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باغ نظر - سال نهم شماره 20 (بهار 1391)

نشریه باغ نظر
سال نهم شماره 20 (بهار 1391)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1391/04/13
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • مهرداد کریمی مشاور صفحه 3
    شناخت دانشجویان یکی از عوامل مهم و موثر بر آموزش در کارگاه های معماری است. جهت کسب نتایج بهتر بر اساس آموزش و پرورش شناختی، در کارگاه های طراحی نیاز است تا به یادگیرندگان نیز در فرایند آموزش توجه شود.
    بر همین اساس؛ روانشناسان علوم تربیتی سعی در شناخت یادگیرندگان بر اساس ویژگی های شخصی کردهاند. یکی از این ویژگی ها، سبک های یادگیری است که ترجیحات یادگیری هر شخص را بیان میکند.
    این نوشتار نیز سعی دارد بر اساس یکی از انواع تقسیم بندی سبک های یادگیری که متعلق به «دیوید کلب» است و چهار سبک یادگیری واگرا، همگرا، انطباقی ابنده و جذب کننده را مطرح میکند، به بررسی عملکرد دانشجویان معماری در کارگاه طراحی بپردازد.
    برای بررسی رابطه عملکرد دانشجویان با سبک های یادگیری، ابتدا بر اساس سیاهه سبک های یادگیری کلب به چگونگی توزیع دانشجویان معماری در سبک های یادگیری پرداخته می شود و سپس عملکرد دانشجویان در دو بخش فعالیتهای کارگاهی، شامل طراحی و اسکیسها مورد بررسی و مقایسه تطبیقی قرار میگیرد.
    نتایج این تحقیق نشان میدهد که دانشجویان با سبک یادگیری واگرا، دارای بهترین عملکرد و دانشجویان همگرا دارای ضعیفترین عملکرد در کارگاه طراحی معماری هستند. همچنین مشخص شد؛ تاثیرات آموزشی برنامه اسکیس در دانشجویان جذبکننده و طراحی بلندمدت در دانشجویان انطباق یابنده از تاثیر بیشتری برخوردار است.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش طراحی معماری، سبک یادگیری واگرا، سبک یادگیری همگرا، سبک یادگیری جذبکننده، سبک یادگیری انطباق یابنده
  • روجا علیپور، مسعود خادمی *، محمد مهدی سنماری، مجتبی رفیعیان صفحه 13

    کیفیت یک فضا در شهر از برآیند مولفه هایی حاصل می شود که با شناسایی کارکردها و تاثیرات مناسب هریک از آنها بر فضا میتوان راهکارهایی برای بهبود کیفیت فضاهای شهری ارائه داد. در رابطه با بافتهای فرسوده این امر از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است. در این نوع بافت، بسیاری از فضاها دچار فرسایش شده و مولفه های کیفی آن دچار نقصان است که در طول زمان این مسئله خود موجب از بین رفتن حیات یک بافت و محیط پیرامون آن میشود. بنابراین توجه به کیفیات محیطی بافتهای فرسوده یکی از مهمترین عوامل در شناسایی محدوده های هدف جهت مداخله در آن خواهد بود. حال سوال این است که آیا میتوان روشی جهت شناسایی و تاثیرگذاری شاخصهای کیفی در محدوده بافتهای فرسوده ارائه کرد؟ و آیا نتایج این تاثیرگذاری قابل مشاهده خواهد بود؟
    به نظر میرسد در شناسایی و مداخله در بافتهای فرسوده شهرهای کشورمان توجهی به شاخصهای کیفی محیط نشده و پیشینه قابل توجهی از این مباحث در مطالعات بافتهای فرسوده مشاهده نمیشود. به همین دلیل در این مقاله سعی بر آن است تا با مطالعات رئوس مباحث مربوط به کیفیات محیطی و شناسایی چگونگی تاثیرگذاری آن بر شاخصهای مداخله در بافتهای فرسوده قدمهای اولیه در این راه برداشته شود. بنابراین فرض بر این خواهد بود که شاخصهای کیفی محیط که شامل شاخص عملکردی، تجربی زیباییشناختی و شاخص زیست محیطی به عنوان پارامترهای تاثیرگذار آن معرفی میشود، میتواند به عنوان شاخصهای تاثیرگذار در شناسایی و مداخله در بافتهای فرسوده مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
    در این مقاله به منظور بررسی معیارهای کیفی در بافتهای فرسوده، اقدام به تهیه الگویی مناسب با طبقه بندی شاخصه هایی در کنار شاخصه های مصوب شورای عالی معماری و شهرسازی شده است که در نهایت با سنجش و تحلیل هریک از شاخصه های کیفی، نیاز به ارتقا یا ایجاد آن در فضا قابل رویت شود. به این ترتیب در راستای شناسایی و اولویتبندی حوزه های مداخله در بافتهای فرسوده، هریک از این حوزه ها را میتوان از باب معیارهای کیفی قیاس کرده و با وزندهی این شاخصها و زیرمعیارها به روش AHP، حوزه های مداخله را شناسایی و گونه مداخله متناسب با ویژگی های آن را نیز پیشنهاد کرد. در روند پژوهش، این الگو در نمونه موردی بافت فرسوده بندرلنگه مورد ارزیابی قرار میگیرد و اثر مثبت شاخصه های کیفی در کنار مصوبات شورای عالی معماری و شهرسازی مشخص میشود.

