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سال نهم شماره 23 (زمستان 1391)

Urban land subdivision is one of the important stages in urban extensions. The meaning of urban land subdivision is not restricted to dividing residential lands to plots and demonstrating frontage of lots only. The aims of this paper are representation of the new concept of urban land subdivision and investigation of the relationship between urban space quality and land subdivision. The quality of urban spaces has decreased in new residential neighborhoods. The criteria of urban spaces quality are classified based on urban design and planning theories. It seems that one of the reasons of construction of undesirable urban spaces is the partial understanding of the concept and process of land subdivision، since it is not mono-factored. In general، every concept in urbanism is multi-factored. The research method in this paper is qualitative and is based on investigating global successful cases in urban extension. Global successful residential extensions will be investigated and represented based on land subdivision principles. Resident satisfaction in three land subdivision patterns، «grid، cul de sac and grid-cul de sac»، will be investigated in three case studies. Karmandan (grid pattern)، Olom paye (cul-de-sac pattern)، Ansaria (grid-cul de sac pattern) are the case studies located in Zanjan Province. The questionnaire had 33 questions categorized in six groups of access، physical and spatial quality، safety، transportation، land use، recognition of neighborhood. Resident satisfaction in grid pattern was less than the two other patterns. Safety in grid pattern was less than the two other patterns، but access in grid pattern was more. In grid pattern، pedestrian access conflict with car is more than cul-de-sac pattern، so land subdivision patterns directly affect the quality of urban spaces in new urban extensions. Land subdivision pattern is influential in the qualitative criteria of urban spaces such as access، safety، hierarchical open space. Fundamental factors are physical، cultural، biological، economic، and political، therefore، the concept of land subdivision should not be restricted to the physical aspect only. Finally، suggestions will be given for increasing urban space quality based on urban land subdivision such as cohesive open spaces، mixed land use in edges، cul-de-sac access in residential land use، pedestrian access between blocks، shared semi public open spaces between residential blocks، variety in size، form and orientation of parcels، different gates for each neighborhoods for more visual readability in new urban extensions، use of hierarchical access networks rather than checkered networks for more pedestrian safety، use of small cohesive squares rather than large square، use of recreational facilities such as theatres، restaurants، cafes، cinemas، and libraries، hotels، and teenage meeting rooms، extending the usage of the square to night-time. Parking should be located in smaller areas closer to destinations، especially in higher density extensions and at local shops. They should preferably be located away from the street at the back of buildings. If parking lots are located at the front، a maximum of two rows of parking should be constructed. Parking structures should not dominate street frontages. Other suggestions include the effective separation of pedestrian and vehicular movement at a scale which encourages activity and pedestrian comfort. To maintain privacy، a minimal distance of 11 meters is needed، otherwise visual obstructing elements، such as trees، should be provided. Buildings should be constructed closer to the street so to increase pedestrian activity، reduce resident isolation، and foster pedestrian services such as retail outlets along streets connecting higher density extensions. Creating special public places would also help، as public spaces and public institutions are the focal point of community life. Public furniture should support the desired character of the space. Providing physical، visible and perceptual connectivity between cluster and linear open spaces، aligning the hard open space system and soft open space system with main public buildings، such as community centers or places of worship، and construction of public buildings in relation to formal public spaces and important movement routes are also beneficial. Hard open spaces should announce the buildings and accommodate informal activities that respond to these buildings. Locating symbolic and/or focal points in the middle of a cluster space or at the termination points of a linear space and continuation of special activities or functions that exist in the node and within the linkages towards the node are other suggestions.

