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سال سیزدهم شماره 43 (دی 1395)

During centuries, modern cities and societies were sustained upon technological infrastructures. Our cities depend on these networks in a way that we can’t imagine them without highways or railroad networks, airports, municipal water and sewer systems, telephone, electricity and most recently internet or communication networks. Today these infrastructural networks have a vital role just the same as sun, plants and fresh air for us. These infrastructures affected our cities and our relation with our environs more than any other achievements in the industrial era.
From late 20th century by entering post-industrial era in developed countries, by the emergence of ecological hazards which led to the rise of environmental concerns since 1970s, the crises and erosion in the engineered infrastructure networks since the first decades of 21st century, beside the disability of modern technological infrastructures to response to new multi-dimensional needs of post- industrial societies, coming into focus the necessity of redefinition in the current approaches to infrastructures. By revisiting the concept, features and crises in the field of urban infrastructures, this essay puts into question the expected aspects of post-industrial infrastructures. Also by historical- interpretation study on the notion of landscape this paper examines the capacity of landscaping approach in planning and managing infrastructures in the 21st century.
Finally, analyzing these two concepts showed that the solution to overcome the industrial infrastructures toward post-industrial one is to employ the more multi-dimensional and holistic approaches. Approaches that allow the multi-faceted integration between infrastructure and ecological, social and economical aspects of cities and point the end to the more than a century of civil engineering authority that shaped rigid and mono-dimensional infrastructures in the modern era. It noted also that the discipline of landscape which simultaneously with the great changes in modern philosophy, passed conceptual revolution, due to its inherent traits of being mediance and trajection that is not reduced to the objectivity and mono-dimensionality, allows us to overcome the object-oriented approaches in planning urban infrastructures. Thus the result of this short recall of two notions of infrastructure and landscape shows that the utilization of landscaping approach in planning the infrastructures is one of the solutions allows us to pass the inflexibility and solidity of modern engineered infrastructures.

The today’s world needs men and women who are creative, growing and improving in all areas of social, cultural, and economical field. According to the researchers, people have considerably higher creative abilities that can be flourished by encouraging, providing opportunities and training. So, the nature and characteristics of creative thinking have been the focus of many researchers.
Since one’s personality is formed in the early ages, creativity at that age has been the notion of many studies; however, few studies have supported the effect of the built environment on the development of creativity in children. Researches also suggest that the built environment plays an important role in the physical and emotional health of the child and development of his creativity. Child growth, on the other hand, is a result of its interaction with the environment. If this interaction is lawful and organized, it causes better growth.
Meanwhile, there are questions for which this paper tries to find answers: how the built environment affects children’s creativity and its prosperity? And what features of the built environment of Tehran’s children centers have a positive effect on children’s creativity? So the purpose of this study is to review the concepts of creativity and the effect of the built environment on the development of children’s creativity by means of content analysis in the fields of environmental psychology and architectural design.
This research has been performed based on a descriptive – analytical method using articles, studies, reports, related documents (the library documents) and observation. So with the concepts of creativity from the perspective of theorists in this field and its relationship to the built environment, environmental factors that enhance creativity can be derived. Then the environmental features that affect the creativity of children in Tehran children centers were examined. In this study, first factors affecting the children’s creativity and the environmental features which influenced these factors were analyzed. Then five children`s centers that are active with the aim of fostering creativity were randomly chosen, and the building of these centers was analyzed using the results of this paper.
This study analyzes some environmental factors such as legibility, diversity, complexity, vitality, innovation, and mystery and their relation to children’s creativity. The literature suggests, imagination, curiosity, and play have an important role in the child’s creativity.
According to what has been mentioned in relation to the children and their growth, it can be concluded that, in environment designing for children, observing the principles of environmental psychology in children’s physical and mental characteristics provides a proper context for developing children’s creativity. In this paper, environment is the physical environment, which includes open spaces and natural environments.