    کلیدواژگان: بافت فرسوده، شاخصهای کیفی، اولویتهای مداخله، بندرلنگه
  • اشرف سادات موسویلر، هانیه اسحاق زاده تربتی صفحه 23
    مقاله حاضر به بررسی مفهوم مشترک و کاربرد بعد چهارم در هنر نگارگری ایران، نقاشی سبک کوبیسم و هنر گرافیک در بخش طراحی نشانه پرداخته، همچنین اشارهای به پیشینه بعد زمان در هنر پیش از تاریخ و عهد باستان دارد. این پژوهش با روش تحلیلی و تطبیقی انجام شده است. بدین منظور در نخستین گام، بعد چهارم را از دیدگاه های مختلف توصیف کرده، جنبه های هنری و علمی آن را در حد امکان مورد بررسی قرار داده؛ مفهوم بعد چهارم به مثابه زمان را در نگارگری، نقاشی سبک کوبیسم و در طراحی گرافیک بخش نشانه به صورت تطبیقی تحلیل کرده است.
    با توجه به یافته های تحقیق و جنبه های نظری و کاربردی بعد چهارم در هنرهای تجسمی؛ عبور از فضای دوبعدی به فضای مجازی بعد چهارم با نمونه های موردی بررسی شده است. بعد زمان از کهنترین دوران در هنر ایران وجود داشته همانگونه که هنر تجریدی هندسی آن عصر در نهایت زیبایی و قدرت بر سفالینه ها نقش بسته است، اما پس از قرنها با عناوین هنر پیشرو غربی به ارمغان آورده شده است. از بررسی نمونه های شاخص در هنر نگارگری، نقاشی کوبیسم و طراحی نشانه مفهوم مشترکی از بعد چهارم در هنرهای یادشده حاصل میشود.
    فرضیه؛ بعد چهارم به مثابه زمان، از دیرباز در هنر ایران وجود داشته است. بر این اساس بعد چهارم به گونه ها و اشکال گوناگون در هنر ایران و غرب به ظهور رسیده است. با بکارگیری تمهیدات تجسمی از جمله استفاده موجز از فضاهای مثبت و منفی؛ ترکیب نماها یا صحنه های مختلف یک یا چند موضوع به طور هم زمان و ارائه آن در قالب یک اثر هنری؛ و اجتماع همه آنها در یک سطح دو بعدی یا تصویری واحد ارایه میشود. اگر چنین تمهیداتی در نقاشی سبک کوبیسم، حضور بعد چهارم را به اثبات میرساند؛ با استناد بر همان شواهد، میتوان حضور بعد چهارم را در برخی نمونه های شاخص نگارگری و طراحی نشانه نیز مشاهده کرد، زیرا شیوه های مذکور از دیرباز در آثار شاخص هنرهای نگارگری معمول بوده و اکنون هم در طراحی نشانه کاربرد دارد
    کلیدواژگان: بعد چهارم، حرکت، زمان، طراحی نشانه، کوبیسم، گرافیک، نگارگری
  • سید هادی قدوسی فر، فرح حبیب، مهتیام شهبازی صفحه 37
    ادیان در جهان سنتی به عنوان عنصر غالب در تعیین خط فکری و آداب و منشهای جوامع مطرح بوده و در شکل گیری و نحوه گسترش هنرها تاثیری ژرف داشته به طوری که در جهان سنتی، دین با فلسفه زندگی و هنرها همزاد و همراه است.
    طبیعت عنصری حائز اهمیت در ادیان و واجد جایگاهی متفاوت در ایدئولوژی ها بوده است، به طوری که در جهان بینی جوامع سنتی علیرغم تشابهاتی که در آنها دیده میشود، جایگاه طبیعت از عنصری که خود خداوند یا جزئی از خداوند به شمار میرفته تا عنصری شر و جایگاه زندگی شیطان متغیر بوده است. با اینهمه وجود عناصر مشترک طبیعت در شکلدهی به معماری به عنوان شاخهای از هنرها که بیشترین قرابت با محیط و طبیعت را دارد، میتواند متاثر از ایدئولوژی هایی باشد که در ادیان با عنوان «حکمت خالده» مطرح است.