The art of construction of gardens has a long history in Iran and this country is deemed one of the pioneers of this art. Garden was assumed to be a symbol of paradise in pre and post Islamic era، and this led to construction of many gardens all around Iran. Takhte Bagh in Shiraz city is one of these gardens، which has largely been neglected. It is situated northwest of Shiraz on top of Babakoohi Mountain. It is one of the few hanging gardens of Iran. Baghe Takht is one of the most important historical gardens of Shiraz city which was established in Atabakan Fars era (5 A. H.). It was reconstructed during Qajar era but fell to dilapidation afterwards. Today، it has administrative-military applications. After Qajar era، the garden became an administrative- military place and its architectural values were neglected. Due to the existing limitations، no photography of or visit to this garden is possible. As a result، the authors decided to make a comprehensive research on this garden in order to detect its unique properties. Some differences were observed when the historical documents were compared to its only existing map. The research aimed at reconstructing its plan in accordance with the existing written historical documents. The method of this research was descriptive-analytic. The existing photographs and descriptions largely belong to tourists. But these descriptions are different from the garden plan established by Donald Wilber Newton in some details. Aerial photography (1957-1967) was used to solve this problem. The authors analyzed the garden using the historical documents and images and concluded that it includes an entrance garden، a layered garden، and a private garden. The authors also conducted some field studies to finalize the garden’s plan. Its only existing map attributed to ''Donald Wilber'' was used by the researchers as the base of the study. Two parts namely the northern garden (Private garden) and the layered garden were inserted in this map. But considering the evidences from Asar ol Ajam book، this garden also has a southern part which was not included in Wilber’s map. The following hypothesizes were made for reconstruction of the southern part’s image: a) The entrance garden is similar to the pool garden and these two were close to each other according to Wilber’s mapb) According to Forsat Hosseini Shirazi there was an entrance garden which became an urban street after the garden changed in the next era، and some building were constructed around itc) Aerial photography (1956) indicated that the entrance garden only acted as a gate and was relatively small in size. Two small gardens existed at the western and eastern sides of the pool which are not included in Wilber’s map (Fig. 22). They formed the two entrance avenues which have been described by Forsat Hosseini ShiraziConsidering the data in table 1 and aerial photography (1956)، the third hypothesis was deemed more suitable for preparing the garden’s map. Therefore، the garden can be divided into three parts as follows: 1. The entrance garden، which consists of a gate، two avenues and a big pool. The pool was 90x65 in Zar (each Zar equals 41 inch or 104 cm). 2. The layered garden، which consists of seven platforms each 90x10 in Zar (each Zar equals 41 inch or 104 cm). The remaining waterscapes belong to the first platform which was located against the two western and eastern Pergolas (map 1). These Pergolas were located on the first and the second platforms. The western one remains unchanged. 3. The Private garden، which was visible in Wilber’s map، houses the main building and salon. Its plan and elevation are presented in the text. Considering the radical changes in post-Qajar era، the southern part has completely been lost. In addition to making accurate studies possible، recreation of the garden’s map is an efficient step toward maintaining the spiritual and cultural values of this national wealth.

More than 25 sites were selected for construction of new towns in Iran between 1980 and 2000. Nevertheless it seems that a comprehensive assessment has not been performed on the new towns construction policy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the site selection methods for new towns in the recent three decades. The main question of this research is the conformity measure of the used methods in site selection of new towns in Iran with common scientific methods of site selection. In some cases، quality assessments (not relying on scientific methods) lead to involvement of personal taste and policies in site selection. The scientific and analytical process of site selection is not obvious in most of these studies and it seems that site selection is justified for pre-selected sites. For this purpose، a comparison was made between the different known decision-making methods in the site selection field with the methods used in site selection of new Iranian towns. The comparison includes the manner of determining appropriate sites، selection criteria، weighting the criteria and the manner of determining the final score of each option. Eight towns in Iran including Sahand، Golbahar، Binalood New-Towns (in 1360’s) Bakhtaran، Hasanlou، Eyvanaki New-Towns (in 1370’s) Kelardasht and Parnian New-Town (in 1380’s) were studied. The paper attempts to build a conceptual model of site-selection process based on the related used methods in Multi-Criteria Decision Making area. In this model، the central points and main steps are defined then the site-selection processes are readjusted by these steps and final results are concluded. The results indicate a relatively simplistic outlook in site selection of new towns in a way that the methods used did not have much conformity with common scientific methods of site selection. Although tendency towards application of scientific methods of site selection has increased since 1980، the achievement of urban development in this field، which is one of the complicated spatial decision making processes، is not significant. It seems that managerial and political factors have obvious roles in site selection for new towns.

