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سال سوم شماره 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1385)

In the human history only few societies could reach to the point which is called "civilization". This is mainly, be cause just these societies were able to solve the problems which were considered as dissolvable for the other societies. In the contemporary Time also the story and situation is the same. If we want to achieve our past glorious civilization in Iran we must face and solve some basic challenges and problems. These basic challenges are: The meanings and Environments, the process of the creating local ideas and theories, the process of the generation of local knowledge and the issue of urban management.

Aesthetic values can be assumed as one of the social values. So that they are dynamic, variable and depending on time, groups and place they are belong to. Social differences and historical periods make the research in this field so hard. However we cant neglect their important functions. Aesthetic values must be considered at first steps in industrial design research. More over by encountering globalization this value become more important. Designers can be more successful by considering data from aesthetic value in regional aria. They can use these values, criticize them or reconstruct them in creating new products. In this article, through two phases, one theoretical and the other practical, we try to make a suitable definition for aesthetic value by over viewing different fields such as ethnology, sociology, psychology, philosophy of art and industrial design. At the end we recommend a method to define these values in industrial design research through a sample which is done on house furniture (sitting appliance).

Sussanian sovereign usually created beautiful green garden around great cities and natural favorable places. These green and flourished gardens were called "Paradis". "Tagh Bostan" is one of these Sassanians Paradis. The relief of kosro Parviz was located in great portico of Tagh Bostan. In this relief, kosro coronets from Ahura mazda and Anahita (Gods of ancient Iran). Thus, kosro Parviz revived the tradition of coronation from Gods which was forgotten for more than two centuries. In this way, kosro Parviz established his monarchy and indicated his honor toward Gods, symbolically. This case hade no precedence in other Sassanians relieves.

The main purpose of authoring this research is compilation of an arranged collection in order to inspection, introduction and showing the first horizons of the music, which has appeared in the Sumerian ancient civilization and has become a source for the music of next civilizations. Although the science of archeology with all its insistences has been able to reveal the mysteries of this art with discovery and rebuilding of the decomposed instruments, tablets and engraved vases with figures of instruments and players, but the general and decisive judgment about decoding of this art is not possible. Because in spite of the proportional awareness about instruments, the style of performance, the quality of using musical instruments and ideas about this art, our facts about music are trifling, and we can only show a general way about music and instruments of that epoch. Therefore, in this article, after the introduction of Sumerian ancient civilization and its historical antiquity, it has been tried to embark on the state of music in that people. Because of the much importance of string instruments and with emphasizing on its conscious movement, in this article it has been tried to reach of further illuminating about all the string instruments with scientific style and certain view.

Less consideration into the house subject, profit-making dimension toward the land, none consideration to the space or site quality and its definition and none of environmental contribution problem or humankinds psychologically. However, we believe human is a part of nature and its communication with nature closely to be caused in life stability and duration well. This valuable communication is based on Islamic principles repeatedly. So, the aim of this research returns to recognize the water role as a major element of the nature particularly at the Iranian’s traditional court yards. Water as a natural element plays an important role at the yard. Water also is an agent that living arising it perfectly. Water has unique ability for exciting human mind and all people have instinctive attachment about water. Generally, main structure of the paper involves four parts as follow: Water definition review, Water applicable role review, Water functional role review and water landscaping role review at the court yards. In each of above mentioned cases, water roles review to be described certainly. Perhaps, the most important point of the study has been summarized in following sentence:

Odlajan canton is among the five different cantons of old Tehran. Once it was the place of Tehran population concentration. Passing of time and for many changes in the structure and texture of the canton, there were some erosions in this canton, the main elements like the irregular lay out of the streets in the texture was created during different periods of time, including construction of Sirous street based on the street lay out of 1937, continuation of Pamenar passage up to Bozarjomehri and the later continuation up to 40s. Any one of these changes in their route and development caused much destruction including destruction of Sarcheshmeh Bazaarand part of Tekyeh Reza Ghioli... and continuation of Sirus street. Such erosions together with unsuitable living conditions in this canton and classification of different residential parts and areas of Tehran created a kind of intercity and mandatory immigration which made native population of such canton to immigrate to other parts of the city. In turn non-native and immigrant population replaced them with no interest and attach to maintain the historical and cultural identity of this canton. Due to the changes in Odlajan canton and other similar old canton we should search to find a suitable solution to maintain and hold the memories in such cantons, a solution which may improve the historical memories not to remove them and destruct the historical identity.

Through the Iranian urban fabric, two different concepts of Iranian urban space exist. One is a governmental spiritual city in Iran in which kings have no needs to make any dialogue with the public; accordingly there is no any specific place for that in Iranian fabric of the city, like all examples of castle towns of Median and Achaemenian. Later on are the concepts of Iranian Spiritual Polis. In Arsacides period of time, because of the kings power, in one hand the Iranian Concept of urban space poses fortification, and in the other hand is a polis in which decision are made by the public in the square in front of the Iranian temple. Because this square is located by the Iranian beliefs, the concept of Iranian Urbanism would be an Iranian Spiritual Polis To confirm the above hypotheses, a definition of urban space is made and then subjective and objective concept of urban space is explained. Later on the concept of polis in Iran and Greek is compared through the history. Non tendency of being democracy by Iranian governments is occurred in Mad and Persian castle towns which is totally different by the idea of Iranian spiritual polis in Hatra of Arsacides era.