    در این راستا پژوهش درصدد پاسخگویی به سوالات زیر است: آیا بینشهای دینی متفاوت در مورد طبیعت باعث تفاوتهایی تاثیرگذار در معماری ادیان شده است؟
    چه مباحث و عناصر مشترکی در ارتباط با طبیعت در معماری معابد ادیان مختلف وجود دارد؟
    آیا حکمت خالده یا جاویدان خرد در حوزه آثار هنری مرتبط با ادیان، به ویژه معماری قابل گسترش است؟
    روش پژوهش، تحلیلی و تفسیری- تاریخی است. ابزار و روش های گردآوری اطلاعات اسنادی، کتابخانه ای، تهیه فیش، نقشه ها و نمونه های آثار معماری هستند. روش تجزیه اطلاعات نیز استدلال قیاسی و استدلال استقرایی (استنتاجی) است.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری، دین، حکمت خالده، معبد، طبیعت، ادراک شهودی
  • اکبر کیانی، علی اسماعیلزاده کواکی صفحه 51
    تحقیق در حوزه شهرهای دوستدار کودک، به ویژه در اروپا، از سالهای 1980 به بعد مورد توجه قرار گرفت. عمده این تحقیقات در راستای تخصیص حق شهروندی به بچه ها و رسیدگی به خواسته ها و نیازهای آنها بود. امروزه «شهر دوستدار کودک» (CFC) مورد توجه برنامه ریزان و دستاندرکاران امور شهری قرار گرفته است، چرا که تعداد جمعیت کودکان مناطق شهری جهان (شهرهای کشورهای در حال توسعه) در حال افزایش هستند. پروژه های شهر دوستدار کودک به طور عمده ایجاد فرصتی برای کودکان در راستای شکل دادن و یا تغییر محیط پیرامونشان است. کودکان و نوجوانان به عنوان اعضای جامعه با مجموعهای از خواسته ها و نیازهای خاص، استفادهکنندگان محیط ساختگی هستند. هدف مقاله حاضر، مشارکت کودکان در ایجاد محیط ساخته شده اطرافشان و در نتیجه تحلیل نظراتشان است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای، اسنادی و بررسی های میدانی است. با استفاده از متدولوژی گروه بحث و روش مشارکتی، نظرات و نقاشی های کودکان در ارتباط با وضعیت شهر قوچان و محیط زندگیشان جمعآوری و تحلیل شد. همچنین از یک گروه هدف به منظور استخراج نظرات دقیقتر در ارتباط با ویژگی های مورد نظر شهر دوستدار کودک جهت برنامه ریزی شهری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان میدهد، اولین بار در سال 2007 میلادی «شهر بندیگو» در استرالیا از طرف یونیسف به عنوان «شهر دوستدار کودک» و اولین شهری که تمام جنبه ها و ویژگی های یک شهر دوستدار کودک را از نظر یونیسف به خود اختصاص داده بود، معرفی و به رسمیت شناخته شد. «شهر اوز» در استان فارس برای اولین بار در ایران، به عنوان «شهر دوستدار کودک» در سال 1389 انتخاب شده است. مطالعه موردی شهر قوچان نشان میدهد، قوچان گام های نخستین را جهت تحقق شهر دوستدار کودک طی میکنند؛ 64 درصد کودکان معتقد بودند تعداد زیادی درخت و فضای سبز و وسایل بازی مخصوص کودکان در محله خود ایجاد شود و با ارایه نظرات مختلف ضرورت توجه به مشارکت کودکان در ارتباط با موضوع طراحی و برنامه ریزی محیطهای دوستدار کودک را در شهر قوچان مطرح کردهاند. تحلیل نظرات کودکان شهر قوچان به منظور تحقق «شهر دوستدار کودک»، سازمان های موثر و به ویژه شهرداری قوچان را به اتخاذ راهبردهای اجرایی و عملیاتی بیشتر تشویق میکند.
    کلیدواژگان: شهر دوستدار کودک، مشارکت کودکان، قوچان
  • هاشم هاشم نژاد، مصطفی بهزادفر، بهرام صالح صدقپور، سیدعلی سیدیان صفحه 63
    مطالعه حاضر با هدف ساخت، اعتباریابی و رواسازی پرسشنامه جایگاه طراحی در معاصرسازی بافتهای فرسوده ایران بر اساس مصاحبه با اساتید دانشگاه های تهران و متخصصین و استخراج نظرات آنان تهیه شد. با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای، نمونه 210 نفری از اهالی محله سیروس تهران انتخاب و پرسشنامه روی آنان اجرا شد. پرسشنامه ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS تحلیل شد. روش های به کار رفته شامل تحلیل گویه ها (ضریب تمیز و روش لوپ)، روایی محتوا و روایی سازه (تحلیل عاملی) و اعتباریابی (محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای کل پرسشنامه و عاملها) بودند. در نتایج تحلیل عاملی 11 عامل شناسایی شد که عبارتند است از: مشارکت مردم در تهیه و ساخت، شکل معابر، تجمیع قطعات برای نوسازی، حفظ فضاهای ارزشمند، اولویت عبور و مرور، لزوم تغییر و نوسازی، نوسازی توسط دولت، ایجاد خدمات منسجم، ایجاد خدمات خرد، استحکام مصالح و زیبایی ساخت. اعتبار این پرسشنامه از طریق محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ 961/0به دست آمد. با در نظرگرفتن نتایج این پژوهش میتوان گفت این پرسشنامه از اعتبار و روایی مناسبی برخوردار است و عوامل به دست آمده از تحلیل عاملی میتواند جایگاه طراحی در معاصرسازی بافتهای فرسوده ایران را به گونه مناسب اندازهگیری کنند و یا به عبارتی با دریافت نظرات مردم در الگوی طراحی با عاملهای معرفی شده در این پژوهش میزان موافقت مردمی و در نهایت موفقیت معاصرسازی را سنجش کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: اعتباریابی، رواسازی، پرسشنامه جایگاه طراحی، معاصرسازی، بافتهای فرسوده
  • مهناز محمودی زرندی، ندا پاکاری، حسن بهرامی صفحه 73
    بام سبز بامی است که با محیط کشت روینده پوشانده میشود. ایجاد سبزینگی در فضای پشت بام بر آب و هوای شهر و منطقه و هوای داخل ساختمان تاثیر مثبت داشته و با ممانعت از تابش اشعه های خورشیدی در خنک سازی فضا نقش دارد. این خنکسازی با کاهش نوسانات گرمایی بر روی سطح خارجی بام و از طریق افزایش ظرفیت گرمایی بام صورت میگیرد که فضای زیر بام را در تابستان خنک نگه داشته و میزان گرمایش را در طی زمستان افزایش میدهد.