Till now many researches have been done in order to find and clarify the different kinds of relations between two well known arts: Music and Architecture، during the years of their existence. The majority of these researches have only focused on the comparison of superficial and structural aspects and no deep research has been done to specify conceptual and spiritual relations between these two. Here it is intended to explain the conceptual relations between Music & Architecture space by exploring the relation of concept of space in Music & Architecture within two periods of pre-modern (14-18 centuries) & post-modern (18-21 centuries) in western countries. Because of the main revolutions that occurred in Renaissance، which resulted in changing viewpoints of artists، their needs and insights towards world & life، this era has been chosen for the beginning time of the research & furthermore the 18th century، because of its serious changes in work patterns، life styles and also its industrial & economical revolutions، has been chosen as the dividing time، from the Renaissance till now into two parts of pre-modern and post-modern. The purpose of this investigation was to find the answer to the following questions: How was the relation between music and architecture space in these two periods? What kinds of changes have happened in the structure of this relation and what are some of the reasons? To find the answer، this study has been done in three parts: First section: Survey on concept of “Architecture space” within pre-modern and Post-modern era. Second section: Survey on concept of “Music space” within pre-modern and Post-modern era. Third section: Survey on relation between Music and Architecture space from pre-modern till Post-modern. At the first part، with the facts that are founded & mentioned in the chart 1، it is shown that in the history of architecture in different eras like Renaissance، Baroque، Rococo، Classic & Romantic، as the pre-modern periods، there has been a special concept behind each architectural space design. At the modern & post modern also there are found some specific concepts in the relation with the designed spaces also. In the second part there is shown that in music it has been the same and in different eras like Renaissance، Baroque، etc. there has been founded specific concepts behind the spaces that was created through the musicians and this pattern had continued in modern & post modern eras as well. Finally it is interestingly discovered that at each of the eras mentioned (like Renaissance، Baroque، etc.) there has been the unique conceptual meaning behind both architecture & music spaces at the same time، and they has expressed the same meaning. For example at the Renaissance، in both music & architecture spaces it has been mainly focused on «human and its perception of space»، at baroque on «the movements & motion of space»، at Rococo on «the use of trapping in space،» at Classic on «the use of old patterns in the creation of space» and finally at Romantic «the emotions & artists revelations» had been the main point. But After 18th century in modern era، this relation changed so that there was no unique conceptual relation between the architect''s & musician''s works and multiple conceptual spaces started to appear and it continued into the post modern till now. Some of the reasons for this change could be the industrial & economical revolutions، technology progresses، changes in the meaning and usage of space، etc. some of the results of these changes from unique conceptual relation to multiple conceptual relation is that less communication between the arts is seen، if at past one specific concept was expressed by both the music & architecture spaces at the same time and one helped the other to expresses its meaning، today is not so and the relation is so disturbed and obscurant that none of them reminds you the other. And also they are less influenced by each other. So this article clarified the fact that: 1th،from pre-modern till present time، always conceptual relation between music and architecture space has been existed and these two arts in all periods expressed unique meaning. 2nd، Because of the revolutions that have happened within modern period، some serious changes have occurred in the structure of this conceptual relation. By further researches more details of these changes and also its impact on the relations of other arts could be figured out and its advantages & disadvantages could be investigated as well. Each of the eras which mentioned here could be studied in Eastern world (countries) and compared with what is done in this research as the Western world.

Following the plans that were approved for the historic district of the cities in recent years, designing around and in the vicinity of architectural artworks, were considered by the designers of Cultural Heritage Organization and some plans were submitted in this regard especially for the religious complexes in these areas. But due to exposure to specific design situations, the unanimity of various beneficiary authorities and organizations was difficult. The seven step design process around the mausoleum of Sheikh Safi is a sensible and unique example of this claim which is the main focus of the research. The aim is to find out how to coordinate and harmonize the designers and employers. The first concept was accomplished in 1990 based on the methodology of designing a commercial-cultural complex. In the second concept, the commercial approach became inferior. The next four concepts were presented after the historical excavations and therefore investigations of the design team and the experts of the state and Cultural Heritage Organization and the design goals were different to some extent in the way that the commercial spaces became more relevant to the mausoleum necessities. In the first concept which was based on the approved plan of historic district of Sheikh Safi and the main approach of renovation of the urban space in the vicinity of Sheikh Safi Ad-din mausoleum and its connection to the outstanding elements of Ardabil historical district, several goals were at high priority:-Development of appropriate urban facilities and services in the design limits.-Creation of acceptable urban spaces congruous to public demands especially procession of mourning carnivals in bereaving occasions through construction of “Hoseynieh”.-Construction of suitable space for presenting handicrafts such as a Bazaar inspired by the mausoleum and other important monuments of the city.