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سال پانزدهم شماره 62 (امرداد 1397)

Following the environmental, social and identity problems in cities generated by urban expansion and invasion of built spaces to natural spaces, the green spaces are recognized not only as green fragments that are in contrast with urban masses, but also as effective factors in enhancing the citizens’ lives. Currently, natural infrastructures and green networks are considered as the main urban structures that take into account all the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the city. Recently, multiple measures have been carried out to develop green spaces in t cities of Iran; however, they have not been effective in achieving the expected quality. Studies reveal that the main reason for qualitative deficiencies is the partial and one-dimensional view to this category in the macro-scale – i.e. ignoring a proper relation with other structures and social, economic, and environmental urban functions - and the existence of incoherent green network components in the micro-scale. This paper aims at finding the appropriate approaches and strategies for resolving the qualitative deficiencies of green networks in contemporary cities of Iran and to scrutinize the necessity for existence of an integrated and coherent green networks in city structures through the historical and content analysis of the past and present cities of Iran. Moreover, it tries to seek the criteria for the formation of green coherent networks in terms of physical and semantic aspects. The research studies indicate that green infrastructures should be connected to other infrastructures, and different environmental, economic and social features of the city in multidimensional aspects in order to solve the inadequacy problems of green spaces. Additionally, this connection should be established between the components of the green network in order to preserve its formal, semantic, and functional cohesion and integrity. This paper proposes the articulation strategy as a landscape approach to realize the internal and external cohesion of the green city network. In other words, articulation, with emphasis on the physic, function and role of identity in the urban green structure, formulates a basis for the organization of green spaces in relation to other urban structures and can be regarded as a factor for enhancing quality. Moreover, articulation created by an integrated network of green spaces would lead the citizens to better understand and perceive the landscape and natural environment, and eventaully enables legibility and identity in the city.

The word participation was introduced for the first time in European political affairs for the participation of men in voting and decision-making, about two hundred years ago. Subsequently, the use of this word gradually became widespread in other social and environmental dimensions of Europe. From around 1991 until now in Iran, we see an increasing use of this word in various dimensions. Thus, phrases such as political participation, social participation, civil participation, participatory management and landscape participation become popular over the last few decades. Despite the frequent use of participation in landscape in technical texts, the exact meaning of this term is not specified anywhere, and several texts have considered different meanings for it.
Given this conceptual multiplicity of participation in landscape, as well as the use of multiple and similar phrases for these concepts, the purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of participation in landscape design.
Research The research method is qualitative and content analysis. At first, the concept of the word "participation" and similar words have been examined in the Iranian texts. Then, in terms of the word "landscape", the experts view has been considered. Finally, the concepts that can be comprehended from the word "participation in landscape" are explained from the perspective of domestic writers. Also, the concept of participation in landscape design in English has also been reviewed.
Finally, a concept was found for "participation in landscape design" through the studies that in addition to considering the objective and subjective aspects of landscape, the concept of participation in landscape design was proposed instead of other similar terms to express this concept.

An effective factor in reducing the problems of modern cities is to use, regenerate and enhance green infrastructure to tackle the increasing problems of cities. From the one hand, the green infrastructure significantly influences the surrounding environment. On the other hand, the increase of the value added to the lands in the areas covered by these green elements can enrich the environmental quality in addition to improving all aspects of life. This study aims at investigating the effect of Isfahan Madis, as green infrastructures of Isfahan city, on the increase of value added to the adjacent lands.
Moreover, the impact of Madis on improving the quality of life, as well as Madis patterns in promoting less developed regions are put into further scrutiny. Therefore, the influence of Madis on land prices, the role of Madis on the quality and promotion of residents’ life and the living environment, as well as the use of Madis patterns in improving the quality of less developed regions can be stated as the research problems in this study. This study adopts a descriptive-explanatory research method. The results indicate that, despite the fact that wealthy people used to build their houses near Madis to benefit from the water and greenery in the past, the trend is reversed due to drought problems in recent years and providing privacy for the Madis. This has been an effective reason for the decline of the value added to the lands covered by Madis. Furthermore, studies show that improving the quality of Madis surrounding environment can induce the citizens to use these lands as green paths and memorable places for leisure times. Hence, using this green infrastructure to promote the less developed regions and reduce urban problems can be considered as a solution which is highly dependent on irrigation and water management and consequently the rights that are considered for Madis waters.