Statement of the problem: Metropolitan areas in the more and less developed countries of the world have formed essentially due to the utilization of economies of scale, and successively the metropolitan regions are formed through spatial-functional linkages of the metropolitan areas with their peripheral environments. This is while the increasing density and intensifying activities within metropolitan regions are not directly related and relevant to the principle of economies of scale; considering that the density and boundaries are determined and affected by population and ecological thresholds. Unplanned metropolitan growth and departure from the mentioned thresholds creates and accumulates spatial problems in metropolitan regions, especially in the peripheral natural environments. Many metropolitan regions have the experience of unplanned expansion and their damaged and problematic natural peripheral environments. This have led to the production and reproduction of many urban and environmentally related problems, such as spatial confusion in economic, social, organisational and physical aspects that causes the exhaustion of resources and helps further the wasting of economic, social, and physical capital.
Main purpose of this paper is to discuss the unplanned built environments formed by the unplanned growth of the metropolitan areas and metropolitan regions worldwide, and specifically the metropolitan area and the metropolitan region of Tehran. Moreover, the purpose is to confer the unplanned nature of these formed spaces and to consider the consequences of such urban growth. This is to empower and enable the metropolitan planning system and mechanism in encountering the production and re-production of urban and natural environmental problems. Based upon the results of analysing the impact of unplanned metropolitan growth of Tehran upon its peripheral natural environment in this paper, proposals to establish an appropriate planning mechanism for this metropolitan region can be devised.
This paper has a descriptive-analytical approach, which is devised to identify and analyse the emergence of problems in natural environments due to unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of Tehran. To achieve this, a three staged process has been conceived and adopted: first; the theoretical foundations of the subject under study are reviewed, through following the experiences of some of the more and less developed countries. Second; the paper further reviews the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Ecological Footprint (EF) methods in order to find an appropriate method and a set of appropriate indicators for analysing the impact of the growth of Tehran towards its peripheral natural environment. Third; application of the methods and indicators to analyse the ecological footprint of Tehran, to find the impact of unplanned growth of Tehran and its expansion towards the peripheral natural environment.
Achievement: The main outcome and achievement of this paper is to emphasis on establishing a planning and policy-making mechanism in the metropolitan region of Tehran, enabled to reduce, solve, and prevent the problems related to the natural environment.

As implementation process has mostly been prolongedresulted fromopening proceedings process by providing its infrastructure, the reconstruction of the place of residencehas driven residents to discontent. Given the lack of knowledge and participation in the reconstruction project, resident's supports have reduced from this project. This has prolonged and doomed to failure in many reconstruction projects as well as the further projects failure. The purpose of present study is to determine the priority of intervention in the eroded fabrics in order to increase resident's participation and their satisfaction from the proceedings process conducted in these fabrics.
In this descriptive-analytical paper, an analytical framework for this study has been developedthrough using library and documentary research approach in order to explain and elaborate the two concepts of the eroded fabrics and people's participation. Then, fieldwork method, open and close questionnaire, and exploratory interviews have been used to examine dimensional research of the analytical framework which have the highest impact on the resident's participation in reconstruction projects. The questionnaire's validity using content validity and itsreliability has been approved at a high level of 0/85,by using Cronbach’s alpha, Bartlett test, and KMO index. To determine the volume of case study,a questionnaire through usingMorgan and Krejcie’stable has been applied. Consequently, according to neighborhoods population, 386 subjects have chosen random sampling method. Finally, after analyzing and examining the questionnaire using Grounded theory, the results reveal that social dimension is prior to infrastructure, physical, and required functional dimensions in order to start the process of codification, design, and implementation of intervention in the urban eroded fabrics in the participatory method.

By viewing Islamic cities in different time periods from the birth of Islam to the Qajar era in Iran, a dynamism1 could be realized in the traditional Islamic cities. There have been a significant difference between the urban spaces of the pre-Islamic and contemporary periods in Iran, which is resulted from organized complexity. This complexity has occurred in an open system and its components (fractals) have ben formed with a logic over time resulting in an internal development in an urban system with a hidden order in the urban chaotic2 space. In the traditional urban areas , a hidden order in the urban space organized urban development within a defined boundries . People’s participation in achieving this important issue has played a crucial role, which is among the most important issues in urban sustainability. The present research, with documented and comparative studies applying chaos theory (fractal geometry, fuzzy logic and chaos space) as a systematic theory, aims to analyze the factors of dynamism, complexity3, nonlinearity, hidden order, space self-organization, which is among the characteristics of a chaos space and living system, in urban structure and traditional Islamic architecture such as privatization laws, public laws and Islamic inheritance laws in order to recognize the hidden order in ancient cities, inconsistency of contemporary cities developed in unspecified bounds by achieving a definite definition of consistency and integration. Finally, the paper introduces endogenous growth and people’s participation, which are resulted from Iranian-Islamic culture and world view in urban life aspects in a living system instead of specialization in the direction of urban stability and architecture.