-Renovation of “Soleyman Shah” mosque which represents the acme of the passage starting from “Ali Qapo” square and its appropriate connection to “Hoseynieh”. -Designing based on respect toward the historical heritage which could be accomplished through refraining from extreme heights and outstanding or unfamiliar masses.The most important specifications of the seven concepts are briefly explained:First Concept: After the entrance and “Ali qapo” square there is a Bazaar which itself has a square in the center. Then there is “Dar al hadis” which would be used as a book fair. At one side there is the entrance of “Hoseynieh” and a traditional café beside it. Finally there is monumental space of martyrs from which “Hoseynieh” and the minarets of “Soleyman Shah” mosque could be seen.Second Concept: The commercial spaces of the Bazaar are changed to an amphitheater. The other spaces including the entrance, “Hoseynieh” and monumental space of the martyrs would remain unchanged.Third Concept: In this concept which was presented after the historical excavations near the mausoleum, preservation of the historical spaces was the main approach thus covering the excavation area was suggested and a museum was designed beside the area instead of the monumental space of martyrs; more transparency and lower heights were attended; the entrance to the garden was overstated; one of the minarets of “Soleyman Shah” mosque was omitted and the amphitheater remained as before;Fourth Concept: In order to create more transparency and more friendly urban space, the façades were changed; the entrance was made lighter and more outstanding; the roof of the excavation area and “SharbatKhane” became more modern with lower height; the amphitheater was omitted; “Hoseynieh” and “Soleyman Shah” mosque remained as before.Fifth Concept: Spaces became more transparent; Management area for the excavation site was designed beside the entrance of the garden; the relation between “Hoseynieh” and Sheikh Safi complex was limited to mere visual connection.Sixth Concept: Transparency of spaces remained as before; a dome was designed on the excavation area of “SharbatKhane”; entrances of the garden and “Allah Allah” dome were designed; Modern stairs were designed for the excavation area; “Hoseynieh” and mosque remained as before.Seventh Concept: In this concept it was decided to adjoin “Ali Qapo” square to the design limits and also to change the place of Sheikh Safi Street so that it would reach the square at its corner.Therefore renovation of the square and “Ali Qapo” historical entrance became a significant part of the design.Also instead of the old mosque of “Ali Qapo” district, a new mosque would be built at the north west of the design area. Spaces such as the traditional café, the book fair, the tourism center, the grand garden entry, the administrative section, the commercial spaces, the bank, and the parking would also be constructed here.Phase one of the excavation area and cultural space includes originals and the documents section (in northern part) as well as a museum (in southern part) which are separated by a main garden. Some classrooms are also provided in the east side of the garden.In this paper it is discussed that despite the dominant tendency of the authorities, such as the local governments, toward commercial plans and the little support from Iran’s National Heritage Organization, it is possible to propel the funds toward cultural and preserving designs. Some guidelines are suggested including financial independency of designed spaces, analysis of previous policies, preventing hasty restorations, educating the employers through academic theses, and counseling with scholars and experts to ensure the employers’ satisfaction.

Landscape architecture elements are the product of different architectural approaches. Proportions، contrasts، conjunctions، elevation and other aesthetics parameters abound as in any other art. But in most cases، the functional approaches to landscape architecture elements have been ignored. Therefore، the present paper attempts to compare the healing effect of the architecture of Iranian gardens with that of other modern gardens. The healing parameters which boost general mental health are introduced and the results of case studies with these parameters are given herein. On the one hand، taking joy in gardens is a special feature of human meaning that man has a tendency toward nature and reaches peace and tranquility in it and on the other hand it can be obviously understood that architecture doesn’t just aim at beautifying the environment but also designs scenes and natural elements in a way to induce positive effects upon man’s soul. This feature is considered as motivation of mans’ contact with nature. Development of this relation can be searched in healing gardens. Goslar (1991)، in his book entitled “cultural geography of health and cure “considers this healing perspective and the influence of environment on individuals. He believes that factors such as nature، constructed environments and green spaces are influential in man’s spiritual health. Throughout this investigation، we refer to some cases of influence of vision on soul such as Ulrich’s theory of decreasing stress and anxiety. He thinks that natural environment creates a sense of refreshment and relief from nervous tension. In general، stress or spirit pressure is an interior mood which rises from physical wishes or social situations and is potentially destructive، uncontrollable and is dependent on more that one’s accommodation. So he introduced the mentioned descriptions for this word as a process not as a result. Also Kaplan explains the environmental influence on human and emphasizes that we can reach spiritual restoration by change in natural environment. According to this viewpoint، natural environment can decrease spiritual pressure and is influential in spiritual improvement. Injuries arising out of tension and nervous crisis are the result of environmental change. Physical and spiritual consequences as well as pressures and exhaustion resulting from this crisis has encouraged the investigators to focus on nature and its effects on man’s mental health. Through these efforts and using mental health theories، one can achieve reorganization of spaces and improvement in the environmental quality. Since the aim of a healing garden is spiritual tranquility، the goal of this study is recognizing the healing effect of Iranian garden model. Perhaps this model can be used in contemporary urban designing. By means of connection with man through different senses، a healing garden creates a healing effect which is influential in decreasing spiritual pressures of daily life. It can be said that the secret lies in in man’s attraction toward nature، liveliness and tranquility. In this paper، in addition to describing the quality concepts of healing landscapes، I will explain the principles and factors shaping up these landscapes through seven sections from and will study these seven sections in three historical periods (Teiemouri، Qajar and Safavieh) of Iran. Analysis of healing landscapes in Iranian garden model indicates that there is a close relation between these landscapes and man’s health. Through this comparative study we recognized the values of healing Iranian gardens. However، a lot of improvements have been achieved in our understanding and knowledge about the relation between landscape and human health. A key question is that how landscape can be influential in spiritual health?