    یکی از راهکارهایی که برای کاهش مصرف انرژی در شهرهای کلان پیشنهاد میشود، احداث باغ بام است. باغ بام یا بام سبز چنانچه صحیح طراحی و اجرا و در آن ملاحظات اقلیمی در نظر گرفته شود علاوه بر مزایای مختلف میتواند تا حد زیادی به کاهش مصرف انرژی کمک کند.
    در این تحقیق مزایای بام سبز مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و برای اثبات این فرضیه که «بام سبز و چگونگی طراحی آن نقش موثری در کاهش انتقال حرارت دارد» از نرم افزاری تحلیلی به نام انسیس استفاده شده است. سه نمونه بام معمولی، بام سبز معمولی، بام سبز با جزییات اجرایی خاص (لایه فایبرگلاس) آنالیز شده و انتقال حرارت آنها مورد مقایسه تطبیقی قرار گرفت و معلوم شد که بام سبز نسبت به بام معمولی 50 درصد انتقال حرارت کمتری دارد و بام سبز با لایه فایبرگلاس نسبت به بام سبز اجرایی 40 درصد بهینهسازی شده است. سای هاندازی و خنکسازی تبخیری گیاهان و همچنین لایه های سقف به عنوان عایق تاثیر موثری در کاهش انتقال حرارت دارند.
    رویکرد این پژوهش علمی- کاربردی بوده است. روش تحقیق در بخشهای مربوط به مزایای بام سبز، توصیفی و نوع تحقیق، کیفی و در بخشهای مربوط به تحلیل نرم افزاری نوع تحقیق کمی و روش، تحلیلی بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: بام سبز، انتقال حرارت، کاهش مصرف انرژی، نرم افزار انسیس
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  • Mehrdad Karimi Moshaver Page 3
    The nature of learners’ understanding is one of the most important factors that have a significant influence on the construction of architectural design studios. Based on prominent theories of learning, it is necessary to take learners into account to have maximum results in any educational setting to which architectural design studios are no exception. Accordingly, the needs and personal characteristics of learners have particularly come into focus by educational theorists over the past decades. One such personal characteristic is the learning style which exhibits the learning preferences of the individuals. Learning styles are generally categorized into three groups of cognitive, emotional and physiological. The present article tries to go into details about the cognitive learning style which was initiated by David Kolb and its implications for the students of architecture. The cognitive learning style has four subcategories which are converging, diverging, assimilating, and accommodating. In order to study the performance of students with regards to the learning styles, the present article first highlights the learning styles of students of architecture and then compares their performance in two different studio activities i.e. designing and sketching. With regards to the first activity type, the students were evaluated based on a long-term designing exercise which involved designing the library setting for the College of Arts and Architecture of Bou Ali Sina University of Hamedan. With regards to the second activity type, the students were evaluated based on their performance in six one-day sketching exercises that were held once a week throughout the semester. Accordingly, the results of the evaluations in the two studio activity types and their connection to student learning styles were studied. The present research determines the differences between the performance of students in architectural designing – which is a long-term activity – and sketching – which is a short-term activity. The results also helped the degree of weakness and success of students in each of the activities. Therefore, the research identified which learning style can lead to maximum desirable results in which studio activity type and which style to the same effect is prone to prove a failure. It is expected that the results of the present research would help overcome the potential weaknesses in different learning styles of students through an efficient training program. The results of the research showed that students with the diverging learning style had the best performance and students with the converging learning style had the weakest performance with regards to designing and sketching activities. Also, the research showed that students with assimilating and accommodating learning styles had different performances in the two studio activity types. Students with assimilating learning style had a better performance in sketching activities while accommodating students were better in designing classes. The differences between the performance of assimilating students in designing and sketching activities show that those students were better at sketching. This may be an indication that assimilating students can have a better performance in activities that are repeated. As a result, they can improve their performance over a certain type of activity through repetition. This could not be the same for accommodating students because they prefer not to be engaged in a chain of activities which are about a single theme. Therefore, repetition will not work for them as it did for assimilating students and accordingly they will have a poor performance over activities such as sketching.