Being selected as a capital city during Il-khanid dynasty (1256-1335), Tabriz confronted a large-scale immigration to the city. Very soon it caused the formation of several neighborhoods each as large as the old city area, by the city wall gates. Accordingly the land ownership in Rabaz became as important as Sharistan and gradually in the land registration documents as well as endowment documents the terms of "inner and outer quarters" and "inside and outside the city" could be found abundantly. Since the area of the old wall has been used as a criterion for separating the position of quarters and determining the area of the old city, the excavation within the boundaries of the old wall of Tabriz (construction: 435 A.H.) is an influential factor in the recognition of the physical development of the historic city. Therefore, the present research attempts to reconsider the structural system of the city of Tabriz during the Middle Ages by identifying the boundaries of the old wall of Tabriz, and the number and the locations of its gates. On the other hand, considering that the map of Dar al-Saltaneh-e Tabriz (Draw: 1297 AH /1880 A.D) indicates the position of the nine gates of the Najafqoli-Ḵāni Wall, this question arises that the boundary of the old wall of Tabriz to the recent wall of the city that after the earthquake of 1194 A.H. /1780 A.D. has been constructed, in which position has it been? Thus, by using historical sources, the name and number of the gates and the location of each one were studied separately. Then, in order to determine the locations of the gates of the old wall, the obtained data was compared to the data from the Dar-al-Saltaneh map. In order to achieve the research objectives, qualitative content analysis method for data analysis has been used. Data collection sources include written and visual documents such as historians’ books, endowments, and historical maps. Finally, the results were drawn up in the form of a sketch city map dating to the end of the 6th century A.H., indicating the overlapping of the area of the Tabriz’s old wall with the boundaries of the Najafqoli-Ḵāni Wall.

The research is derived from the master thesis of urban design, which is presented with the topic of promoting the physical entity of image and landscape of Islamshahr at Shahid Rajaee University. Existing views on the quiddity of city entity and its causes1are different and sometimes sporadic. Some researchers have identified entity as merely conceptual meaning2hidden in the history of the city, and other researchers look for entity in the integrity and continuity of physical features and the quality of the environment. The study, based on the fundamental difference between the concept of entity in western philosophy and Sadra’s philosophy, attempts to prove the entity of the city by considering the existential and primacy of the city entity, the relationship between essence and accidents, and the prologue and the epilogue of the statement of city entity. Two hypotheses, that is, the subjective and real existence of entity and introducing the minor premise and major premise for the existence of the entity (the prologue and the epilogue), determine the research strategy. The research method uses the qualitative -descriptive method using the theories in written documents and the logical and comparative reasoning of existing philosophical theories, including the primacy of existence, ontology, phenomenology, and substantial motion3 as a rational-philosophical inference. The results of research in the field of existential and inclusiveness of city entity can be used to explain the origin of the entity of city in the West and Islamic philosophy, the understanding of the relation between existence and nature to percept entity. Ultimately, the assumption that the entity of the city is dependent on the framework of city (like the soul that is manifested in the body) and that entity with the subjective and real concept is related to human relations, will be proved. A city without ideational backgrounds is like a body without soul. And the soul can’t be presented except in the form of a body and embodiment in the cognate appearance, which evidently is the nature or quality of the city.

Problem statement: Iran has a long history of using a ship-shaped bowls known as Kashkul and the assumption of this article is the bowls have been changed to Kashkul though sequential receptions in Persian literature. It is possible to analyze this course of change through the reconstruction of the horizon of expectation and the chain of receptions in the light of Hans-Robert Jauss’s theory .
The purpose of this study is to examine the evolution course of Kashkul , through the reconstruction of horizon of expectation and the chain of receptions based on theory of Jauss’s viewpoints. Reconstructing the horizon of expectation has three stages - through which we can identify the criteria used by audiences to evaluate and interpret the works of an era. The chain of receptions refers to the extension of a work through the sequential receptions; and it can be understood by its historical significance and the evolution of the works. Previous studies have investigated works of art through the lens of Hans-Robert Jauss. However, our knowledge about the expectations of audiences is scanty. This study is an attempt to examine the process of reception of an artifact (ship) by the audiences using the literary texts.
First, the horizons of expectation of ship- shaped bowl were reconstructed according to Persian literary texts; Since the horizon of the expectation of this container included another container known as Kashkul shaped by successive receptions of Jauss’ chain of reception was used as a framework for data analysis
Reconstruction of the horizons of expectation ofwine ship- shaped bowl , based on literary texts showed that there was a rich chain of receptions; so that the bowl in the course of the successive receptions has become a metaphor for the freedom from sorrow sea and through repetition, it has become a symbol of emancipation from the sad, then, with the addition of a chain, it has become the symbol of poverty, which leads to the liberation of the possessions of the world; the evidence shows that some Kashkuls are decorated with lyrics representing the chain of receptions from a drinking bowl to a symbol of poverty. Therefore, Kashkul can be considered one of the most exclusive and richest works of Iran in terms of chain of receptions; the contribution of this study is methodological as well. To this purpose, literary texts were used to explore the aesthetic status of applied art. further research in the field of literature, art and language can use the audience chain of receptions for reconstructing thehorizon of expectation, and also, studying the evolution of a metaphor to a symbol.