The Study of manifest and covert qualities of historical cemeteries with the purpose of understanding a part of orders and relations in past societies is important for the art history researchers. Through reflection on the environmental qualities of these areas and also study of the dispersed cultural materials in their environment، can help us understand the unknown about the background of Iranian societies and their dominant thought patterns. But if from the beginning، the semantic structure of such premises has been constructed based on conflicting or contradictory elements، their semantic analyses faces a great challenge in its course. Since in order to uncover the truth، many obstacles should be identified and cleared away. Given that، the present paper reviews the interesting co-existence of Islamic and Christian cultural materials in Tabriz Armenian cemetery. Many Islamic gravestones related to the era between the seventh and ninth centuries AH as well as many Islamic carvings and reliefs، especially those created during Il-Khani era، exist alongside the Armenian gravestones. The proximity of artworks from two different ideologies (Islamic and Christian) in this cemetery has created a rather chaotic condition since this amalgamation of varied works، styles and implications of the history is quite heterogeneous. The “why” and “how” of this condition is the main question of this paper. Through historical descriptive method، it is explained that environmental quality of the cemetery is the result of a historical process in which، some Islamic cultural material were relocated from their original context to another (the Armenians cemetery). It needs to be mentioned that while the primary objective of this paper is demystification of the mentioned issue، it attains two more achievements: first، resolving some scientific loopholes about these historical sites، and second، identifying some of the construction materials used in the historical structures of Tabriz province during seventh and ninth centuries AH. Furthermore، the paper first analyzes the formation process of the cemetery and then proceeds to answer the question about the existence of Islamic cultural works in the cemetery.

Urban politics in Iran’s contemporary history is considered as a groundbreaking subject and at the same time an introduction to a new era in Iran’s history of urban development. The role of urban politics is particularly important when considering its role in the development of public spaces. Developments that pertain to public spaces eventually manifested themselves as a pattern for future developments 1921-1941. The present research is meant to look for an answer for the following question: “How has been the urban politics at the current juncture with regards to public spaces?” Researches carried out over Iran’s contemporary history mostly focused over political issues and less addressed social issues. This is while such researches could help answer a certain share of Iran’s needs like defining the identity of the Iranian society. Also، such researches can help the designers and managers of urban politics and particularly those in charge of the development of public spaces – which is already considered as a vital need in the social life of any nation. The present study is based on the following hypothesis: «The policies of the Iranian government from 1921 to 1941 were based on the need to create a significant change in people’s life and also to revolutionize the political، social and economic aspects of the Iranian society. This eventually led to the emergence of new public spaces in Iranian cities which reflected the above changes.» The policies of the government and the measures that were taken with regards to the urban management during the above period were counterproductive from the viewpoint of public interests. Those measures and polices had prepared the public opinion for a shift from the underdeveloped city infrastructures that had remained unchanged from the Qajar period due to the poor performance of those in power. The issue of underdevelopment of the Iranian society was effectively exploited by the officials serving in the administration of the Pahlavid dynasties to promote a platform of development and modernization. However، the deficiencies pertaining to the underdevelopment of city structures that had remained from the Qajar period did not justify all measures. Rather، the necessary step that needed to be taken was to remove those deficiencies in city structures by considering certain rules and regulations. This needed to be done in such a way as to protect the common culture of urban economy and the tradition of Persian urbanization which were based on the mentality and social values of Iranians developed within the course of an ancient civilization. Therefore، efforts taken by officials during the First Pahlavid period (1921-1941) which were mostly based on imitating the West in the name of modernization and renovation without considering the opinions of the real representatives of the people prepared the ground for the country to quit a crisis and plunge into another crisis.