    Keywords: Architectural Design, Learning Styles, Assimilating Learning Style, Accommodating Learning Style, Diverging Learning Style, Converging Learning Style
  • Rouja Alipour, Mosoud Khadami, Mohammad Mehdi Senemari, Mojtaba Rafieiyan Page 13

    The degree of erosion in a structure is not the same throughout all of its different parts. Thus، determination of priority for interference after detection of erosion becomes vital. What is critical is the selection of the best method for inspection of eroded structure for realizing priorities، in order to determine the type of interference and based on that the gravity of erosion and the lifetime of urban structure and its relative spaces. Therefore، if we consider steps for confronting the phenomenon of building erosion، the first step is detection of eroded parts، the second step is the determination of priorities in detected eroded parts and the third step is selecting the method of interference. The prevalent method that is applied for this purpose is using approved criteria of the High Council of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran. According to this، urban city structures are divided and defined to smaller sections that are called the area of block. This means that some areas that each include diverse blocks and comprise urban structures are evaluated. Therefore، vulnerable structures are defined based on vulnerable block. Vulnerable block is the one having at least one of the following triplet conditions: A. A block that at least 50% of its buildings are not strong due to the lack of proper structural systems and are based on non-standard building methods (instability). B. A block that at least 50% of its units are below 200 m2 (fineness). C. A block that least 50% of its sidewalk width (before being repaired) are dead-end or have a width of less than 6 meters or its penetration coefficient is less than 30% (non-penetration). In case of existence of any of the three mentioned main factors in the area or block of urban structures، that section has confronted erosion. In the order to prioritize different areas in eroded city sections the same criteria are applied. In this way، the higher the rate of the aforesaid factors in the area or block، the higher that will be on the list of priorities. Now this point is considered that whether in an eroded structure one of the quantitative indicators is hardly found how the areas or blocks can be prioritized and how the method of interference is specified. If the eroded structure is fine and penetrable despite approvals of High Council، it is physically erosion and instable? Then how can we prioritize it in terms of interference area? Does the difference between eroded structures is the result of differences between indicators of measurement? One of the critical issues in inspection of desirability of urban environments is detection of their quality. It has not been a long time since that expression has become prevalent in urban planning literature. A look at existing literature indicates that all efforts are associated with the concept of quality in urban spaces. In other words، it can be said that qualitative criteria in the mind of experts rises from a kind of mental ideal from urban spaces and this ideal can be known as an interpretation of sustainability of these spaces what is the main theme of urban planning objectives. Despite theoretical importance due to quality crisis that most city structures and urban spaces in Iran are experiencing، the issue of quality is among basic issues in confrontation with such spaces. The issue of quality is practically among fundamental discussions in confrontation of such spaces. This becomes essential concerning the eroded city structure because the structure has lost many of its qualitative components or has confronted erosion forming elements of place that this itself results in the destruction of the life of a city structure which will، in itself، reduce the qualities of surrounding areas. In this way، the effort for achieving sustainable space in eroded structures becomes more precise by detection and measurement of qualitative aspects of those spaces. Quality of a space in the city results from functional، formal and meaning components. By combining the mentioned components and detection of applications and appropriate effects of each of them on space، strategies can be presented for improving the quality of urban space. In this research، actions are taken to prepare an appropriate model by categorizing indicators besides approved indicators of High Council of Architecture and Urban Planning. In order to study the qualitative criteria in eroded city structures، one can use measuring and analyzing qualitative indicators through which the need for promotion or creation of quality in the space will be observable. In this way، along detection and prioritization of interference areas، each of them can be compared in terms of qualitative criteria and interfering areas. To that effect، answers to these questions could be determined: Are the indicators qualitatively detected by weighing them against their related sub-criteria? And did the interference model which was used correspond to its specifications? This model is evaluated in the case study of Bandar Lengeh eroded city structures in order to check the efficiency of qualitative indicators as well as the standards of High Council of Architecture and Urban Planning.

