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سال سوم شماره 5 (بهار و تابستان 1385)

While Iranian art began to flourish during Saljouqi and Ilkhanid periods and reached the peaks of grandeur during the Timurid period, so much has been said in praise of the Safavid dynasty, which has greater political implications than analytical and cultural ones. Consistency and strength of the Safavid ruling system led to the growth of all forms of arts and artistic creations. Although art works showed a remarkable growth in terms of quantity, Their quality dwindled during this period. Art in this period is primarily a continuation of the past Sassanid and Timurid art and one can see stagnation, especially in architecture and decorative art, throughout Safavid period.

In this article beside allusion to category of culture and its role on societies, have been discussed on one of the cultural and social diseases in recent centuries that is called alienation. Then after searching on role of cultural and musical transformation and its relationship with alienation, in the position of fundamental axis of article, have been studied in synthetic word that is musical alienation. In the direction of clarification and explanation of musical alienation, this allusion divided in two constitutional that are musical alienation of external culture and musical alienation of internal culture. In the direction of purposes of the article that are searching and illustration of digressive and modernist happening in Iranian music and its causes of the existence, each of these categories are divided with branching and scientific sharing into several subclasses. Therefore musical alienation of external culture is divided in three subclasses in a surrounding of the theoretical principles, musical products and musical material culture, and also musical alienation of internal culture that is divided in two subclasses: civic culture and native culture.

This research has been done by comparative method. At first, the meaning and definition of the term "Critic" has been found out by four famous English Dictionaries (Webster, Oxford, Longman and American Heritage) while comparing the meanings with each other. The synonyms in each dictionary have been obtained. Then concerning the frequency rate of each term, five words such as: "analyze, judge, evaluate, appraise and assess" have been selected and analyzed. Next, the meaning of definition of the terms have been searched in some famous English-Persian Dictionaries (Bateni and Colleagues English-Persian dictionary, Aryanpur progressive dictionary) and the relation between the terms has been analyzed in English and Persian language. Finally, by looking up the meaning and definition of the terms in Persian dictionaries (Dehkhoda Dictionary and A dictionary of Contemporary Persian language), the relation between those English and Persian synonymous words has been defined.

Being separated the residential space or human' work from ground and residing in height overall, solve the low area space problem in big cities; but dispel people from nature and ground. This separation is not permanent and soon people in high buildings would search for their lost. Despite having modern facilities, residents wish to live in a house with court yard and garden even it's old and corroded; this wouldnt be a wish, until they separate from their house. In this article the effort is on the manner of processing to control forces and elements of nature and it's ecology, forgotten and even destroyed, it returns to direct utilization of nature in architecture and construction and it's technologies; its process would explored and distinctive types in architecture would be introduce and analyzed and the outcome: -Destroying and changing the nature and its elements wouldnt be possible, Inspiring and pattern making from nature is right, -Composing directly with technology in architecture is the important purpose, would be criticized.

This article introduces the factors that affected the art of composing music for the film and development of this art in the beginning of its history. Then, it defines the elements that create harmonic structure and relation between film and music; also it clarifies the elements that form the structure of the work of a film composer. Finally, the article introduces the criteria and characteristics or peculiarities of the work of film composer by presenting the point of views of famous group musicians and film theorists.

In this article it is tried to have a general survey in illustration art development in early Islamic period and the reason behind its fluctuation at that time. Many illustrated work left over through Islamic history and expressing contrastive views about the sanctity and lawfulness of illustration required a through and continual research. Nowadays despite reasonable discussions and religious positive verdicts about the necessity of applying different artistic methods to clarify the public opinion towards Islamic historical facts as wall as scientific, literary, and social concepts explanation, we are facing some suggestions from a few people who have always introduced the religion as a though and problematic phenomenon and led the Islamic society to hesitancy towards applying effective and useful methods.

Structuralism is a general approach in various academic disciplines that explores the relationships between fundamental elements of some kind, upon which some higher mental, linguistic, social, cultural etc "structures" are built, through which then meaning is produced within a particular person, system, or culture. Structuralism appeared in academic psychology for the first time in the 19th century and then reappeared in the second half of the 20th century, when it grew to become one of the most popular approaches in the academic fields that are concerned with analyzing language, culture, and society. The work of Ferdinand de Saussure is generally considered to be a starting point of the 20th century structuralism. Today structuralism is less popular than approaches such as post-structuralism and deconstruction. There are many reasons for this. Structuralism has often been criticized for being a historical and for favoring deterministic structural forces over the ability of individual people to act. As the political turbulence of the 1960s and 1970s (and particularly the student uprisings of May 1968) began affecting academia, issues of power and political struggle moved to the center of people’s attention. In the 1980s, deconstruction and its emphasis on the fundamental ambiguity of language-rather than its crystalline logical structure–became popular. By the end of the century structuralism was seen as a historically important school of thought, but it was the movements it spawned, rather than structuralism itself, which commanded attention.

Yazd as a city and its traditional texture has characteristics that have made them distinct from other in Iran. What have brought about this attractiveness of Yazd feature are its immune ably varieties of wind catchers. These wind catchers come in to views with their forms as incorporated in Yazd urban feature. Thus, this paper deals with a typological study on them. The research has as its support Field approaches. Layouts (¬plans) that are included in the paper have been introduced to interested readers for the first time. The research method is descriptive analytical and follow this trend: observation, comparison, analysis and inference. Typological study of formed wind catchers as checked in this paper has been made by examining different ways in which they were built on tops of houses in Yazd and categorized based on directions, plans, sections, and which winds blow.

Originality as antecedent of criticism and interpretation text is whatever interpretable. Interpretation is inherence of the interpreter out of the text, but this perception is unlimited, personal and based on the will and taste of the critics. The text orients the perception and the interpretation of the interpreter. If the texts follow the interpreter image, it would absolutely be with out any meaning and hence it can result in different understandings and therefore the interpretations would have endless domain and infinite chain would start in interpretation of a text. Barthes (1915-1980) and Derrida (1930-2004) in "The death of the author" theory suggested the idea of decentralizing what is called the core meaning of the text, have restrained to the interpretation. text is not humiliated by the interpreter rather it is an inflection element. The largest of interpretation is the discovery of the text meaning or the intention of the author not to impose his gathering on the text. The art of an interpreter is to invent a way so that the nature (the beauty of image and meaning) is reflected in world or speech such interpretation and critics will be a unique one. If the interpreter followers open to the text, then it will appear through his interpretation. Meanings multiplication stems from the tissue of the text, any interpretation is a meaning discovery of the core meaning of the text. Interpretation is thought communication with whatever appears in text.