Special attention on controlling energy consumption in different scales become increasingly important nowadays and a more comprehensive review on urban planning can be effective to achieve energy efficiency targets in this level. Germany has found its place as one of successful countries in improving energy efficiency in architecture and urban planning on a worldwide scale. Recognizing organizational system and its application in urban planning can be helpful for similar activities in Iran. In order to achieve the right result, assessment of defects and difficulties in optimizing energy consumption is essential. The approach used in this research is a comparative case study. The library sources and collected information from online credible sources is used in research process. After collecting the data and a review on similar examples, urban planning system of both countries, Germany and Iran, will be introduced. In a comparative case study, the causes of failure in Iran are described and research hypotheses are developed. The results obtained in this study indicate that the main differences in urban planning of Iran and Germany, on one hand can be in urban planning system and participation of non-governmental organizations, and on the other hand can be the lack of related topics of energy efficiency in urban planning documents. In a comprehensive and large scale overview, the ineffectiveness of activities in energy planning can be related to the lack of a national master plan to coordinate all organizational bodies of power in Iran. In surveying aforesaid, attempts are taken to eliminate defects in order to improve decision-making and organizing urban planning system properly, while introducing a framework to strengthen optimizing energy consumption program in Iran. In this regard, a framework has been provided to continue the researches in urban planning and energy consumption by emphasizing on Germany’s experiences which can be utilized as a sample of leading countries experiences in achievement of energy efficiency goals.

Nowadays increasing growth ofurbanization andUrbanismhas led tomany problemsforurbanites. Along this problems, the idea of urban sustainable development and coordinate with specific approaches emerged as new urbanism and smart growth that with its principle giving new life to the cities. The smart growth is one of the newest approach of urban planning and urban design, that providing strategies and policiesin urban planning and urban design to create optimal space and urban achieve maximum quality.Smart growth can oversee regional planning, urban design, physical design, architecture, environmental design as landscape, which represents its influence on the future of human social. In condition that political, social and economical problems are vitals, this approach concerns on designing, with this belief that design can have an important role in solving problems that government cannot solve them only with the money and plan. The purpose of this paper is recognition the mission of smart growth in urban design and introducing the urban design documents of smart growth and expresses the structure of each of them and their usage in Iran. This research with descriptive- analytical method is in trying to find the main structure of smart growth and defining the urban design documents of smart growth and In addition, Recommends the use of smart growth guidance documents in Iran.The results of this research show that the smart growth guidance are generallyenvisioned to facilitate theplanning and designofanyspace,building,and street, and they are means to achieve proper management of sustainable urban development and compact urban design with maximum quality of urban space. Because the model of smart growth offers principles and strategies in various geographical levels, Can conclude documents guiding of this approach are "location-based" and The use of these documents in urban development plans in Iran Can provide the realize of sustainable urban development vision, in the other hands, According to the form and function of all components of the city wiil be possible.

Nowadays discussion about different conceptions of place and how it is perceived by users of the place is an important debate in architecture and urbanism, especially in the area of behavioral sciences. In this vein, one of the most important concepts associated with this area especially in the discussions about environmental psychology is the conception of place. By recognizing different conceptions of place, its formation process and also parameters contributing to the perception of people of place, it is possible to create a desirable environment, which is the ultimate goal of architecture and urbanism. The main thrust of the present study was to extract and measure the factors contributing to the conception of architects and non-architects of place and the distinction between the two through a place narrative analysis. This was accomplished by a case study carried out in two main bus stations located in Isfahan. For this purpose, two concepts namely "thinking content" and "thinking modes" were separately investigated and compared for architects and non-architects, using closed and open questionnaires and in-depth interviews with people in two terminals (i.e., Kaveh and Soffeh) in Isfahan. The sample was 174 people. Out of this sample, 100 were non-architects and 74 were architects. The results were indicative of the fact that both architects and non-architects consider individual factors as relevant to the formation of conception of meaning. However, according to non-architects, individual factors are more relevant to individual needs and to the degree to which these needs are met, given the facilities in the environment whereas architects express individual factors in terms of recognition of behavioral patterns and also the existing conditions and quality in the environment. In terms of thinking mode, the findings indicate that non-architects have an emotional, empirical or relative thinking towards place and the conceptions in it, but architects have abstract and conceptual thinking in understanding place conceptions.