    Keywords: Deteriorated, Qualitative Indicators, Interference Priorities, Bandar Lengeh
  • Ashraf Mousavilar, Haniyeh Eshaghzadeh Torbati Page 23
    The present paper has been intended to study the application of the fourth dimension in Persian paintings in the school of Cubism and graphic art particularly in designing signs. As the first step، the researchers embarked on elaborating on it from different artistic views، using related literature، descriptive and analytical methods as well as comparing research findings on its fourth dimension so that its artistic and technical aspects could be analyzed as clearly as possible. Later، the researchers summarized theoretical discussions in a primary conclusion based on which they determine the concept of the fourth dimension and examine its function by way of comparison، first in outstanding Persian paintings، later in Cubism paintings and finally in the section regarding the graphic design. Having done this، the researchers introduced certain examples of statistical universe in the present paper. Moreover، having observed historical samples of paintings، the researchers came to realize the progressive ideas pertaining to the creation of figurative motion in the ancient Iranian works of art. For this reason، the present paper begins with presenting samples of such ancient Iranian illustrations. The function of the fourth dimension in illustrating figurative spatial aspects with the use of its supernatural nature for the creation of two-dimensional objects helps better understand the non-material abstract qualities. This is just like showing the depth or three-dimensional capturing of different aspects of a subject simultaneously or expressing dynamicity and motion. On this basis، the fourth dimension in this article is considered to be the product of visual qualifications. The fourth dimension in visual arts like many other non-material affairs requires visual skills which in term is a composition of tangible elements of a work of art through which we get an abstract quality. In conclusion، from the most basic visual elements، such as (dot، line، …) to the arrangement of complicated forms of things، the application of special and different points of view; the use of full and empty spaces in order to show different aspects of a sign، or showing narrative scenes in present، future and past tenses of interior and exterior architectural spaces and surrounding environment in paintings are all simultaneously let to a meaningful composition in such a way that it would be possible to reach the fourth dimension by imagining the motion through bi-dimensional space. According to the findings of the research، the authors have observed the creation of works with similarities and differences in the application of fourth dimension as the period of time in Persian Painting and Cubism painting as if the observer''s eye or the creative brush of illustrator has the ability to simultaneously draw his pictures in a multi-space atmosphere from various aspects. The fourth dimension in illustration is captivating the same parallel moments، which views several scenes from different angles simultaneously. This applies to the cubist painters who allow the audience to create a new-visual school of painting by browsing in its surroundings، integrating viewpoints and mixing these visual dimensions. Regarding the characteristics of the fourth dimension، modern atmospheres may also be required as well as contemporary graphic sign designs. In designing signs، we also witness multi-dimensional views. All in all، perhaps what can also be illustrated in this paper is the optimal black and white spaces together with a multi-dimensional look at the stage، incorporating different aspects of observing and as a result obtaining the true concept of the fourth dimension which means in other words “capturing time”.
    Keywords: Cubism, Fourth Dimension, Graphics, Persian Painting, Sign Design
  • Seyedhadi Ghoddusifar, Farah Habib, Mahtiam Shahbazi Page 37
    Religions were raised as the dominant elements in ideology and cultural manner of society in traditional world and had profound impact in shaping and the development of arts. Since the emergence of arts and religions، a deep relation between them can be identified. In fact، in the traditional world، all aspects of arts were affected by religions، and religions had always used arts to promote their beliefs. Architecture is no exception to this. In fact، architecture had an important role among other branches of art particularly when it came to the construction of temples as places of worship. Although there are differences between different religions، you can still recognize some fundamental similarities between them. Some similarities between religions are due to an issue which is titled «Sophia Pernnis» or «Pernnial Philosophy». Perennial philosophy is a philosophical concept، which states that each of the world’s religious traditions shares a single truth. Perennial philosophy asserts that there is a single divine foundation of all religious knowledge، referred to as the universal truth. Each world religion، independent of its cultural or historical context، is simply a different interpretation of this knowledge. Sophia Pernnis explains about similarities between some aspects of different religions and the Nature is one of the most important cases of these issues. Nature، in the broadest sense، is equivalent to the natural world، physical world، or material world. Nature refers to the phenomena of the physical world and also to life in general. Nature is the phenomena of the physical world collectively، including plants، animals، the landscape، and other features and products of the earth as opposed to humans or human creations. Regarding religions، it ranges in scale from the elements of nature to the cosmic. On the other hand، nature has had an important place in the beliefs of different religions، although it has been sacred in many religions despite the similarities which are in their ideology، its place has changed from an element that is God or a part of God to devil status. However، there are common elements of nature in shaping the temple architecture of different religions in traditional world and issues such as the Holy Mountain، the Holy Light and the Holy Water are the most important examples of these cases. This research studies the role of these elements in temples architecture of different religions. The main hypothesis of this study is that، as there is «Sophia Pernnis» in the philosophy of the religions، there are some similarities in the architecture of temples which can be cited as «Sophia Perennis». This article will examine the hypothesis pertaining to the elements of nature in different religions. Regarding to these issues، the article studies different religions beliefs (including Hindus، Buddhists، Ancient Greeks and Egyptians religions، Christianity and Islam) about the nature and its elements، and then studies the effects of their beliefs about nature on the architecture of temples. In this context، this research seeks to answer the following questions: • What is the status of Nature in different religions beliefs? • Are there any similarities in the religious beliefs about the status of nature? • Have different religious insights about nature caused effective differences in religions architectures? • What common issues are there in relation with nature in temples architecture of different religions? • Can insights provided by Sophia Perennis be applied to the field of religious art and architecture? The study finds that، as we can identify similarities between all religious beliefs regarding the status of nature، there are some fundamental similarities between religions temple architectures. Therefore، the meaning of «Pernnial Philosophy» or «Sophia Pernnis» can be extended to the architecture of religious temples and the meaning of «Sophia Pernnis» can be used in the field of arts and architecture. The research methodology of this paper is based on qualitative research and research methods are analytic and interpretation-historical. The present research is a fundamental research and regarding to its data gathering method is a library research. Data collection tools and methods of this paper are documents، papers، book chapters and architecture maps and illustrations. Data analysis methods are deductive and inductive reasoning.