The avenue is a favorite subject for theorists in various fields. The plurality of perspectives in this context entails different methods for pondering over the concept of ‘avenue’: through form (Lynch، 1950 and Cullen، 1961 and Bacon، 1976 and Gourdon، 2001)، through aesthetics (Koblenz، 1998)، through social sciences (Jacobs، 1961)، through interactions between individuals (Lemenorel، 1994)، through political acts (Marx، 1870) or through history (Nicaulaud، 1995). In parallel to this، the researchers are pursuing new ways to study the phenomenon of avenue. One of the latest approaches to that connection is the systematic analysis which focuses on analyzing the qualities of the city. Given the inadequacies of the classical approaches to deal with the complexities of the universe، a systematic approach has been developed to be used as a scientific tool to study the phenomenon of the avenue. Limitations of analytical thinking in various fields such as mathematics and biology have been at the heart of the systematic thought in the early twentieth century، and the addition of the word “system” resulted in the emergence of many disciplines. The extensible nature of this thought in various fields prepared the ground for it to become an intellectual paradigm which has been specifically useful in approaching complex issues in intellectual circles of the second half of the 20th century. This has in itself led to the development of a systematic outlook toward intellectual issues in the present century. The complex nature of the city has made the intellectuals in the area of urban studies to adopt a systematic approach as a scientific means to analyze and determine the elements of the city. Studies in the field of the spatial organization of the city are examples of these efforts that expose the avenue as the main element that comprise the structure of the city. Based on this، the question of the avenue as part of a systematic approach is very important in urban debates. The order of the avenue is a concept with an old background in urban issues. The fundamental role of order in the formation of systems promotes its significance in the systematic approach toward the phenomenon of avenue. Therefore، by considering the frameworks that have been defined for the urban landscape، it seems that the epistemological question about the order of the avenue is a key step in analyzing its related landscape. The system is a unit consisting of vital elements in three levels: The first level (basic): The presence of independent components، The second level (intermediate): The relationship between the components، The third level (high): The sole purpose for management of relationships. In a systematic approach، the city as a great central processing unit is itself composed of several subsystems which are simpler and smaller. The avenue is one of those subsystems which play an important role in the network of urban roads. Accordingly، the avenue is a basic component of the city structure and is a subsystem of the spatial organization of the city. Given the diversity of its components، the avenue is a complex system that follows the rules below: The avenue is an entirety، Elements of the avenue are interdependent، The order in the avenue demonstrates the relation of its components. - The avenue contains interactive subsystems which interact with each other in order of hierarchy. In the systemic theory، the avenues are the forms and functions of a whole system and the relations between them create the order of the avenue. Such order can be classified in different levels. In other words، the maximized and minimized combination of form and function creates a spectrum of various levels of order for the avenue. This is the direct product of the social and political conditions of various societies and its entirety is in line with the spectrum of absolute order to deductive order: • The maximum unity and minimal diversity of the form represent the absolute order of the avenue which lie on a fixed spectrum and its unchangeable nature manifests the authority of a special power. By the same logic which is inherent in it، this unity and diversity is definable، measurable and perceptible by the five senses. • The minimum unity in form and the maximum diversity of roles represent the deductive order of the avenue. The unchangeable nature of this evokes the power of the society against the authority. When considering the maximum dimensions of this side of the spectrum (role and form)، it becomes evident that the deductive order cannot be put into any specific framework of logic. Nevertheless، this is not to mean that there is no logic involved in this. Rather، logic plays a resilient role on this front. Deductive order therefore is a growing phenomenon and the five senses cannot detect it on their own. The research has four steps: - Explaining order as a concept arising from the relationship in the training system; - Analyzing the ontological and epistemological aspects of avenue as a system; - Providing two basic models of avenue order; - Describing and evaluating the hypothesis on the basis of the avenue order.