in gardening in safavid period. The combination of palace and spring is called spring – building. Abbas-Abad spring – building in behshahr is one of the best example for these spaces inIran. This building contains many componet suchas dam-lake-port-etc. The complexity of this garden shows powerful potentials of concentrated on this garden, it,s pattern, and functions.

Sepehri,as an Iranian poet, has a great imagination about the Nature through his intutinon and inspirations. While,in his first poems, sepehri,has given less attention in to the nature his last poems are full of appreciation as wel as respect in to the nature. So, from his point of views,as he ascended his mystical path,nature trans formed to a Divinty verse.

The Iranian garden is a powerful manifestation of spirituality. The sacret concept of the plants in Iran, before and after Islam,led to the creation of many gardens all over the country as an image of the pardise. One of the examples of these gardens is the complex Gardens in the northen city of Behshahr. The city which already can be called a garden -city. This article is due to study these gardens from the historical point of view. The study will be full filed by giving some suggestions about its watering system.

afez, the 8th century A.D ~ Iranian poet and mystic,certainly, is one of the most effective characters in Persian literature as well as culture. His lyric poems by which his particular mystical view to the natureis presented explain the natural elements as Gods verses. In this article this way of explaining thenature is being compared with the idea of seeing the nature as a secret phenomenon, In the Islamic world. To achieve this aim seeing the nature as verse will be deeply examined based on Hafez,· s world view and poem. To consider the nature as a sign of the lover (God) is to see the existence of the "things"rather than their symbolic quality or quantity. According to Hafez the environmental aesthetics is related to nature, s existence as an embodiment of particular meaning in a particular time.

Healing gardens are relatively new subjects in landscape architecture, and are not older than 20 years. They are as a connective bridge between new landscape architecture and medical sciences. They are important not only for their atheistic reasons but also for making a connection with users which cure their physical and specially mental and spiritual diseases and in a higher position prevent them become ill. Such kinds of gardens were primarily defined for health centers and hospitals but finally they found they place in other public centers and private places. The secret of healing gardens is in the innate eager of man to the nature and on the other hand the major gifts of a healing garden to man that are life and calm feelings. For calling a garden "Healing Garden" some circumstances should be met which are discussed in this paper.