    Keywords: Sophia Perennis, Nature, Temple Architecture, Religion
  • Akbar Kiani, Ali Esmailzadeh Kavaki Page 51
    The present article studies researches conducted over the field of child friendly cities، especially in Europe، from 1980 onwards. Those researches are mostly about the allocation of the right of citizenship to children and satisfying their needs. The Child-Friendly City (CFC) is today on top of agenda of decision makers over urban affairs. This is particularly important when considering that the world’s population of children in urban areas of developing countries is on the rise. The present article specifically tries to study the chances of children to have a share in making their own environment and highlights their ideas on that front. What further increases the significance of this is the fact that the CFC project is mainly about creating opportunities for children in order to shape or change the environment around them. In recent years، many studies have been carried out in developed countries about CFC. For the first time in 2007، UNICEF identified Bendigo in Australia as the first city in which the CFC project was successfully implemented. Bendigo was in fact identified as a city in which children’s rights had been catered for as an important priority in urban planning issues. In Iran، the issue of protecting children’s rights in urban planning is almost a new concept. The first important measure to that effect may have been taken by UNICEF after Bam earthquake in southern Iran. Nevertheless، it was only in 2000 when Evaz city in Fars province was chosen as a CFC project in Iran (Esmaeilzadeh Kavaki، 2011، 146). Shiyeh for first time in Iran wrote a book entitle “Prepare City for Children” in which the need for considering suitable urban spaces for children was addressed as well as how to deal with children’s needs. The methodology adopted for doing the present research is descriptive and analytical and is also based on library surveys and field studies. The research envisaged group conversation methodology and careful attention was paid to children’s ideas about Quchan، a city in northeastern Iran، and their living conditions in the environment around them. Also، a goal group was used to assess the results based on CFC norms. The present article will try to answer the following question: From the viewpoint of children، what should an ideal city look like? This question is based on the assumption that CFC allows children to have a share in designing their ideal city. To find the answer to the above question for the case of Quchan، the researchers tried to use control analysis and group conversation. The researchers also used questionnaires as well as paintings by children and even interviewed them. A goal group was used to obtain more precise descriptions of the expectations of children for an ideal city and those expectations were used to design a CFC model for Quchan. The participants in the research were 40 children between 9 to 11 years old from Meraji elementary school in Quchan. The children were randomly selected. The first activity was interviewing the children. Also، instead of increasing the number of participants، the researchers tried to assess the results of studies and interviews with a goal group. The present study shows that Quchan is in the first levels of CFC. Some 64 percent of children believe that so many trees، green space and children’s game equipment must be installed in their neighborhoods. As a result، the research revealed that it is necessary to consider children’s participation in designing the city environments. Analysis of results also showed that it is necessary for state organizations and municipality to take administrative and operational strategies for the realization of CFC objectives by considering children’s expectations of an ideal city structure. Interestingly، most of the children in their paintings have drawn a neighborhood full of trees and beautiful natural landscape free from any form of air pollution. They also used signs and symbols that portrayed their neighborhoods as a safe area. This may be an indication of a lack of safety for children in areas under study in Quchan. Some children even drew in their paintings of an ideal city a special place for children’s cinema to show movies for children. The results of the questionnaires showed that only 32% of children go to school on foot and 46% with school bus or other transport means. The rest showed in their questionnaires that go to school with their parent cars. Nevertheless، they described this as a very disturbing issue because the children prefer going to school with school bus. Results of the study revealed more dimensions about what needs to be done with regards to implementing a successful CFC model in Quchan. The study also showed that domestic and international organizations like UNICEF and the Center for Intellectual Development of Children of Iran can play a key role in the establishment of a CFC project. Nevertheless، Iran currently lacks any specific action plan for the implementation of a CFC project in cities. In fact، most cities like Quchan are in elementary levels of moving toward CFC ideals.
    Keywords: Child, Friendly City (CFC), children's participation, Quchan
  • Hashem Hashemnejad, Mostafa Behzadfar, Bahram Saleh Sedghpoor, Seyed Ali Seyedian Page 63
    The aim of this article is to promote the application of a questionnaire which has been specifically designed to study the role of design in people’s participation in regenerating derelict and inefficient texture. This questionnaire contains 70 questions that can be asked individually and in groups. Although it does not any have time limitations but the necessary time to answer the questions is from 20 to 30 minute. Different methods were used to validate and customize it. First، all responses were analyzed and discrimination coefficient and loop method were calculated for each response. Responses 38، 42، 47، 52، 69 and 75 were excluded of questionnaires due to inappropriateness and the rest of responses for the questionnaire were considered appropriate. According to the results of factor analysis، sixteen factors were identified of which only eleven were significant and others could not be named. It can be generally said that the whole design of the questionnaire measures the success of renewal for public participation in the design pattern. In the present article، the method to analyze factors is principal components method. In this method، load factor (equity factors) is used to extract factors. To ensure proper selection and factors extraction، Scree diagram was used. This diagram chart also showed that the number of efficient factors for rotation is eleven. One to 11 factors obtained more uniform distribution after rotation of the 11 factors with varimax (orthogonal) load factor method. The total explained variance after rotation showed that these factors are considered as major factors. Then questions about mentioned factors are determined and mentioned factors were interpreted according to common question contents about each factor. Thus، the corresponding mean of each statistical factor with design variables، public participation and renewal were identified. In the current studies، the first factor “the public participation in preparation of design” is confirmed and found to be consistent with perception and scientific findings of Oosthuizen (1377)، Dryskl (2002)، Habib and Rezvani (1384). The second factor، “streets figure” and the fifth factor “traffic priority” that were determined as a factor by people are found to be consistent with the views and findings of Jacobs (1967) and Moheb Ali (2009). The third factor “aggregation of pats for renewal” is confirmed and found to be consistent with the scientific findings of Adibzadeh (1388). In this study، the fourth factor i. e. “preserving the precious monuments” that was determined as a factor by people was eliminated in the confirmatory factor analysis step because of disruption of reliability. In the current studies، the sixth and seventh factors i. e. “changing necessity” of changes” and” renewal necessity” are confirmed and found to be consistent with the scientific findings and received of Grava (2003). In the current studies، the eighth factor i. e. “renovation by government” is confirmed and found to be consistent with the scientific findings and received of Izadi (2009) and Abaszadegan (2009). The ninth and tenth factors i. e. “creating small service locations” and “creating coherent service locations” that generally are considered services factor in the texture are confirmed and found to be consistent with the scientific findings and received of Grava (2003) and Izadi (2009). In this study، the eleventh factor i. e. “the strength of materials and beauty of construction” that was determined as a factor by people was eliminated in the confirmatory factor analysis step because of disruption of questionnaire reliability. A primary question was that: Does the questionnaire which has been specifically prepared to draw people’s participation in the process of regenerating derelict and inefficient texture of Iran (sample of Tehran Sirius neighborhood residents) have validity for the neighborhood residents? The analysis of statistical findings in this questionnaire showed that this questionnaire has good validity for the mentioned statistical society. Another question is that: Does the questionnaire which has been specifically prepared to draw people’s participation in the process of regenerating derelict and inefficient textures of Iran (sample of Tehran Sirius neighborhood residents) have reliability for the neighborhood residents? Analysis of statistics found that the “participation design” has high degree of reliability (i. e. α=961/0) in the population study. It can be generally concluded that this questionnaire has good reliability and validity. Furthermore، received factors from factor analysis can measure the design role in regenerating derelict and inefficient texture well. In other words، by considering people’s comments on the operating model design introduced in this study one can measure the role of people’s agreement and ultimately it should be said that the findings of the present study are the first findings on this case and also researchers know that more extensive studies should be carried out.
    Keywords: Validity, Validated, Questionnaire of Design Role, Regenerating, Derelict, Inefficient Texture
  • Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi, Neda Pakari, Hassan Bahrami Page 73
    Green roof is a roof which is mostly covered with vegetation and soil or is covered with vegetative medium. Chlorophyll creation has a positive impact on the climate of the city and can also contribute positively to providing cool air inside the buildings. This cooling of air occurs through reducing the penetration of heat through the roof and providing a stronger insulation to prevent indoor air to become warm. As a result، the indoors temperature can be easily decreased during summer and increased during winter. Reducing energy consumption is one of the major concerns for sustainability in cities. Creating roof garden is suggested as one of the ways to reduce energy consumption in major cities. Roof garden or green roof - if properly designed and implemented by considering climate issues - can greatly help to reduce energy consumption. Changing buildings roofs to green roofs could improve the exchange of air between areas of high building density and open spaces between them and accordingly adjust the city›s air moisture. This technology has several advantages including less wastage of heating and cooling، purification of air، reduction of noise pollution، and most importantly energy consumption efficiency – factors that can help the stabilization of city life. Due to the improvement in the social، economic and environmental conditions، the development of green roofs have always been at the top of the agenda in advanced cities. Heat loss through the roof of the buildings is high and there is a lot of energy wastage in higher floors units. Therefore، the green roof is a solution for this problem. Green roofs by rising roofing layers، act as a thermal insulation and help control heat exchanges between the inside and outside of the buildings. In the present research، after recognizing that benefits of green roofs with this hypothesis that “green roof and how design of green roof have effective role in reduce heat transfer” with help of analysis software called ansys، three samples of conventional roofs، green roofs conventional and green roofs with special detail (fiber glass layers) analyzed and heat transfer comparative compared. Also، installed heat sensors to verify the thermal performance of green roofs for designed green roofs and simple ample of normal green roof، indicate optimization of designed green roof respect to normal green roofs، heat performance wise. With software analysis and laboratory samples، green roof compared to 50% less heat transfer rather conventional roof and green roof with fiber glass layers to 40% rather green roof conventional optimized. Shading and evaporative cooling plants and also the role of roof layers that all perform like insulation، have effective role in reduce heat transfer. In researched، methodology research related to the benefits of green roof is descriptive and qualitative approach. But in sectors related to software analysis، these had quantitative approach and analytical methodology.
    Keywords: Green Roof, Heat Transfer, Reduce Energy Consumption, Ansys Software